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    Vale- dier's habit, and followed Sempronius to rius Flaccus, a noble and powerful Ro- Thrace. He afterwards put himself unman, who had an estate in the vicinity, der the command of the consul Manius observed the talents and virtues of the Acilius, to fight against Antiochus, and to youth, conceived an affection for him, and carry on the war in Thessaly. By a bold persuaded him to remove to Rome, where march, he made himself master of the he promised to assist him with his in- Callidromus, one of the highest peaks of fluence and patronage.

    A few rich and the mountain pass of Thermopyle, and high-born families then stood at the head thus decided the issue of the battle. He of the republic. Cato was poor and un- brought the intelligence of this victory te known, but his eloquence, which some Rome, B. In compliance with his wishes, Vale- tinguish him from the censor, his great rius Flaccus was chosen his colleague, grandfather, Cato of Utica, the place as the only person qualified to assist him of his death , was born 93 B.

    He up in the house of his uncle, Livius Drufulfilled this trust with inflexible rigor; sus. He early discovered great maturity and, though his measures caused him of judgment and firmness of character. He appears to he demanded a sword of his teacher, to have been quite indifferent to the honor; stab the tyrant, and free his country from andl when, before this, some one express- servitude. With his brother by the ed his wonder that no statue had been mother's side, Caepio, he lived in the tenerected to him, he answered, "I would derest friendship.

    Cato was chosen priest rather have it asked why no image has of Apollo. He formed an intimacy with been erected to Cato than why one has. His first appearance ed to say, when he would excuse the er- in public was against the tribunes of the rors of another. Cato's political life was people, who wished to pull down a basila continued warfare.

    He was continually tca erected by the censor Cato, which was accusing, and was himself accused with in their way. On this occasion, he disanimosity, but was always acquitted. His played that powerful eloquence, which last public commission was an embassy afterwards rendered him so formidable, to Carthage, to settle the dispute between and won the cause. He served his first the Carthaginians and king Massinissa. When the term of his office had with the well-known words,'"Prceterea expired, he travelled into Asia, and carcenseo, Carthaginenm esse delendam" I am ried the Stoic Athenodorus with him to also of opinion that Carthage must be de- Rome.

    He was next made questor, and stroyed. He died a year after his return executed his difficult trust with the strict B. Cato, who was est integrity, while he had the spirit to so frugal of the public revenues, was not prosecute the public officers for their acts indifferent to riches. He was rigorously of extortion and violence.

    His conduct severe towards his slaves, and considered gained him the admiration and love of them quite in the light of property. He the Romans, so that, on the last day of his made every exertion to promote and im- questorship, he was escorted to his house prove agriculture. In his old age, he gave by the whole assembly of the people.

    In the games of Flora, the dancers the verses of Horace allude- were not allowed to lay aside their gtrments as long as Cato was present. The Narratur et prisci Catonis Swepe mero caluisse virtus. The example f He was twice married, and had a son by Sylla, in usurping supreme power, was each of his wives. His conduct as a hus- followed by many ambitious men, whose hand and a father was equally exemplary. Crassus hoped to purchase tih Rustica.

    Those of which the loss is most sovereignty with his gold; Pompey exto be regretted are his orations, which pected that it would be voluntarily conCicero mentions in terms of the highest ferred upon him; and Cuesar, superior to encomium, and his history of the origin both in talent, united himself to both, an1. At the head of the senate, preventing greater evils, proposed that the sole prop of the republic, stood Catu- Pompey should be made sole consul, conlus, Cicero and Cato. Lucullus, who trary to the constitution, and the proposistood very high in the favor of the army, tion was adopted.

    The year following, which he had so victoriously commanded, Cato lost the consulship by refusing to might alone have upheld the senate, had take the steps necessary for obtaining it. Cato, keeping rival of Curio with three of Ceesar's lealoof from all parties, served the common- gions, departed for the camp of Pompey, wealth with sagacity and courage; but he at Dyrrachium.

    He had still been in often injured the cause, which he was hopes to prevent the war by negotiation; trying to benefit, by the inflexibility of his and when it broke out, he put on mourncharacter. He was on the way to his ing in token of his grief. Pompey, havestate, when he met Metellus Nepos, who ing been victorious at Dyrrachium, left was travelling to Rome to canvass for the Cato behind to guard the military chest tribuneship. Knowing him to be a dan- and magazine, while he pushed after his gerous man, Cato returned immediately, rival.

    For this reason, Cato was not stood candidate for the office himself, present at the battle of Pharsalia, after and was chosen, together with Metellus. Here he learned that line broke out. Cato supported, with all Pompey's father-in-law, Scipio, had gone his power, the consul Cicero, first gave to Juba, king of Mauritania, where Varuls him publicly the name of father of his had collected a considerable force.

    Cato country, and urged, in a fine speech pre- immediately set off to join him, and, afserved -by Sallust, the rigorous punish- ter undergoing hunger, thirst and every ment of the traitors. He opposed the hardship, reached Utica, where the two proposition of Metellus Nepos to recall armies effected a junction. The soldiers Pompey from Asia, and give him the wished him to be their general, but he command against Catiline, and came near gave this office to Scipio, and took the losing his life in a riot excited against lim command in Utica, while Scipio and Laon this account by his colleague and bienus sallied out against Caesar.

