This often happened only a few days or weeks later. Francis Amasa Walker , Superintendent of the Census, used census and Surgeon General data to estimate a minimum of , Union military deaths and , Confederate military deaths, for a total death toll of , soldiers.
While Walker's estimates were originally dismissed because of the Census's undercounting, it was later found that the census was only off by 6. Analyzing the number of dead by using census data to calculate the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm suggests that at least , and at most ,, but most likely , soldiers, died in the war. Deaths among former slaves has proven much harder to estimate, due to the lack of reliable census data at the time, though they were known to be considerable, as former slaves were set free or escaped in massive numbers in an area where the Union army did not have sufficient shelter, doctors, or food for them.
University of Connecticut Professor James Downs states that tens to hundreds of thousands of slaves died during the war from disease, starvation, exposure, or execution at the hands of the Confederates, and that if these deaths are counted in the war's total, the death toll would exceed 1 million. Losses were far higher than during the recent defeat of Mexico , which saw roughly thirteen thousand American deaths, including fewer than two thousand killed in battle, between and One reason for the high number of battle deaths during the war was the continued use of tactics similar to those of the Napoleonic Wars at the turn of the century, such as charging.
This led to the adoption of trench warfare , a style of fighting that defined much of World War I. The wealth amassed in slaves and slavery for the Confederacy's 3. Slaves in the border states and those located in some former Confederate territory occupied before the Emancipation Proclamation were freed by state action or on December 6, by the Thirteenth Amendment. The war destroyed much of the wealth that had existed in the South.
All accumulated investment Confederate bonds was forfeit; most banks and railroads were bankrupt. Income per person in the South dropped to less than 40 percent of that of the North, a condition that lasted until well into the 20th century. Southern influence in the U. While not all Southerners saw themselves as fighting to preserve slavery, most of the officers and over a third of the rank and file in Lee 's army had close family ties to slavery.
To Northerners, in contrast, the motivation was primarily to preserve the Union , not to abolish slavery. The Republicans' counterargument that slavery was the mainstay of the enemy steadily gained support, with the Democrats losing decisively in the elections in the northern state of Ohio when they tried to resurrect anti-black sentiment.
During the Civil War, sentiment concerning slaves, enslavement and emancipation in the United States was divided. In , Lincoln worried that premature attempts at emancipation would mean the loss of the border states, and that "to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game. Lincoln warned the border states that a more radical type of emancipation would happen if his gradual plan based on compensated emancipation and voluntary colonization was rejected.
When Lincoln told his cabinet about his proposed emancipation proclamation, Seward advised Lincoln to wait for a victory before issuing it, as to do otherwise would seem like "our last shriek on the retreat". In September , the Battle of Antietam provided this opportunity, and the subsequent War Governors' Conference added support for the proclamation.
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In his letter to Albert G. Hodges , Lincoln explained his belief that "If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong And yet I have never understood that the Presidency conferred upon me an unrestricted right to act officially upon this judgment and feeling I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me. Lincoln's moderate approach succeeded in inducing border states, War Democrats and emancipated slaves to fight for the Union.
All abolished slavery on their own, except Kentucky and Delaware. Since the Emancipation Proclamation was based on the President's war powers, it only included territory held by Confederates at the time. However, the Proclamation became a symbol of the Union's growing commitment to add emancipation to the Union's definition of liberty. White , 74 U. Reconstruction began during the war, with the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, , and it continued until From the Union perspective, the goals of Reconstruction were to consolidate the Union victory on the battlefield by reuniting the Union; to guarantee a " republican form of government for the ex-Confederate states; and to permanently end slavery—and prevent semi-slavery status.
President Johnson took a lenient approach and saw the achievement of the main war goals as realized in , when each ex-rebel state repudiated secession and ratified the Thirteenth Amendment. Radical Republicans demanded proof that Confederate nationalism was dead and that the slaves were truly free. They came to the fore after the elections and undid much of Johnson's work. In the "Liberal Republicans" argued that the war goals had been achieved and that Reconstruction should end.
They ran a presidential ticket in but were decisively defeated. In , Democrats, primarily Southern, took control of Congress and opposed any more reconstruction. The Compromise of closed with a national consensus that the Civil War had finally ended. The Civil War is one of the central events in American collective memory. There are innumerable statues, commemorations, books and archival collections.
The memory includes the home front, military affairs, the treatment of soldiers, both living and dead, in the war's aftermath, depictions of the war in literature and art, evaluations of heroes and villains, and considerations of the moral and political lessons of the war. Professional historians have paid much more attention to the causes of the war, than to the war itself. Military history has largely developed outside academe, leading to a proliferation of solid studies by non-scholars who are thoroughly familiar with the primary sources, pay close attention to battles and campaigns, and write for the large public readership, rather than the small scholarly community.
Bruce Catton and Shelby Foote are among the best-known writers. Historian Wilson Fallin has examined the sermons of white and black Baptist preachers after the War. Southern white preachers said:.
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God had chastised them and given them a special mission—to maintain orthodoxy, strict biblicism, personal piety, and traditional race relations. Slavery, they insisted, had not been sinful. Rather, emancipation was a historical tragedy and the end of Reconstruction was a clear sign of God's favor. God's gift of freedom. They appreciated opportunities to exercise their independence, to worship in their own way, to affirm their worth and dignity, and to proclaim the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man.
War of 1812
Most of all, they could form their own churches, associations, and conventions. These institutions offered self-help and racial uplift, and provided places where the gospel of liberation could be proclaimed. As a result, black preachers continued to insist that God would protect and help him; God would be their rock in a stormy land. Memory of the war in the white South crystallized in the myth of the "Lost Cause" , shaping regional identity and race relations for generations. Nolan notes that the Lost Cause was expressly "a rationalization, a cover-up to vindicate the name and fame" of those in rebellion.
Some claims revolve around the insignificance of slavery; some appeals highlight cultural differences between North and South; the military conflict by Confederate actors is idealized; in any case, secession was said to be lawful. He also deems the Lost Cause "a caricature of the truth. This caricature wholly misrepresents and distorts the facts of the matter" in every instance.
The economic and political-power determinism forcefully presented by Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard in The Rise of American Civilization was highly influential among historians and the general public until the civil rights movement of the s and s. The Beards downplayed slavery, abolitionism, and issues of morality. They ignored constitutional issues of states' rights and even ignored American nationalism as the force that finally led to victory in the war.
