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Gene silencing - Wikipedia
By using our website you agree to our use of cookies. Dispatched from the UK in 5 business days When will my order arrive? Home Contact Us Help Free delivery worldwide. Description This volume explores some of the most exciting recent advances in basic research on cellular RNA interference mechanisms and how this knowledge is leading to advances in the various fields. The Best Books of Check out the top books of the year on our page Best Books of Product details Format Hardback pages Dimensions Looking for beautiful books?
Visit our Beautiful Books page and find lovely books for kids, photography lovers and more. Other books in this series. Molecular Biology of Neurodegenerative Diseases: Volume David B. Volume Robert M. In addition, attempts are being made to use ribozymes to produce gene silencing therapeutics, which would silence genes that are responsible for causing diseases.
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Companies utilizing this approach include Alnylam , Sanofi , [14] Arrowhead , Discerna , [15] and Persomics , [16] among others. These are prevalent motifs within 3'-UTRs. Among all regulatory motifs within the 3'-UTRs e. As of , the miRBase web site, [17] an archive of miRNA sequences and annotations, listed 28, entries in biologic species.
The effects of miRNA dysregulation of gene expression seem to be important in cancer. The effects of miRNA dysregulation of gene expression also seem to be important in neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and autism spectrum disorders.
Gene silencing
Gene silencing techniques have been widely used by researchers to study genes associated with disorders. These disorders include cancer , infectious diseases , respiratory diseases , and neurodegenerative disorders. Gene silencing is also currently being used in drug discovery efforts, such as synthetic lethality , high-throughput screening , and miniaturized RNAi screens. RNA interference has been used to silence genes associated with several cancers.
For instance, siRNAs were able to bind specifically to tumor suppressor p53 molecules containing a single point mutation and destroy it, while leaving the wild-type suppressor intact. Receptors involved in mitogenic pathways that lead to the increased production of cancer cells there have also been targeted by siRNA molecules. The chemokine receptor chemokine receptor 4 CXCR4 , associated with the proliferation of breast cancer, was cleaved by siRNA molecules that reduced the number of divisions commonly observed by the cancer cells.
Antiapoptotic proteins, such as clusterin and survivin , are often expressed in cancer cells.
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For instance, mice implanted with colon adenocarcinoma cells were found to survive longer when the cells were pretreated with siRNAs that targeted B-catenin in the cancer cells. Viral genes and host genes that are required for viruses to replicate or enter the cell, or that play an important role in the life cycle of the virus are often targeted by antiviral therapies.
RNAi has been used to target genes in several viral diseases, such as the human immunodeficiency virus HIV and hepatitis. In hepatitis B, siRNA silencing was used to target the surface antigen on the hepatitis B virus and led to a decrease in the number of viral components. RNA interference has been in commercial use to control virus diseases of plants for over 20 years see Plant disease resistance.
In —, multiple examples of "coat protein-mediated resistance" against plant viruses were published, before RNAi had been discovered. Potato lines expressing viral replicase sequences that confer resistance to potato leafroll virus were sold under the trade names NewLeaf Y and NewLeaf Plus, and were widely accepted in commercial production in —, until McDonald's Corp. Gene silencing techniques have also been used to target other viruses, such as the human papilloma virus , the West Nile virus , and the Tulane virus.
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The E6 gene in tumor samples retrieved from patients with the human papilloma virus was targeted and found to cause apoptosis in the infected cells. Unlike viruses, bacteria are not as susceptible to silencing by siRNA. Bacteria replicate outside of the host cell and do not contain the necessary machinery for RNAi to function. Ribozymes, antisense oligonucleotides, and more recently RNAi have been used to target mRNA molecules involved in asthma. Huntington's disease HD results from a mutation in the huntingtin gene that causes an excess of CAG repeats.