    After the return of Pompey, he had advised them to protract the war, frustrated many of his ambitious plans, but they ventured an engagement, in and first predicted the consequences of which they were entirely defeated, and his union with Crassus and Caesar. He Africa submitted to the victor. Cato had afterwards opposed, but in vain, the di- at first determined to defend himself to vision of lands in Campania. Caesar at the last, with the senators in the place; that time abused his power so much as but he afterwards abandoned this plan, to send Cato to prison, but was constrain- and dismissed all who wished to leave ed, by the murmurs of the people, to set him.

    His resolution was taken. On the him at liberty. The triumvirate, in order evening before the day which he had fixto remove him to a distance, had him ed upon for executing it, he took a transent to Cyprus, to depose king Ptolemy, quil meal, and discussed various philounder some frivolous pretext. He was sophical subjects. He then retired to his compelled to obey, and executed his com- chamber, and read the Phcedo of Plato. On finding than had ever been deposited in it by any that it was gone, he called his slaves, and private man.

    In the mean time, he con- demanded it with apparent equanimity; tinued his opposition to the triumvirate. His son and sus with an extraordinary power, he was his friends came with tears, and besought a second time arrested; but the people him to refrain from his purpose. At first followed him in a body to the prison, and he reproached his son for disobedience, his enemies were compelled to release then calmly advised those present to subhim. Being afterwards made pretor, he mit to Caesar, and dismissed all but the carried into execution a law against brib- philosophers Demetrius and Apollonius, ery, that displeased all parties.

    After the whom he asked if they knew any way by. They were commodious house has been erected for silent, and left him, weeping. He then the accommodation of visitors. It is received his sword joyfully, again read situated directly on the brow of the Phcedo, slept awhile, and, on awaking, mountain, and commands an enchantsent to the port to inquire if his friends ing view of the country on both sides of had departed.

    He heard, with a sigh, the Hudson, embracing a tract about that the sea was tempestuous. He had miles in length and 50 in breadth. This again sunk into slumber, when word was place, which is 12 miles from the town brought him that the sea was calm, and of Catskill, is approached by a good turnthat all was tranquil in the harbor. He pike road, which winds up the side of the appeared satisfied, and was scarcely alone mountain. Two miles west of Pine when he stabbed himself with his sword.

    Orchard are the fine cascades of the The people rushed in, and took advan- Kaaterskill, a stream which is supplied tage of a swoon, into which he had fallen, by two small lakes situated high in the to bind up his wounds; but, on coming mountains. The upper fall is feet in to himself, he tore off the bandages, and height; and a few rods below is the other, expired 44 B.

    The Uticans buried of 80 feet, both perpendicular. The him honorably, and erected a statue to stream passes into a deep and very pichim. But Caesar, when he heard the turesque ravine, which is bordered by news of his death, exclaimed, "I grudge mountains rising abruptly or thee thy death, since thou hast grudged feet. It is a bishop's see. It contains a CATS, James; born in , at Brou- cathedra-l, 17 Catholic churches and chapwershaven, in Zealand; one of the fathers els, 1 Greek church, and an hospital.

    It of the Dutch language and poetry. He has a remarkable harbor, one of the most studied at Leyden and Orleans. In secure in Europe, being defended by a and , he was ambassador to England, castle and strong battlements, and enand afterwards grand pensioner of Hol- closed with rocks of such height, that the land.

    His poetly is distinguished for sun is seen in winter only a few hours in simplicity, naivetU, richness of imagina- the day. Population of the circle, 31, tion, and winning though unpretending square miles, He died in The adverse mountains in New York, much the high- winds which often prevail here render est in the state. They extend along to the navigation dangerous. The Cattegat the west of the Hudson, from which is noted for its herring fishery. It contheir base is, at the nearest point, eight tains the islands Samsoe, Anholt, Lessor miles distant.

    The principal summits and Hertzholm. The former, according to the what is now Hesse, also part of Franconia measurement of captain Partridge, is and Westphalia. They carried on bloody feet above the level of tide water; wars with the Hermunduri and Cherusci. The Catskill In the time of Caesar, they dwelt on the mountains present scenery of singular Lahn, and opposed him with effect.

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    Druseauty and grandeur, and have become a sus defeated without reducing them. In noted resort of travellers during the sum- the reign of Marcus Aurelius, they made mer. On a level tract of about 7 acres, incursions into Germany and Thrace, but called Pine Orchard, elevated feet were afterwards defeated by Didius Juli. In , they made their last ap- Western Asia, extending from south-east pearance in history in union with the to north-west, and occupying the isthmus Franks.

    According to Cmesar, their terri- containing , square miles between tory was divided into districts,. The length of which was obliged to send annually is computed at miles; the breadth is men into the field, whose place was various; fiom Mosdok to Tiflis it may supplied the following year by those who be estimated at miles.

    Torrents, had before remained at home to cultivate precipices and avalanches render the the ground. Their food was milk, cheese mnountains almost impassable. The Cauand game; their dress, the skins of ani- casus is divided into two parallel chains. Their limited princes, who gov- The central ridge, from which the liounerned in connexion with a diet, annually tains fall off on each side, consists of varidistributed the lands among the families. The summits are See Germania. On the western declivity is'according to some, at Sirmium, a small the Elburs, which a Russian measureiown on a peninsula of lake Benacus, ment makes 16, feet high.