Indeed, the ferocious combat itself was passed over as merely an ephemeral event. Much more important was the calculus of class conflict. The Beards announced that the Civil War was really:. The Beards themselves abandoned their interpretation by the s and it became defunct among historians in the s, when scholars shifted to an emphasis on slavery. However, Beardian themes still echo among Lost Cause writers. The first efforts at Civil War battlefield preservation and memorialization came during the war itself with the establishment of National Cemeteries at Gettysburg, Mill Springs and Chattanooga.
Soldiers began erecting markers on battlefields beginning with the First Battle of Bull Run in July , but the oldest surviving monument is the Hazen monument, erected at Stones River near Murfreesboro, Tennessee , in the summer of by soldiers in Union Col.
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Hazen's brigade to mark the spot where they buried their dead in the Battle of Stones River. In , these five parks and other national monuments were transferred to the jurisdiction of the National Park Service. The modern Civil War battlefield preservation movement began in with the founding of the Association for the Preservation of Civil War Sites APCWS , a grassroots organization created by Civil War historians and others to preserve battlefield land by acquiring it.
Mint Civil War commemorative coin revenues designated for battlefield preservation. Although the two non-profit organizations joined forces on a number of battlefield acquisitions, ongoing conflicts prompted the boards of both organizations to facilitate a merger, which happened in with the creation of the Civil War Preservation Trust. After expanding its mission in to include battlefields of the Revolutionary War and War of , the non-profit became the American Battlefield Trust in May , operating with two divisions, the Civil War Trust and the Revolutionary War Trust.
The American Civil War has been commemorated in many capacities ranging from the reenactment of battles, to statues and memorial halls erected, to films being produced, to stamps and coins with Civil War themes being issued, all of which helped to shape public memory. This varied advent occurred in greater proportions on the th and th anniversary. It was digitally remastered and re-released in There were numerous technological innovations during the Civil War that had a great impact on 19th-century science.
The Civil War was one of the earliest examples of an " industrial war ", in which technological might is used to achieve military supremacy in a war. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Civil War disambiguation. Civil war in the United States from to Abraham Lincoln Ulysses S.
Sherman David Farragut George B. Jefferson Davis Robert E. Theaters of the American Civil War. Status of the states, States that seceded before April 15, States that seceded after April 15, Union states that permitted slavery. Union states that banned slavery. Slave and free states. Stephen Douglas, author of the Kansas—Nebraska Act of Crittenden, of the Crittenden Compromise. United States presidential election, Battle of Fort Sumter. Border states American Civil War. Union territories not permitting slavery.
Border Union states, permitting slavery. Union territories that permitted slavery claimed by Confederacy at the start of the war, but where slavery was outlawed in Child soldiers in the American Civil War. American Civil War prison camps. Blockade runners of the American Civil War. Diplomacy of the American Civil War. Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. Western Theater of the American Civil War. Conclusion of the American Civil War. One in thirteen veterans were amputees. Remains of both sides were reinterred. National cemetery in Andersonville, GA.
Contrabands —fugitive slaves—cooks, laundresses, laborers, teamsters, railroad repair crews—fled to the Union Army, but were not officially freed until In , the Union army accepted Freedmen. Seen here are Black and White teen-aged soldiers. Monument to the Grand Army of the Republic , a Union veteran organization. Cherokee Confederates reunion in New Orleans, Lost Cause of the Confederacy.
Commemoration of the American Civil War. Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps. Grand Army of the Republic Union. Civil War , UKR. Contrabands and after the Emancipation Proclamation freedmen, migrating into Union control on the coasts and to the advancing armies, and natural increase are excluded. It omits losses from contraband and after the Emancipation Proclamation, freedmen migrating to the Union controlled coastal ports and those joining advancing Union armies, especially in the Mississippi Valley.
By , when it became clear that this would be a long war, the question of what to do about slavery became more general. The Southern economy and military effort depended on slave labor. It began to seem unreasonable to protect slavery while blockading Southern commerce and destroying Southern production. As one Congressman put it, the slaves " As laborers, if not as soldiers, they will be allies of the rebels, or of the Union. From early years of the war, hundreds of thousands of African Americans escaped to Union lines, especially in occupied areas like Nashville, Norfolk and the Hampton Roads region in , Tennessee from on, the line of Sherman's march, etc.
So many African Americans fled to Union lines that commanders created camps and schools for them, where both adults and children learned to read and write. Never Call Retreat , p. The American Missionary Association entered the war effort by sending teachers south to such contraband camps, for instance establishing schools in Norfolk and on nearby plantations. In addition, approximately , or more African-American men served as soldiers and sailors with Union troops. Most of those were escaped slaves.
Probably the most prominent of these African-American soldiers is the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. They used them as laborers to support the war effort. As Howell Cobb said, "If slaves will make good soldiers our whole theory of slavery is wrong. Lee argued in favor of arming blacks late in the war, and Jefferson Davis was eventually persuaded to support plans for arming slaves to avoid military defeat.
The Confederacy surrendered at Appomattox before this plan could be implemented. Winters referred to the exhilaration of the slaves when the Union Army came through Louisiana: They were 'all frantic with joy, some weeping, some blessing, and some dancing in the exuberance of their emotions. Others cheered because they anticipated the freedom to plunder and to do as they pleased now that the Federal troops were there.
This led to a breakdown of the prisoner and mail exchange program and the growth of prison camps such as Andersonville prison in Georgia, where almost 13, Union prisoners of war died of starvation and disease. Restoration of Law in the State of Virginia. The New York Times. Retrieved December 23, Of which , were in the Navy and Marines, , were garrison troops and home defense militia, and , were in the field army. The Civil War Day by Day: The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double-counting of casualties.
Archived from the original on July 11, Retrieved October 14, University of Connecticut, April 13, The surviving records only include the number of black patients whom doctors encountered; tens of thousands of other slaves who died had no contact with army doctors, leaving no records of their deaths.
Oxford University Press, April 13, As horrific as this new number is, it fails to reflect the mortality of former slaves during the war. If former slaves were included in this figure, the Civil War death toll would likely be over a million casualties Retrieved October 7, Johns Hopkins University Press, , pp. Martin's, , Williams, "Doing Less and Doing More: The Emancipation Proclamation , pp. Retrieved September 22, The Road to Disunion: Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War.
Retrieved December 21, Remembering the Civil War Speech. Sesquicentennial of the Start of the Civil War. Retrieved August 29, Issues related to the institution of slavery precipitated secession It was not states' rights. It was not a tariff. It was not unhappiness with manner and customs that led to secession and eventually to war. It was a cluster of issues profoundly dividing the nation along a fault line delineated by the institution of slavery.