    The Casinow lago di Garda , of rich and respect- beg is 17, feet high. The most eleable parents, went, in his youth, to Rome, vated summit the Snowy mountain is where his accomplishments soon won on the eastern side, west of the Cuban. He was the friend of Cicero, traveller in It is also called'Schahof Plancus, Cinna, and Cornelius Nepos; dagh King's mountain and Schah-Elburs; to the last he subsequently dedicated the Elburs being the common name of all the collection of his poems.

    This collection high, conical summits rising from the is not of great extent, but shows what he chain of the Caucasus. The limit of was capable of doing in several kinds of perpetual snow on these mountains is poetry, had he preferred a steady course feet higher than on the Alpine reof study to pleasure and travelling. Prob- gions of Savoy and Switzerland. Two ably a part of his poems have not come of the passes, or gates, as they are often down to us.

    Of the merit of his produc- called, are remarkable-the Caucasian tions, there has been but one opinion pass and the Albanian or Caspian pass. Most of the rivers, which take their rise Tibullus and Ovid eulogize him; and in the Caucasus, flow in ain easterly diMartial, in one of his epigrams, grants to rection to the Caspian sea, or in a westerhirn alone a superiority over himself. In ly course to the Black sea. On the northsportive composition and in epigrams, ern declivity, the Terek flows easterly wshen he keeps within the proper limits into the Caspian, and the Cuban westerly of that species of poetry, he is a tnodel.

    On the southern declivity, afterwards sung of Dido. He was the the Kur flows easterly into the Caspian, first of the Romans who successfully im- and the Rioni called by the ancients the itated the Greek lyric poetry. The four Phasis westerly into the Black sea: A weighty objection, however, connect the Caucasus with the othler against most of his writings, is their li- chains of Western Asia.

    The highest centiousness and indelicacy. The com- ridge of the Caucasian chain is rugged mon opinion is, that he died 57 B. Scaliger main- extremely fruitful. The whole surface of tains, but without sufficient proof, that he the country abounds in forests and foundied in his 71st year. The edition of his tains, orchards and vineyards, cornfields works by Volpius Padua, , and that and pastures, in rich alternation.

    Grapes of Doring Leipsic, , 2 vols. His poems nuts and figs, grow spontaneously. Grain are usually published with those of Ti- of every description, rice, cotton and hemp bullus and Propertius. They underthe people of the mountains, particularly take private expeditions, lull their enethe Lesghians, in their plundering expe- mies into security, and then attack them ditions, rob the cultivators of the fruits of unawares.

    They show the greatest fortitheir industry, and carry off the men for tude in enduring hardships and reverses slaves. There are multitudes of wild an- of fortune. Amrong them, and, in fact, inlals of every description here. The throughout the Caucasus, hospitality and pheasant is a native.

    The mineral king- an implacable spirit of revenge prevail dorn is full of the richest treasures, which No stranger can travel in their country are nearly untouched. Mineral waters without having a friendly native or Kunak abound, and there are fountains of petro- to accompany him, by whom he is every leuli and naphtha in many districts. Some where introduced, and kindly received fountains throw up a slime with the pe- and entertained.

    All the regions on and troleumn, which, being deposited, forms about the Caucasus are comprehended hills, styled by the natives growing moan- under the name of Caucasian countries tains. The medicinal baths of Caucasia containing , square Iniles and are called by the general name of the 1,, inhabitants. Since the peace baths of. The inhabitants con- concluded between Russia and Persia, in sist of small tribes of various origin and , they have belonged to the Russian language-Georgians, Abassians, Lesghi- empire, though without being completely ans, Ossetes, Circassians, Taschkents, subject to it; for only a small portion, the Khists, Ingooshes, Charabulaks, Tshet- Georgian territories, have a well ordered shenzes, Tartars, Armenians, Jews, and, government, mostly military.

    Some casian provinces are, at present, six in of them are Greek and Armenian Chris- number: The province of Tiflis or tians; others are Mohammedans; others, Grusia, also called Georgia 17, square Jews; and others worship stars, moun- miles, and , inhabitants; the capitains, rocks and trees. Many of the tribes tal, Tiflis, q. Imiretta, called by the are distinguished for the beauty, symme- Russians lelitenia 13, square miles, try and strength of their frames, particu- and , inhabitants; capital, Cotatis.

    The province of Circassia, 32, are the handsomest people in the world; square miles, and , inhabitants. D atinder petty sovereigns, who often rule ghestan, i. The most famous are tile Les- , inhabitants; Derbent is its capghians, who inhabit the Eastern regions, ital. Schirvan square miles, and are the terror of the Armenians, Per- , inhabitants , with Bakou, the best siarls, Turks and Georgians.

    Freedom harbor in the Caspian. This region, fiom makes them courageous and formidable its abundance of beautiful flowers, is to all their neighbors. They are forced, called the Paradise of Roses. In the by the want of the most common neces- neighborhood are the fountains of naphsaries of life, to resort toplunder. Hence tha, to which the Parsees perform piltheir weaker neighbors seek to appease grimages from India. IIere, too, is the themwithpresents. Therocksandcrags, temple of fire, where a fire is kept peron the other hand, protect the Lesghians petually burning.

    The ing 33, square miles, with , inmanagernent of domestic affairs rests habitants, of whom 21, are Russians wholly with the females. These pre- and 48, colonists. Here are 22 fortipare, from soft and fine wool, cloth dress- fled places as Georgievsk, Kizliar a es and coverings of various kinds. Every prince in the neigh- against the savage tribes of the mountains. The trade is mostly seen of this extraordinary word is in Gorin the hands of the Armenians.

    Gordon founded in , and enlarged by Mora- says that, more than 50 years previous to vians from Sarepta, with schools and a the time of his writing, " Samuel Adam. He was born in Paris, in fact that the meetings were first held in , where he went through a complete a part of Boston "where all the shipcourse of study, and devoted himself to business was carried on," Mr.

    After the restora- inferred that caucus miight be a corruption tloll, lie published a journal, jVain Jaune of caulkers, the word meeting being under Tlie Yellow Dwarf , which was constitu- stood. Pickering was afterwards in tional in its sentiments, and, at the same formed that several gentlemen had men. He that it was suppressed, after the second thinks he has sometimes heard the exrestoration, in He was obliged to pression a caucus meeting caulkers' meetleave Paris, went to Brussels, published ing.

    Pickering says that this cant thlere the,7ain Jaune refugie, and changed word and its derivatives are never used in the title, when the work was suppressed good writing. We must add, however, in that place al-'o, to that of Le Vrai that all the newspapers of the U. States Liberql The True Liberal , under which, use it.

    Cauchois, through the CAULKING, or CAUKING, Of a ship, conrepresentations of the French ministry, sists in driving a quantity of oakum, or became an object of so much suspicion old ropes untwisted and drawn asunder, to the Belgian government, that he, with into the seams of the planks, or into the 19 other French refugees, was ordered to intervals where the planks are joined toquit the country, and go to Hamburg. Here he composed a very ener- rotting it. Among the ancients, the first getic memorial to the states-general, in who made use of caulking were the inwhich he represented his persecutions as habitants of Pheeacia, now Corfu.

    Wax a violation of national law. This occa- and resin appear to have been commonly sioned a most animated debate in the used previously to that period. The Belgian parliament, in which Hogendorp Poles use a sort of unctuous clay for the and Dotrenge distinguished themselves, same purpose on their navigable rivers. The name of caustic Lat. KaLio, I burn is given where he has since been an industrious to substances, which, by their chemical contributor to several liberal journals. They are called, likewise, potential cauStates, and cannot be traced back to the teries, to distinguish them from the fire mothercountry.

    Caustics, in genJohn Pickering, in his Vocabulary or Col- eral, act by decomposing chemically the lection of Words and Phrases, which have tissues to which they are applied, by debeen supposed to be peculiar to the U. States, for those eschar, or slough. The earliest account he has whilst, on the contrary, inflammation is. In both cases, sup- losopher and poet of the 13th century, puration occurs sooner or later, and sep- the friend of Dante, and, like him, a zealarates the disorganized from the surround- ous Ghibelline.

    When the dissensions ingparts. Almost all the substances used of the Guelfs and Ghibellines disturbed as caustics have only a local action: The sorbed, and of exercising a deleterious Ghibellines were exiled to Sarzana. On action on the economy in general: The he died at Florence. In his youth, actual cautery and the knife are, in gen- he made a pilgrimage to St.

    Jago de eral, preferred to them. They are used Compostella, in G alicia. Returning home principally in order to establish issues, through France, he fell in love, at Touparticularly in cases in which it is neces- louse, with a young lady of the name of sary to produce a powerful derivation; Micandetta. To her most of his verses to stop the progress of certain gangrenous which we possess are addressed.

    MEILLEUR FILM EN FRANCAIS 2018 - LES FILLES DU ROI 2

    They affections, such as anthrax; to open cer- are remarkable, considering the period at tain indolent abscesses; to change the which they were written, for their beautimode of vitality of the skin in some can- fill style. The learned cardinal excrescences of wounds or proud flesh; Egidio Colonna, and some others, have and, finally, to prevent the absorption of made commentaries on it. His Rime, the virus deposited at the surface of poi- published by Cicciaporci, appeared at soned wounds.

    This is seen in flat, the works. It is most commonly situated irregular, brittle pieces, or in round sticks, within the bastion, and made much in like the nitrate of silver; of a grayish- the same form. Sometimes the cavaliers white, sometimes reddish; of a savor ex- are placed in the gorges, or on the middle tremely caustic, and a slight odor sui of the curtain; they are then made in the generis. This substance is extremely form of a horse-shoe.

    Their use is to caustic; it decomposes quickly the parts command all the adjacent works and with which it is put in contact, and leaves surrounding country. They are seldom on the skin a soft, grayish eschar, which made except when a rising ground overcomes off slowly. Taken internally, it looks some of the works. In modern acts in the same way as all corrosive times, it is considered that cavaliers in a poisons: It has ditch separates the cavalier from the parsucceeded in the gravel, in nephritic col- apet of the bastion, cause the grenades to ics, and other affections proceeding from fall upon the defenders of the latter; for superabundance of uric acid.