What They Fought For — Louisiana State University Press. For Cause and Comrades. The loyal citizenry initially gave very little thought to emancipation in their quest to save the union. Most loyal citizens, though profoundly prejudice by 21st century standards, embraced emancipation as a tool to punish slave holders, weaken the confederacy, and protect the union from future internal strife. A minority of the white populous invoked moral grounds to attack slavery, though their arguments carried far less popular weight than those presenting emancipation as a military measure necessary to defeat the rebels and restore the Union.
Why 'this cruel war'? Archived from the original on February 1, Retrieved January 29, Causes of the civil war, — p. A Disease in the Public Mind: American Law and the Constitutional Order: University of Kansas and Kansas Historical Society. Retrieved July 10, Imperium in Imperio, — Sydnor, The Development of Southern Sectionalism — Stampp, The Imperiled Union: Essays on the Background of the Civil War , p.
Turner, Beard, Parrington The Washington Peace Conference of Southern Pamphlets on Secession, November — April Vann Woodward , American Counterpoint: Slavery and Racism in the North-South Dialogue , p. Honor, Grace, and War, s—s Porter, and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War. Retrieved November 28, Retrieved July 16, The Improvised War — , pp. Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri. Proclamation 83 — Increasing the Size of the Army and Navy". Retrieved November 3, Retrieved May 28, Arrest of the Maryland Legislature, ".
Archived from the original on January 11, Retrieved February 6, Harris, Lincoln and the Border States: Preserving the Union University Press of Kansas, , p. Fourteen Months in American Bastiles. Retrieved August 18, Retrieved April 20, Over 10, military engagements took place during the war, 40 percent of them in Virginia and Tennessee. See Gabor Boritt, ed. War Comes Again , p. The Confederate States of America, A History of the South.
In his message of April 29 to the rebel Congress, Jefferson Davis proposed to organize for instant action an army of , Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy online edition. The German Element in the United States: The railroads and banks grew rapidly. See Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson. Financier Of The Civil War.
See also Oberholtzer, Ellis Parson A history of the United States since the Civil War. Bearman, "Desertion as localism: Army unit solidarity and group norms in the U. The Civil War Prisons of the Confederacy. University of Alabama Press. Smith, Tinclads in the Civil War: Wise, Lifeline of the Confederacy: Naval War College Review. Doyle, The Cause of All Nations: Oates , The Approaching Fury: Voices of the Storm — , p. Noyalas December 3, Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign. Army War College 21 3, pp. See also, Michael Fellman, Inside War: Missouri alone was the scene of over 1, engagements between regular units, and uncounted numbers of guerrilla attacks and raids by informal pro-Confederate bands, especially in the recently settled western counties.
Order Number 11 and the Evacuation of Western Missouri".
Confederate Recruitment in Indian Territory". Confederate General in the Cherokee Nation". Personal Memoirs of U. The Flight to Appomattox , pp. Ghost Towns of Oklahoma. University of Oklahoma Press. Census and Carter, Susan B. The Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition 5 vols , At the beginning of , the Confederacy controlled one-third of its congressional districts, which were apportioned by population. The major slave-populations found in Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Alabama were effectively under Union control by the end of The First Hundred Days".
Retrieved October 16, Bordewich, "The World Was Watching: America's Civil War slowly came to be seen as part of a global struggle against oppressive privilege" , Wall Street Journal February 7—8, Explorations in Economic History. David September 20, The New York Times Company. Art of Restoring What's Missing". American Civil War Fortifications 2: Land and Field Fortifications. Finally Passing ", April 2, , pp. Browning, September 22, Sentiment among German Americans was largely anti-slavery especially among Forty-Eighters , resulting in hundreds of thousands of German Americans volunteering to fight for the Union.
University of Pennsylvania press. Keller, "Flying Dutchmen and Drunken Irishmen: The Letters They Wrote Home Retrieved July 29, When the draft began in the summer of , they launched a major riot in New York City that was suppressed by the military, as well as much smaller protests in other cities.
Many Catholics in the North had volunteered to fight in , sending thousands of soldiers to the front and taking high casualties, especially at Fredericksburg ; their volunteering fell off after Lincoln, the War President , pp. The Man Behind the Myths , p. Hodges, April 4, Archived from the original on October 16, Trefousse, Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction Greenwood, covers all the main events and leaders. On July 9, she anchored off Sandy Hook , and three days later sailed on her return with a copy of the declaration of war, in addition to transporting the British ambassador to the United States, Mr.
Foster and consul, Colonel Barclay. She arrived in Halifax, Nova Scotia eight days later. The news of the declaration took even longer to reach London. However, the British commander in Upper Canada received news of the American declaration of war much faster. In response to the U. Joseph to initiate offensive operations against U. The resulting Siege of Fort Mackinac on July 17 was the first major land engagement of the war, and ended in an easy British victory.
Although the outbreak of the war had been preceded by years of angry diplomatic dispute, neither side was ready for war when it came. Britain was heavily engaged in the Napoleonic Wars, most of the British Army was deployed in the Peninsular War in Portugal and Spain , and the Royal Navy was compelled to blockade most of the coast of Europe. The United States was not prepared to prosecute a war, for Madison had assumed that the state militias would easily seize Canada and that negotiations would follow.
In , the regular army consisted of fewer than 12, men. Congress authorized the expansion of the army to 35, men, but the service was voluntary and unpopular; it offered poor pay, and there were few trained and experienced officers, at least initially. It had disbanded its national bank , and private bankers in the Northeast were opposed to the war.
The United States was able to obtain financing from London-based Barings Bank to cover overseas bond obligations. Britain exploited these divisions, blockading only southern ports for much of the war and encouraging smuggling. While the London government was well administered, in terms of its army, navy, and financial offices, the government in Washington was badly organized, with inexperience, incompetence and confusion the main hallmarks. The federal government's management system was designed to minimize the federal role before The Republicans in power deliberately wanted to downsize the power and roles of the federal government; when the war began, the Federalist opposition worked hard to sabotage operations.
Problems multiplied rapidly in , and all the weaknesses were magnified, especially regarding the Army and the Treasury. There were no serious reforms before the war ended. Its absence made it much more difficult to handle the financing of the war, and cause special problems in terms of moving money from state to state, since state banks were not allowed to operate across state lines. The bureaucracy was terrible, often missing deadlines.