    It has been which reasons it is considered best to put recommended, likewise, in the treatment them on the curtains or behind the bastions. This solution, classes of troops, and a formidable power even when very diluted, soon irritates the in the hands of a leader who knows how stomach, and brings on anorexia, which to employ it with effect.

    This requires a prevents it from being used for any length bold and active spirit, able to avail itself, of time. The efficacy of cavalry arises sodium. Its physical properties are sim- particularly from the moral impression ilar to those of potassa, and it may be which it produces on the enemy. This used with advantage as a succedaneum is greater in proportion to the size of the when employed as a caustic.

    In fact, the mass and the rapidity of its motion. Its sub-carbonate, which forms during its ac- adaptation to speedy movements is antion on the skin, is not deliquescent, as other great advantage, which enables a that of potassa, and, consequently, is not commander to avail himself immediately subject to spread. It is a very impor- riod, the Macedonian, were much more tant instrument in completing the defeat numerous. The Romans learnt its use of an enemy, in disconcerting him by a from Pyrrhus and the Carthaginians.

    At sudden attack, or overthrowing him by a a later period, the cavalry of the Gauls powerful shock. The use of cavalry is, was particularly good. In the middle it is true, oftentimes limited by the na- ages, the knights fought only on horseture of the ground. In forests, in moun- back, and disdained the foot-service. In unknown, and was only gradually remodern times, cavalry' has been led stored in the progress of time. After the against intrenchments, but only to its introduction of artillery, although cavalry own destruction. In some instances, too, was used, yet its manceuvres were awkthe cavalry has been dismounted, and ward and inefficient.

    The genius of Gusemployed as infantry; which may, on tavus Adolphus first perceived the imporpeculiar occasions, be advisable, but, on tant use which could be made of it. He the whole, is contrary to their nature and was without the heavy cavalry, which, purpose, and, if made a part of their duty, since the time of chivalry, had gone out like other half measures, is usually disad- of use; but he found that the advantage vantageous. It is also unadvisable to of this species of troops did not consist in keep large bodies of cavalry united during its weight, but in its quickness of motion.

    They are to be collected in With reference to this, he formed his large masses only for particular objects. Napoleon appears to have culty. This, together necessary to divide the cavalry into light with certain erroneous dispositions which and heavy horse. There is sometimes, had crept into some armies, and had also, an intermediate class. These dif- caused the cavalry to fail in services on ferent sorts are employed for different which they ought never to have been put, purposes. The heavy cavalry, with defen- and which were sometimes performed as sive armor cuirassiers , is more frequently well or better by other troops, gave rise, employed in mass, where force is requi- of late years, to doubts concerning their site; the lighter troops are used singly, utility, which, however, are now abanand in small detachments, where swift- doned.

    The writings of general Bismnark, ness and continued effort are required. Fate of the Cavalry in the Campaigns of The use of cavalry is probably nearly as Frederic I1 and in those of a later Period. They will, no doubt, The Egyptians are said to have had cav- effect a change in the arms, and even ill alry before the time of Moses. The the organization, of the infantry, who can Israelites, when at war with their neigh- do little against lancers, if rain prevents bors, often had to encounter cavalry, but them from firing. In the Prussian cavwere afraid to mount horses until the alry, which is among the finest in the.

    The Greeks appear world, lancers are very numerous. A not to have introduced cavalry into their French author calls the cavalry, very aparmies till the second Messenian war, propriately, I'arme, die moment; because and, even after that time, had compara- they are peculiarly fitted to take advantively few; but with them it was consid- tage of decisive moments.

    A moment ered the most respectable class of troops, may occur, when a great victory can be in which only the wealthy citizens served. A commander of cavalry must the author. The work was published at therefore be possessed of the rare courage the expense of the king, aId intended as which shrinks not from responsibility. Thunberg has namtruth of these remarks. Napoleon won ed a family of plants Cavanilla. Cavanilthe battle of Marengo chiefly by Keller- les died in The campaigns in Russia, and the relieved with recitative. Caves are principally met with in leon failed to follow up his advantages limestone of the transition and floetz periafter the victories of Lfitzen and Dresden, od, in gypsum, sometimes in sandstone, chiefly because his cavalry were raw and and in volcanic rocks basalt, lava, tufa, inexperienced.

    The form of the cavern The best cavalry is now generally consid- depends partly upon the nature of the ered to be the Prussian and some species substance in which they exist; but it it of the Russian. The French never were frequently altered by external causes. In good horsemen, and the English have reference to their internal construction, not kept pace with the numerous im- the hollows in the earth may be divided provements introduced by the wars on into three classes: It is a fact of interest, that wide clefts; those of the second admit the more civilization takes root among a the day-light at both ends, and form natnation, the more importance is given to ural passages, which sometimes serve the infantry.

    All savage nations begin with rivers as beds; the third and most comcavalry, if they have horses. At present, mon class consists of those which form a infantry is the most numerous class of line of grottoes, about of an equal height. There are many and cia. In , he went to Paris with the various causes for the formation of caves. He published there, in , fectly uniform direction, the gentle and Observations on the Article Spain in the equable declivity of most caves, appear New Encyclopedia, written with as much to be the effect of the long continuance of patriotism as profound reasoning.

    In the water in them, the action of which has following year, he commenced his great widened the existing crevices. In trachyt botanical work, MJonadelphiae Classis Dis- and lava, caves appear to have been prosertationes decem Paris, , Ma- duced by the effects of gas. The caves drid, , 4to. After of gypsum often contain foul air; the his return to Spain, he wrote another caves of limestone, various figures of stabeautiful work, Icones et Descriptiones lactites, produced by the deposit of the Plantarum, qucv aut Sponte in Hispania lime dissolved in the water.

    The most crescunt aut in Hortis hospitantur Ma- of these lime caves contain remnants of drid, , 6 vols. It contains a number of new phants, bears. Many caves are remarkgenera and species, natives of Spain, able only on account of their great size, America, India and New Holland. In or sublime from the awful gloom which pursuance of a commission from the king, pervades them, and the echoes which roll Cavanilles travelled in Valencia, and col- like thunder through their vaulted paslected the materials for his Observaciones sages.

    Some are of great depth, as that of sobre la Historia Natural, Geografia,. Jgd- Fredericshall, in Norway, which is calcuricultura, Poblacion, etc. One of lencia Madrid, , 2 vols. Its sides are formed sive, and abound in objects of curiosity of ranges of basaltic columns, which are In South America is the cavern of Guaalmost as regular as hewn stone. The charo, which is said to extend for leagues. The passage was born in His first occupation at the entrance glitters, in the torch-light, was that of clerk to a collector of the exas if it were studded with diamonds.

    The cise in the country. He then went to roof is adorned with stalactites, many of London, and put himself apprentice to a them 20 feet long, and hung with festoons printer. When his indentures expired, he of various forms and brilliant appearance. He published, in January, , ance of trees and brooks turned to marble. Cave was deprivits lowest part, feet below the surface. Having Derbyshire, passes through several stalac- consumed his property by his early extravtic caverns. Other caverns in England agances, he collected three small vessels contain subterraneous cascades. In the for the purpose of making a predatory rock of Gibraltar, there are a number of voyage to the Spanish colonies.

    He sailstalactic caverns, of which the principal is ed from Plymouth in , took and deSt. Michael's cave, feet above the stroyed many vessels, ravaged the coasts sea. See Buckland's Reliquiae circumnavigated the globe in 2 years and Diluvianme, London, The most 49 days, the shortest period in which it celebrated caves in the U.

    States are Mad- had then been effected. In , he set ison's cave, in Rockingham county, Vir- sail on a similar expedition, in which his ginia, extending feet into the earth, principal success was the capture of the and adorned with beautiful incrustations town of Santos, in Brazil. After suffering of stalactites; Wier's cave, in the same many hardships, he died, in Near castle, was born in , and educated by Corydon, Indiana, is a cave, which has his father, on whose death he was raised been explored for the distance of several to the peerage.

    On the approach of hosmiles, celebrated for producing Epsom tilities between the crown and parliament, salts. In Kentucky and Tennessee, caves he embraced the royal cause, and was inare numerous, which appear to have been vested with a commission, constituting used as burial-places. In the north-west him general of all his majesty's forces part of Georgia is a cave, called. V'ickojack raised north of the Trent, with very ample cave, 50 feet high and wide, which powers.

    With great exertions, and the has been explored to the distance of three expenditure of large sums from his private miles. A stream of considerable size runs fortune, he levied a considerable army, through it, which is interrupted by a fall. In military poisonous vapors. The most remarkable matters, he depended chiefly on his prinknown is the Grotto del Cane, a small cave cipal officers, whilst he himself indulged near Naples.

    In Iceland, there are many in the courtly pleasures and literary sociecaves, formed by the lava from its volca- ty to which he was attached. Inthe volcanic country near Rome, ed a complete victory over lord Fairfax there are many natural cavities of great on Adderton-heath, and, on the approach extent and coolness, which are sometimes of the Scotch army, and its junction with resorted to as a refuge from the heat.

    Having been relieved by. Lavoisier confirmed the kingdom. He returned, after an ab- this conclusion in later times. The same sence of 18 years, and was rewarded for spirit of accuracy in his experiments led his services and sufferings with the digni- Cavendish to another discovery, which ty of duke. He was born in , electric spark was transmitted, lost in and instructed with great care in classical volume, and formed an acid, which redliterature. On various occasions, he dis- dened the tincture of litmus; but he cartinguished himself by his spirit and valor, ried this experiment no farther.

    Cavenand, in , began that opposition to the dish repeated the experiment, by confinarbitrary measures of the ministers of ing in the tube a solution of pure potash, Charles II, which caused him to be re- which absorbed the acid, and thus proved garded as one of the most determined it to be nitric acid. The analysis of the friends of the liberties of his country.

    In- air, which remained in the tube after the timately connected with lord Russel, he experiment, showed that the weight of the joined him in his efforts for the security oxygen and azote, which had disappeared, of free government and the Protestant re- was equal to the weight of the acid thus ligion.

    On the trial of lord Russel, heap- formed. He easily determined the propeared as a witness in his favor, and of- portion of the azote to the oxygen, which fered to assist him in escaping, after he was 2: It was found, also, that, when had been sentenced to death, by changing both gases, sufficiently pure, were mixed clothes with him in prison.