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On the positive side, over new state banks were created all over the country, and they issued notes that financed much of the war effort, along with loans raised by Washington. Some key Republicans, especially Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin realized the need for new taxes, but the Republican Congress was very reluctant and only raised small amounts. The whole time, the Federalists in Congress and especially the Federalist-controlled state governments in the Northeast, and the Federalist-aligned financial system in the Northeast, was strongly opposed to the war and refused to help in the financing.
Former President Jefferson optimistically referred to the conquest of Canada as "a matter of marching". There was also significant non-Loyalist American immigration to the area due to the offer of land grants to immigrants, and the U. This peculiar trade persisted throughout the war in spite of an abortive attempt by the U. In Lower Canada, which was much more populous, support for Britain came from the English elite with strong loyalty to the Empire, and from the French-speaking Canadien elite, who feared American conquest would destroy the old order by introducing Protestantism , Anglicization , republican democracy, and commercial capitalism; and weakening the Catholic Church.
The Canadien inhabitants feared the loss of a shrinking area of good lands to potential American immigrants. In —13, British military experience prevailed over inexperienced American commanders. Geography dictated that operations take place in the west: This was the focus of the three-pronged attacks by the Americans in Although cutting the St. Lawrence River through the capture of Montreal and Quebec would have made Britain's hold in North America unsustainable, the United States began operations first in the western frontier because of the general popularity there of a war with the British, who had sold arms to the Native Americans opposing the settlers.
The British scored an important early success when their detachment at St. Joseph Island , on Lake Huron , learned of the declaration of war before the nearby American garrison at the important trading post at Mackinac Island in Michigan. A scratch force landed on the island on July 17, , and mounted a gun overlooking Fort Mackinac. After the British fired one shot from their gun, the Americans, taken by surprise, surrendered. This early victory encouraged the natives, and large numbers moved to help the British at Amherstburg.
The island totally controlled access to the Old Northwest , giving the British nominal control of this area, and, more vitally, a monopoly on the fur trade. An American army under the command of William Hull invaded Canada on July 12, with his forces chiefly composed of untrained and ill-disciplined militiamen.
Andrew Mercer, who had the publication's production moved to his house, lost the press and type destroyed during American occupation, an example of what happened to resisters. Hull's army was too weak in artillery and badly supplied to achieve its objectives, and had to fight just to maintain its own lines of communication. The senior British officer in Upper Canada, Major General Isaac Brock, felt that he should take bold measures to calm the settler population in Canada, and to convince the aboriginals who were needed to defend the region that Britain was strong.
Hull, fearing that the British possessed superior numbers and that the Indians attached to Brock's force would commit massacres if fighting began, surrendered Detroit without a fight on August Knowing of British-instigated indigenous attacks on other locations, Hull ordered the evacuation of the inhabitants of Fort Dearborn Chicago to Fort Wayne. After initially being granted safe passage, the inhabitants soldiers and civilians were attacked by Potowatomis on August 15 after travelling only 2 miles 3.
Brock promptly transferred himself to the eastern end of Lake Erie, where American General Stephen Van Rensselaer was attempting a second invasion. When the armistice ended, the Americans attempted an attack across the Niagara River on October 13, but suffered a crushing defeat at Queenston Heights. Brock was killed during the battle. While the professionalism of the American forces improved by the war's end, British leadership suffered after Brock's death.
A final attempt in by American General Henry Dearborn to advance north from Lake Champlain failed when his militia refused to advance beyond American territory. In contrast to the American militia, the Canadian militia performed well. French Canadians , who found the anti-Catholic stance of most of the United States troublesome, and United Empire Loyalists, who had fought for the Crown during the American Revolutionary War, strongly opposed the American invasion. Many in Upper Canada were recent settlers from the United States who had no obvious loyalties to the Crown; nevertheless, while there were some who sympathized with the invaders, the American forces found strong opposition from men loyal to the Empire.
Army of the Northwest. He set out to retake the city, which was now defended by Colonel Henry Procter in conjunction with Tecumseh. A detachment of Harrison's army was defeated at Frenchtown along the River Raisin on January 22, Procter left the prisoners with an inadequate guard, who could not prevent some of his North American aboriginal allies from attacking and killing perhaps as many as sixty Americans, many of whom were Kentucky militiamen.
American reinforcements arriving during the siege were defeated by the natives, but the fort held out. The Indians eventually began to disperse, forcing Procter and Tecumseh to return north to Canada. A second offensive against Fort Meigs also failed in July. In an attempt to improve Indian morale, Procter and Tecumseh attempted to storm Fort Stephenson , a small American post on the Sandusky River , only to be repulsed with serious losses, marking the end of the Ohio campaign.
His decisive victory at " Put-in-Bay " ensured American military control of the lake, improved American morale after a series of defeats, and compelled the British to fall back from Detroit. This paved the way for General Harrison to launch another invasion of Upper Canada, which culminated in the U. Because of the difficulties of land communications, control of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River corridor was crucial. When the war began, the British already had a small squadron of warships on Lake Ontario and had the initial advantage.
Commodore Isaac Chauncey took charge of the large number of sailors and shipwrights sent there from New York; they completed the second warship built there in a mere 45 days. Ultimately, almost 3, men worked at the naval shipyard, building eleven warships and many smaller boats and transports.
Having regained the advantage by their rapid building program, Chauncey and Dearborn attacked York , on the northern shore of the lake, the capital of Upper Canada , on April 27, However, Kingston was strategically much more valuable to British supply and communications routes along the St. Without control of Kingston, the U.
Thereafter, Chauncey and Yeo's squadrons fought two indecisive actions, neither commander seeking a fight to the finish. Late in , the Americans abandoned the Canadian territory they occupied around Fort George. They set fire to the village of Newark now Niagara-on-the-Lake on December 10, , incensing the Canadians and politicians in control. Many of the inhabitants were left without shelter, freezing to death in the snow. Early the next morning on December 19, the British and their native allies stormed the neighbouring town of Lewiston, New York, torching homes and buildings and killing about a dozen civilians.
As the British were chasing the surviving residents out of town, a small force of Tuscarora natives intervened and stopped the pursuit, buying enough time for the locals to escape to safer ground. It is notable in that the Tuscaroras defended the Americans against their own Iroquois brothers, the Mohawks, who sided with the British. In , the contest for Lake Ontario turned into a building race. Naval superiority shifted between the opposing fleets as each built new, bigger ships.