    In ,' in that proportion, and exposed to the having succeeded to his father's title, and electric spark, the mixture disappeared being regarded as one of the most formid- entirely, by which his discovery was comable opponents of the arbitrary designs of pletely confirmed. Cavendish distinguishking James II, attempts were made to in- ed himself no less in natural philosophy, timidate him, but without success. Hav- by the accuracy of his experiments. He ing been insulted by a minion of the king, possessed, also, a profound knowledge of he dragged him from the chamber by the the higher geometry, of which he made a nose in the royal presence.

    He took an very happy use in determining the mean active part in promoting the revolution, density of the earth. His services were — a conclusion which differs but little rewarded with the dignity of duke of Dev- from that obtained by Maskelyne in anonshire. He still, however, maintained an other way. He was a member of the independent bearing in parliamnent. He royal society at London, and, in , was died in Cavenof lord Charles Cavendish, and grandson dish was probably the richest among the of the second duke of Devonshire, devoted learned, and the most learned among the himself exclusively to the sciences, and rich, men of his time.

    An uncle left him acquired a distinguished rank among those a large fortune in This increase of learned men who have most contributed wealth made no change in his character to the progress of chemistry. He discov- and habits. Extremely regular and simered the peculiar properties of hydrogen, ple in his manner of living, he was liberal and the qualities by which it is distin- in encouraging science, and in his private guished from atmospheric air. His large, well-chosen library we owe the important discovery of the was open for the use of learned men.

    He composition of water. His ed with double the quantity of hydrogen, writings consist of treatises in the Philothis mixture burns with an explosion, sophical Transactions, from to Cavendish They are distinguished by acuteness and repeated this experiment with the accura- accuracy. He CAVIARE ickari is made in Russia confined both the gases in dry earthen from the roe of sturgeons, belugas, and vessels, to prevent the escape of the prod- many other fish.

    The roe is separated uct of their combustion, and found that from the skin which encloses it, salted, this residuum was water, the weight of and, after eight days, pepper and finely. It is then dried, erally admitted to be the first typographand serves as a relisher with toasted bread ical work executed in England. Caxton or bread and butter.

    The best caviare is continued to exercise his art for nearly 20 that from the Crimea. From Kerch and years, during which time he produced Jenikale, in that province, barrels between 50 and 60 volumes, most of which are annually exported to Moldavia and the were composed or translated by himself. Caxton died about , and was buried. It abounds in fruits ince or colony in South America, belongand cattle. The inhabitants are, for the ing to France; bounded N. Lima; which only about are whites. It was, at one time, a royal city, in ; in , it was taken by the Engwhere the emperor Atahualpa was put to lish, and, in , by the Dutch; but, in death, after having been defeated and im- , it was restored to the French.

    The prisoned by Pizarro. The memorable for having first introduced the soil, in many parts, is very fertile, though art of printing into his native country.

    Are We Still Just Friends? (Saga 2 - Vol. 3) (Are We Still Just Friends? (2nd Saga))

    He in others dry, sandy, and soon exhausted. On the death of his master, most noted article of produce is Cayenne Caxton went to the Netherlands, as agent pepper, the fruit of the capsicum bctccatum. His rep- cocoa, indigo, maize, cassia and vanilla. He appears subse- miles in length. The island is 18 miles quently to have held some office in the long and 10 broad, and has a fertile soil. It is the ess of Caxton. Whilst abroad, he became capital of the French colony of Cayenne, acquainted with the then newly discovered has a large and convenient port, and coninvention of printing.

    Capwhich he entitled the Recuyell of the His- sicum is the name of several species of toryes of Troye, by Raoul le Feure, which South American and Indian plants, easily he printed at Cologne, , in folio. This known by their hollow pods, of a shining book, considered as the earliest specimen red or yellow color, which contain many of typography in the English language, is small, flat and kidney-shaped seeds. The esteemed very valuable. After this, sicum baccatum. All the species of caphe printed other works abroad, chiefly sicum possess the same general qualities.

    If all kinds of sauces. The Cayenne pepper he has sometimes misunderstood the anused in cookery is made from the fruit cient authors, and committed some errors of different species of capsicum. This with respect to ancient monuments, he has, fruit, when ripe, is gathered, dried in the nevertheless, treated with great success of sun, and then pounded; and the powder the processes and materials employed in is mixed with a certain portion of salt, and the arts by the ancients.

    It Integrity, simplicity and disinterestedness is very generally used as a poignant ingre- were united in his character with occadient in soups and highly-seasoned dishes. He has left Its taste is extremely acrid, and it leaves a numerous works, tales as well as antiquadurable sensation of heat on the palate, rian researches. Among the latter is his which is best removed by butter or oil.

    When taken in small quantities, Cayenne Paris, , 7 vols. Caylus was is a grateful stimulant; and, in medicine, also an industrious and skilful engraver, it is used both externally and internally, to and has furnished a collection of more promote the action of the bodily organs, than engravings, after drawings in the when languid and torpid; and it is said to royal cabinet, and a great number of heads, have been found efficacious in many gouty after the first masters. His mother, niece and paralytic cases. The Guinea pepper, of Mad.

    The fruit of all the species Jesuits, and went, in , to Martinico. This town, a few years the Jesuits in France. Cazotte shone in since, contained 12 or 15, inhabitants. His roIt is now very much reduced. The harbor mance of chivalry, Olivier, published in is inferior, but the surrounding country is , and, subsequently, his Diable anzoufertile. Being received into education equally solid and splendid. Af- the order of Martines de Pasqualis, Cazotte ter having served in the army during the lost himself in cabalistic dreams. With war of the Spanish succession, he left the the assistance of Dom Chavis, an Arabian service in , accompanied Bonac on monk, he translated four volumes of Arahis embassy to Constantinople the follow- bian Tales-a continuation of the Arabian ing year, and visited Greece, Troy, Ephe- Nights, forming the 37th and 40th volumes sus, Byzantium and Adrianople.

    In , of the Cabinet des Fges. Though at the he returned to Paris, according to the wish age of 70 years, he wrote them at midnight, of his mother, and began here to arrange after his return from the circles in which his extensive collections. He commenced he had been visiting. Chavis dictated the a great work on Egyptian, Grecian, Etrus- outlines, and Cazotte wrought up the stocan, Roman and Gallic antiquities, with ries.

    He completed the task in two winnumerous plates. He was a member of ters. The comic opera Les Sabots he the academy of painting and of the acad- composed in one night. In the revolution, emy of inscriptions, and divided his labors which he opposed with all his power, between them. He made a chemical ex- he was thrown into the prisons of the amination of the ancient method of en- Abbaye, with his daughter Elizabeth, in caustic painting, investigated the mode of When the massacreofthe prisoners painting on marble, the art of hardening took place, Sept.

    From the scaffold he cried with a tune at court. Having married the sister firm voice to the multitude, " I die, as I of sir John Cheke, he was, by his brotherhave lived, faithful to God and to my king. From that place this au- nent for learning, still further increased thor received the surname under which his influence. He rose, in , to the he has become celebrated. Of the cir- post of master of requests, and, soon after, cumstances of his life, we know only that to that of secretary. He endured, in this he was cadi of Wazith and Hillah, and reign, some of the vicissitudes which befell died in the year of the hegira A.

    His most important work is on his standing, and, in , was knighted, natural history-The Wonders of Nature and sworn a member of the privy council. It was the object of Caz- France; and, on his return, being chosen wini, like Pliny, to describe the wonders knight of the shire for the county of Linof all nature. His work contains a com- cohi, distinguished himself by opposing a prehensive view of all that had been writ- bill brought in for the confiscation of esten before him, but in so grand and orig- tates on account of religious principles.

    There is an previously to her accession; to whom, in abridged translation of it in the Persian. On her accession, Socrates. He is said to have saved Phae- in , he was appointed privy counseldon, a young slave, from moral ruin. Noth- lor and secretary of state. One of the ing more is known of his life. In foreign of a later Cebes, or of a Stoic philosopher affairs, he showed much tact in guarding under this assumed name.

    Since the re- against the danger arising from the Cathvival of learning, this interesting dialogue olic powers, and very judiciously lent suphas been often reprinted by itself, or in port to the reformation in Scotland. Among the tious, and rested upon an avoidance of larger editions is that of Schweighauser open hostilities, and a reliance on secret Strasburg, There are many school negotiation and intrigues with opposing editions. This a view to avert the dangers which threateminent English statesman was son to ened his own. This, upon the whole, was Richard Cecil, master of the robes to a course almost necessary, considering the Henry VIII, and was born at Bourne, in situation of England, with a powerful, disLincolnshire, in He studied at St.

    On the suppression of the Having carried on a successful controver- northern rebellion, in , Elizabeth sy with two Irish priests on the subject of raised him to the peerage by the title of the pope's supremacy, he obtained the no- baron Burleigh, and, the following year,. He is he went to France as assistant to the charged with being deeply engaged in fo- English ambassador, the earl of Derby, menting the troubles which caused the and, in , was appointed one of the flight of the imprudent and unhappy Mary secretaries of state.

    On the death of sir Stuart into England; and, after the dis- Francis Walsingliam, he succeeded him covery of Babington's conspiracy, he never as principal secretary, and continued to ceased urging her trial and condemnation. Having secritical resentment of Elizabeth at the ex- cretly supported the interests of James I, ecution of the queen of Scots, but, after a previous to his accession to the crown, while, recovered his former credit.

    At and taken measures to facilitate that event, the time of the threatened Spanish inva- he was continued in office under the new sion, he drew up the plan for the defence sovereign, and raised to the peerage. In of the country with his usual care and , he was created a baron; in , ability. But, soon after, losing his wife, viscount Cranbourn; and in , earl of to whom he was warmly attached, he be- Salisbury. The same year he was chosen came desirous of retiring from public chancellor of the university of Cambridge, business, and of leaving the field open to and made a knight of the garter.

    He was his son Robert, afterwards so celebrated as the political rather than the personal faearl of Salisbury. He was persuaded, vorite of the king, whom he served with however, to keep his employment, and zeal and fidelity; and, as he was certainly one of his latest efforts was to effectuate a the ablest, so he was, perhaps, the most honpeace with Spain, in opposition to the est, minister who presided over the affairs more heated councils of the earl of Essex.