However, neither was able to bring the other to battle when in a position of superiority, leaving the Engagements on Lake Ontario a draw. In response, the Americans had laid down two even larger ships, Chippewa and New Orleans.
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The majority of these ships never saw action and were decommissioned after the war. The British were potentially most vulnerable over the stretch of the St. Lawrence where it formed the frontier between Upper Canada and the United States. During the early days of the war, there was illicit commerce across the river. Over the winter of and , the Americans launched a series of raids from Ogdensburg on the American side of the river, which hampered British supply traffic up the river. When he left the next day, the reinforcements and local militia attacked.
At the Battle of Ogdensburg , the Americans were forced to retire. For the rest of the year, Ogdensburg had no American garrison, and many residents of Ogdensburg resumed visits and trade with Prescott. This British victory removed the last American regular troops from the Upper St. Lawrence frontier and helped secure British communications with Montreal. Late in , after much argument, the Americans made two thrusts against Montreal.
Hampton was delayed by bad roads and supply problems and also had an intense dislike of Wilkinson, which limited his desire to support his plan. On October 25, his 4,strong force was defeated at the Chateauguay River by Charles de Salaberry 's smaller force of Canadian Voltigeurs and Mohawks. Salaberry's force of Lower Canada militia and Indians numbered only , but had a strong defensive position. On November 11, Wilkinson's rear guard, numbering 2,, attacked Morrison's force of at Crysler's Farm and was repulsed with heavy losses. He resigned his command after a failed attack on a British outpost at Lacolle Mills.
Had the Americans taken Montreal as planned, Upper Canada would have certainly been lost and the failure of the campaign ended in the greatest British defeat in the Canadas during the war. Rather than trying to take Montreal or Kingston, the Americans chose again to invade the Niagara frontier to take Upper Canada. The Americans had occupied southwestern Upper Canada after their victory in Moraviantown, and they believed taking the rest of the province would force the British to cede it to them.
The end of the war in Europe in April meant the British could now redeploy their Army to North America, so the Americans were anxious to secure Upper Canada to negotiate from a position of strength. They planned to invade via the Niagara frontier while sending another force to recapture Mackinac; [] the British were supplying the Indians in the Old Northwest from Montreal via Mackinac. The Americans renewed their attack on the Niagara peninsula and quickly captured Fort Erie on July 3, , with the garrison of quickly surrendering to the 5, Americans.
The Americans brought out overwhelming firepower against the attacking British, who lost about dead to the dead on the American side. An attempt to advance further ended with a hard-fought but inconclusive Battle of Lundy's Lane on July Both sides stood their ground, but after the battle, the American commander, General Jacob Brown, pulled back to Fort George and the British did not pursue them. The outnumbered Americans withdrew but withstood a prolonged Siege of Fort Erie. The British tried to storm Fort Erie on August 14, , but suffered heavy losses, losing killed, wounded and captured compared to only 84 dead and wounded on the American side.
The British were further weakened by exposure and shortage of supplies in their siege lines. Eventually they raised the siege, but American Major General George Izard took over command on the Niagara front and followed up only halfheartedly. An American raid along the Grand River destroyed many farms and weakened British logistics. Lawrence — armed with guns and launched in Kingston that September — was on its way. The Americans lacked provisions, and eventually destroyed the Fort Erie and retreated across the Niagara.
Meanwhile, following the abdication of Napoleon, 15, British troops were sent to North America under four of Wellington's ablest brigade commanders. Fewer than half were veterans of the Peninsula and the rest came from garrisons. He did defend Lower Canada but otherwise failed to achieve his objectives. His army outnumbered the American defenders of Plattsburgh , but he was worried about his flanks, so he decided he needed naval control of Lake Champlain. Downie was killed and his naval force defeated at the naval Battle of Plattsburgh in Plattsburgh Bay on September 11, The Americans now had control of Lake Champlain; Theodore Roosevelt later termed it "the greatest naval battle of the war".
Recently, however, historians have been more kindly, measuring him not against Wellington but against his American foes. To the east, the northern part of Massachusetts , soon to be Maine , was invaded. The Mississippi River valley was the western frontier of the United States in The territory acquired in the Louisiana Purchase of contained almost no U. Fort Belle Fontaine , an old trading post converted to a U. Army post in , served as regional headquarters. Fort Osage , built in along the Missouri was the western-most U. In September Fort Madison was abandoned after it was attacked and besieged by natives, who had support from the British.
This was one of the few battles fought west of the Mississippi. Black Hawk played a leadership role. Little of note took place on Lake Huron in , but the American victory on Lake Erie and the recapture of Detroit isolated the British there. When he arrived at Fort Mackinac with supplies and reinforcements, he sent an expedition to recapture the trading post of Prairie du Chien in the far west. Earlier in July, the Americans sent a force of five vessels from Detroit to recapture Mackinac.
A mixed force of regulars and volunteers from the militia landed on the island on August 4. They did not attempt to achieve surprise, and at the brief Battle of Mackinac Island , they were ambushed by natives and forced to re-embark. The Americans discovered the new base at Nottawasaga Bay, and on August 13, they destroyed its fortifications and the schooner Nancy that they found there. They then returned to Detroit, leaving two gunboats to blockade Mackinac. On September 4, the gunboats were taken unawares and captured by British boarding parties from canoes and small boats.
After American forces were driven from the Upper Mississippi region, they held on to eastern Missouri and the St. At the conclusion of peace, Mackinac and other captured territory was returned to the United States. Some British officers and Canadians objected to handing back Prairie du Chien and especially Mackinac under the terms of the Treaty of Ghent.
However, the Americans retained the captured post at Fort Malden, near Amherstburg , until the British complied with the treaty. Fighting between Americans, the Sauk, and other indigenous tribes continued through , well after the war ended in the east. Three of the existing American frigates were exceptionally large and powerful for their class, larger than any British frigate in North America. The British strategy was to protect their own merchant shipping to and from Halifax, Nova Scotia, and the West Indies, and to enforce a blockade of major American ports to restrict American trade.
Because of their numerical inferiority, the American strategy was to cause disruption through hit-and-run tactics, such as the capture of prizes and engaging Royal Navy vessels only under favourable circumstances. Days after the formal declaration of war, however, it put out two small squadrons, including the frigate President and the sloop Hornet under Commodore John Rodgers , and the frigates United States and Congress , with the brig Argus under Captain Stephen Decatur. These were initially concentrated as one unit under Rodgers, who intended to force the Royal Navy to concentrate its own ships to prevent isolated units being captured by his powerful force.
Large numbers of American merchant ships were returning to the United States with the outbreak of war, and if the Royal Navy was concentrated, it could not watch all the ports on the American seaboard. Rodgers' strategy worked, in that the Royal Navy concentrated most of its frigates off New York Harbor under Captain Philip Broke , allowing many American ships to reach home. But, Rodgers' own cruise captured only five small merchant ships, and the Americans never subsequently concentrated more than two or three ships together as a unit.
Both American and British naval honour had been challenged in the leadup to the war. Given that honour was at stake, the appropriate method for the United States Navy to redeem itself was by duelling. Constitution briefly called at Boston to replenish water. Commodore Borke detached Guerriere from his squadron to seek out repairs as Guerriere being a French-built ship had weak scantlings beams fastened with a thickened clamp rather than vertical and horizontal knees [] and had, therefore, become leaky and rotten. Captain Dacres was eager to engage the American frigate as Constitution was the sister ship of President and would serve equally well as ship to duel against to redeem British honour.
USS Constitution had nearly 50 percent more men, more firepower, heavier tonnage and heavier scantlings which determine how much damage enemy shot does to a ship than Guerriere. Unsurprisingly, Constitution emerged the victor. After a minute battle, Guerriere had been dis-masted and captured, and was later burned. Constitution earned the nickname "Old Ironsides" following this battle as many of the British cannonballs were seen to bounce off her hull due to Constitution ' s heavy scantlings. Hull returned to Boston with news of this significant victory.
Constitution , at first seemed relatively undamaged in the battle, but it was later determined that Java had successfully hit Constitution ' s masts with pounder shot, but the mast hadn't fallen due to its immense diameter. Constitution's fell while she was docked. United States , Constitution and President were all almost 50 percent larger by tonnage, crew, firepower, and scantling size than the Macedonian , Guerriere and Java [] [] [21] Guerriere was rotten and had lightning damage as well as being weakly built as a French ship; Java had extra marines onboard making the disparity in crew more similar although she too was a French-built ship; Macedonian fitted the 50 percent statistic near perfectly [] [] [21].
The United States Navy's sloops had also won several victories over Royal Navy sloops of approximately equal armament. Ship rigged vessels are more maneuverable in battle because they have a wider variety of sails the can back allowing ship-rigged vessels to wear as well as heave to. It was clear that in single ship battles, superior force was the most significant factor. The British Admiralty also instituted a new policy that the three American heavy frigates should not be engaged except by a ship of the line or frigates in squadron strength.
Commodore Philip Broke had lost Guerriere to Constitution from his very own squadron. Since, Constitution had taken Guerriere , Broke intended to redeem Dacres' honour by taking Constitution , which was undergoing repairs in Boston in early Broke found that Constitution was not ready for sea. Instead, he decided to challenge Chesapeake as Broke was short on water and provisions and could not wait for Constitution.
Lawrence was mortally wounded and famously cried out, "Tell the men to fire faster! Don't give up the ship! Chesapeake ' s crew was larger, had greater tonnage and was of greater scantling strength which led to the British claiming she was overbuilt [] , but many of her crew had not served or trained together. Shannon had been at sea for a long time, and her hull had begun to rot, further exaggerating the disparity in scantling strength. British citizens reacted with celebration and relief that the run of American victories had ended.
Captain Lawrence was killed, and Captain Broke was so badly wounded that he never again held a sea command. Many British whaling ships carried letters of marque allowing them to prey on American whalers, and they nearly destroyed the industry. Essex challenged this practice. She inflicted considerable damage on British interests. Nevertheless, Phoebe was armed with long guns which none of the other ships engaged had.
Furthermore, Captain Hillyar had used Phillip Broke's methods of artillery on Phoebe and Cherub with tangent and dispart sights. Once again proving that superior force was the deciding factor. Unlike the previous engagements, President was not taken in a duel. Following the both Royal Navy's requirements, President was pursued by a squadron consisting of four frigates, one being a gun razee. This gave him the slight advantage at range and slowed President. Commodore Decatur on President had the advantage in scantling strength, firepower, crew, and tonnage, but not in maneuverability.
Despite having fewer guns, Endymion was armed with pounders just like President. This meant that Endymion shot could pierce the hull of President unlike Guerriere ' s which bounced of Constitution ' s hull or Java ' s that failed to cut through Constitution ' s mast. Decatur knew his only hope was to dismantle Endymion and sail away from the rest of the squadron. When he failed, he surrendered his ship to "the captain of the black frigate Endymion ". Decatur took advantage of the fact Endymion had no boats that were intact and attempted to sneak away under the cover of night, only to be caught up by HMS Pomone.
Decatur surrendered without a fight. Decatur gave unreliable accounts of the battle stating that President was already "severely damaged" by a grounding before the engagement, but undamaged after the engagement with Endymion. He stated Pomone caused "significant" losses aboard President , although President ' s crew claim they were below deck gathering their belongings as they had already surrendered.
Despite saying "I surrender my ship to the captain of the black frigate", Decatur also writes that he said, "I surrender to the squadron". Nevertheless, many historians such as Ian Toll, Theodore Roosevelt , and William James quote Decatur's remarks to either enforce that Endymion alone took President or that President surrendered to the whole squadron, when actually it was something in-between. Success in single ship battles raised American morale after the repeated failed invasion attempts in Upper and Lower Canada.
However, these victories had no military effect on the war at sea as they did not alter the balance of naval power, impede British supplies and reinforcements, or even raise insurance rates for British trade. The operations of American privateers proved a more significant threat to British trade than the U. They operated throughout the Atlantic and continued until the close of the war, most notably from ports such as Baltimore. American privateers reported taking British merchant vessels, compared to taken by the U. Navy, [] [] [] although the insurer Lloyd's of London reported that only 1, British ships were taken, of which were recaptured, for a total loss of Due to the massive size of the British merchant fleet, American captures only affected 7.
Due to the large size of their navy, the British did not rely as much on privateering. The majority of the 1, captured American merchant ships were taken by the Royal Navy. The war was the last time the British allowed privateering, since the practice was coming to be seen as politically inexpedient and of diminishing value in maintaining its naval supremacy.
However privateering remained popular in British colonies.
It was the last hurrah for privateers in Bermuda who vigorously returned to the practice after experience in previous wars. Privateer schooners based in British North America , especially from Nova Scotia took American ships and proved especially effective in crippling American coastal trade and capturing American ships closer to shore than the Royal Navy cruisers. The naval blockade of the United States began informally in and expanded to cut off more ports as the war progressed. The British government, having need of American foodstuffs for its army in Spain, benefited from the willingness of the New Englanders to trade with them, so no blockade of New England was at first attempted.
Illicit trade was carried on by collusive captures arranged between American traders and British officers. American ships were fraudulently transferred to neutral flags. The overpowering strength of the British fleet enabled it to occupy the Chesapeake and to attack and destroy numerous docks and harbours. The blockade of American ports later tightened to the extent that most American merchant ships and naval vessels were confined to port.
Others, mainly from New England, were issued licences to trade by Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren , commander in chief on the American station in This allowed Wellington's army in Spain to receive American goods and to maintain the New Englanders' opposition to the war. Most of these were food exports that ironically went to supply their enemies in Britain or British colonies.
As the Royal Navy base that supervised the blockade, Halifax profited greatly during the war. From that base British privateers seized many French and American ships and sold their prizes in Halifax. The British Royal Navy's blockades and raids allowed about 4, African Americans to escape slavery by fleeing American plantations to find freedom aboard British ships, migrants known, as regards those who settled in Canada, as the Black Refugees.
The blockading British fleet in Chesapeake Bay received increasing numbers of enslaved black Americans during By British government order they were treated as free persons when reaching British hands. About 2, of the escaped slaves and their families who were carried on ships of the Royal Navy following their escape settled in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick during and after the war. From May , younger men among the volunteers were recruited into a new Corps of Colonial Marines. They fought for Britain throughout the Atlantic campaign, including the Battle of Bladensburg and the attacks on Washington, D.
The slaves who escaped to the British represented the largest emancipation of African Americans before the American Civil War. Maine, then part of Massachusetts, was a base for smuggling and illegal trade between the U. Until the region was generally quiet except for privateer actions near the coast. In September , there was a notable naval action when the U. In 26 days, he raided and looted Hampden , Bangor , and Machias , destroying or capturing 17 American ships.
He won the Battle of Hampden losing two killed while the Americans lost one killed. Retreating American forces were forced to destroy the frigate Adams. The British occupied the town of Castine and most of eastern Maine for the rest of the war, re-establishing the colony of New Ireland. On July 4, , Commodore Joshua Barney , a Revolutionary War naval hero, convinced the Navy Department to build the Chesapeake Bay Flotilla , a squadron of twenty barges powered by small sails or oars sweeps to defend the Chesapeake Bay. Launched in April , the squadron was quickly cornered in the Patuxent River , and while successful in harassing the Royal Navy, they were powerless to stop the British campaign that ultimately led to the " Burning of Washington ".
This expedition, led by Cockburn and General Robert Ross , was carried out between August 19 and 29, , as the result of the hardened British policy of As part of this, Admiral Warren had been replaced as commander in chief by Admiral Alexander Cochrane, with reinforcements and orders to coerce the Americans into a favourable peace. Released from the Peninsular War by victory, the British intended to use them for diversionary raids along the coasts of Maryland and Virginia. On August 24, U. Secretary of War John Armstrong Jr. The inexperienced state militia was easily routed in the Battle of Bladensburg, opening the route to Washington.
American morale was challenged, and many Federalists swung around and rallied to a patriotic defense of their homeland. The British moved on to their major target, the heavily fortified major city of Baltimore. They delayed their movement allowing Baltimore an opportunity to strengthen the fortifications and bring in new federal troops and state militia units.
The " Battle for Baltimore " began with the British landing on September 12, , at North Point , where they were met by American militia further up the "Patapsco Neck" peninsula. An exchange of fire began, with casualties on both sides. The British Army commander Major Gen. Robert Ross was killed by snipers. The British paused, then continued to march northwestward to face the stationed Maryland and Baltimore City militia units at "Godly Wood.
The British also planned to simultaneously attack Baltimore by water on the following day, September 13, to support their military facing the massed, heavily dug-in and fortified American units of approximately 15, with about a hundred cannon gathered along the eastern heights of the city named "Loudenschlager's Hill" later "Hampstead Hill" — now part of Patterson Park.
The Baltimore defences had been planned in advance and overseen by the state militia commander, Maj. The British naval guns, mortars and new " Congreve rockets " had a longer range than the American cannon onshore. The ships mostly stood out of range of the Americans, who returned very little fire. The fort was not heavily damaged except for a burst over a rear brickwall knocking out some fieldpieces but with few casualties.
The British eventually realized that they could not force the passage to attack Baltimore in coordination with the land force. A last ditch night feint and barge attack during a heavy rain storm was led by Capt. Charles Napier around the fort up the Middle Branch of the river to the west. Split and misdirected partly in the storm, it turned back after suffering heavy casualties from the alert gunners of Fort Covington and Battery Babcock. The British called off the attack and sailed downriver to pick up their army, which had retreated from the east side of Baltimore.
All the lights were extinguished in Baltimore the night of the attack, and the fort was bombarded for 25 hours. The only light was given off by the exploding shells over Fort McHenry, illuminating the flag that was still flying over the fort. Because of the region's polyglot population, both the British and the Americans perceived the war in the Gulf South as a fundamentally different conflict from the one occurring in the Lowcountry and Chesapeake.
Before , the war between the Creeks or Muscogee had been largely an internal affair sparked by the ideas of Tecumseh farther north in the Mississippi Valley. A faction known as the Red Sticks , so named for the color of their war stics, had broken away from the rest of the Creek Confederacy, which wanted peace with the United States. The Red Sticks were allied with Tecumseh, who about a year before had visited the Creeks and encouraged greater resistance to the Americans.
The Red Sticks, as well as many southern Muscogeean people like the Seminole , had a long history of alliance with the Spanish and British Empires. It prompted the state of Georgia as well as the Mississippi territory militia to immediately take major action against Creek offensives.
The Lower Creek lived along the Chattahoochee River. The United States combined forces were large. At its peak the Red Stick faction had 4, warriors, only a quarter of whom had muskets. The attack on Fort Mimms resulted in the death of settlers and became an ideological rallying point for the Americans. The Indian frontier of western Georgia was the most vulnerable but was partially fortified already.
From November to January , Georgia's militia and auxiliary Federal troops — from the Creek and Cherokee Indian nations and the states of North Carolina and South Carolina — organized the fortification of defences along the Chattahoochee River and expeditions into Upper Creek territory in present-day Alabama. The army, led by General John Floyd , went to the heart of the "Creek Holy Grounds" and won a major offensive against one of the largest Creek towns at Battle of Autosee , killing an estimated two hundred people. Jackson suffered enlistment problems in the winter.
He decided to combine his force with that of the Georgia militia. However, from January 22—24, , while on their way, the Tennessee militia and allied Muscogee were attacked by the Red Sticks at the Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek. Jackson's troops repelled the attackers, but outnumbered, were forced to withdraw to his base at Fort Strother. Jackson's force increased in numbers with the arrival of U.
Army soldiers and a second draft of Tennessee state militia and Cherokee and Creek allies swelled his army to around 5, In March they moved south to attack the Creek. The most of western Georgia and part of Alabama was taken from the Creeks to pay for expenses borne by the United States. The Treaty also "demanded" that the "Red Stick" insurgents cease communicating with the Spanish or British, and only trade with U. The Creek promised to join any body of 'troops that should aid them in regaining their lands, and suggesting an attack on the tower off Mobile. Although he gave an angry reply to Jackson, Manrique was alarmed at the weak position he found himself in.
He appealed to the British for help, with Woodbine arriving on July 28, and Nicolls arriving at Pensacola on August Captain William Percy tried to take the U. After the Americans repulsed Percy's forces, the British established a military presence of up to Marines at Pensacola. In November, Jackson's force of 4, men took the town. Jackson's army of 1, regulars and 3, to 4, militia, pirates and other fighters, as well as civilians and slaves built fortifications south of the city.
At the end of , the British launched a double offensive in the South weeks before the Treaty of Ghent was signed. On the Atlantic coast, Admiral George Cockburn was to close the Intracoastal Waterway trade and land Royal Marine battalions to advance through Georgia to the western territories. The British suffered high casualties: It was hailed as a great victory across the U.
Philip endured ten days of bombardment from Royal Navy guns, which was a final attempt to invade Louisiana; British ships sailed away from the Mississippi River on January However, it was not until January 27, , that the army had completely rejoined the fleet, allowing for their departure. Tammany in a decisive victory. Under the orders of his commanding officers, Cockburn's forces relocated many refugee slaves, capturing St. Simons Island as well, to do so. During the invasion of the Georgia coast, an estimated 1, people chose to relocate in British territories or join the military.
In mid-March, several days after being informed of the Treaty of Ghent, British ships finally left the area. By , both sides had either achieved their main war goals or were weary of a costly war that offered little but stalemate. They both sent delegations to a neutral site in Ghent, Flanders now part of Belgium.
The negotiations began in early August and concluded on December 24, when a final agreement was signed; both sides had to ratify it before it could take effect. Meanwhile, both sides planned new invasions. By the time of the Clone Wars, Jedi Master Shaak Ti personally oversaw the training of new generations of clone troopers. ARC troopers were also assigned to inspect the progress of future troopers, especially the cadets who demonstrated the potential to join the ARC ranks.
During the war, Shaak Ti observed how some cadets such as Domino Squad struggled to complete their training. Lama Su, who regarded the Domino clones as sub-standard units, believed they were the result of the Kaminoans' need to stretch their remaining supply of Jango Fett's DNA due to the template's untimely demise on Geonosis. The prime minister also opined that a new genotype would have to be selected in order to produce more clones fit for combat.
The clone trooper training program was overseen by mercenaries and battle-experienced clones. Although the clones lived and trained in Tipoca City , the capital city of Kamino, throughout their time as cadets , [2] at least one squad was given a tour of the Venator -class Star Destroyer Endurance during the Clone Wars as part of the Clone Youth Brigade. The point of this on-site training exercise was to test the cadets' knowledge regarding the functions and layout of a Star Destroyer.
It was also meant to help prepare the cadets for their future as fully trained clone troopers. The clones who failed to complete their training were not allowed to become soldiers. Instead of military service, failed clones—such as 99 —were given janitorial duties and menial work. The cadets who succeeded in their trials were promoted to active duty. Certain clones were deemed exceptional in comparison to the more average, rank-and-file trooper.
Clone troopers were originally outfitted with Phase I clone trooper until the introduction of its successor, Phase II clone trooper armor. Phase I clone trooper armor was the first version in the clone trooper armor series. It was issued to clone troopers on Kamino prior to the Clone Wars, [2] and was in service until it was rendered obsolete by Phase II around the time of the Battle of Mon Cala.
At first, Phase I armor used color to distinguish clones trained for leadership roles, such as captains and commanders, from each other and the standard troopers in the Grand Army of the Republic. Clone troopers were armed with the DC blaster rifle and DCA blaster for long ranged combat, [2] as well as blaster pistols for standard-ranged combat.
To fill the demand of the different situations that occur during wartime, various clone troopers received extra or specialized training. The battles took place in many different environments during the Clone Wars and as such, the need for specialized gear also arose. The Prequel trilogy clone troopers were created through computer-generated imagery. The suit was later digitally replaced with computer-generated clone armor. Dee Bradley Baker voiced all of the clone troopers in Star Wars: Sign In Don't have an account? Do you like this video? Contents [ show ]. We modified their genetic structure to make them less independent than the original host.
I don't think anybody knows. But I do know that someday this war is gonna end. What happens to us then? Billaba was our hero. No memories of the battles we had fought together. Not for one second did it occur to me to even question the Emperor's command! Master Billaba died at my hands! My friend, let's take one second now… Before it's too late. We did what we had to do. Anything else is literally… Unthinkable. They'll train up the last batch of clones and that's it. Who will protect the Empire? But it won't be us. We get to pack up old Jedi way stations and crate everything back to Coruscant.
I think our fighting days are done. Perhaps Leader Snoke should consider using a clone army. And sometimes we may quarrel, but no matter what, we are united. The Phantom Menace Star Wars: Galactic Defense Star Wars: The Clone Wars film Star Wars: The Clone Wars — " Assassin " Catalyst: First Blood, Part II: The Towers of the Temple Kanan 9: The Canyons of Kardoa Kanan First Blood, Part IV: The Mesas of Mygeeto Kanan First Blood, Part V: The Fog of War Star Wars: The Last Padawan, Part I: Dark Lord of the Sith 1: Dark Lord of the Sith 7: Dark Lord of the Sith 8: Dark Lord of the Sith 9: Burning Seas, Part V Kanan 4: The Last Padawan, Part V: