Another paper on syntactic change is 'On the conservatism of embedded clauses' by Kenjiro Matsuda which looks at some possible reasons for the resistance of such clauses to change e. All historical linguists should find something of interest in this volume, especially given the broad range of topics covered.
The editors are to be commended for ajob well-done, and we can look forward to the publication of papers from the next ICHL. Walter de Gruyter, This volume consists mainly of revised versions ofpapers presented at the 2nd Bad Homburger Kolloquium zur Sprachgeschichte des Jahrhunderts, held in November Three of the papers presented at the Kolloquium had already been promised to other publications; they were consequently replaced by four new papers written by conference participants.
A briefdescription ofthe contents follows. The range of topics covered is impressively broad; a number of important issues from the period as the term '19 Jahrhundert' is defined here are discussed. Topics discussed include the status of German in various foreign countries, contact between German and other languages, the question of 'nation', and the language ofvarious social groups as well as their influence on the development of German.
Papers include Klaus J. Mattheier's 'Kommunikationsgeschichte des And they have High German loans in their Platt that are striking to the ear. One expressly uses a High German word and flags it as such: This suggests that he could not recall the Platt and gave a German form instead, in fact a cognate with the Low German Rohm , though German has both Rahm and Sahne for this with regional variation.
One speaker begins doing these in High German and self-corrects. Then, less than 30 seconds later, he starts doing them in High German and Eichhoff pushes him back into Low German. Das Holz is im Oven. Das Holz ist im Ofen. Mach mal das Feuer an. Dat Holt is im Oven. We conclude that these speakers understand complex sentences in Standard German easily and evidence suggests that they have decent command of it, based on production one uses dative and their self-reports.
This is consistent with evidence from three Wisconsin communities in Schwartzkopff Evidence from contemporary recordings. The first two authors of this paper — in part together with another fieldworker, Clinton Ford — recorded interviews with 28 speakers in this area, 15 of which are used here, 6 males and 9 females. The majority of speakers have ancestral ties to Pomerania, but consultants from one family mention ancestors from German-speaking Hungary and a few others do not know what parts of Europe their German-speaking ancestors emigrated from. That said, Sewell clearly shows, after several generations in Wisconsin, family histories become quite complex, with many individuals having ancestry from various regions, countries and language areas.
During the interviews, consultants completed several tasks, including free conversation. Consultants were asked to give information related to their ancestry as well as language usage throughout their lives so that we could create linguistic profiles. They completed a picture guided narration task using Frog, where are you? Consultants had varied responses as to where their families came from, how long they have been in Wisconsin and when they used German and with whom. Contemporary speakers can comprehend the fairly standard European German of the graduate student interviewers, who sometimes needed to accommodate sound changes notably [front vowel] unrounding and word selection.
For them, Standard German plays a role in their assessment of their own speech. As an example, one consultant observed:.
The expression in question is, in fact, widespread in European German, albeit colloquial, and so illustrates how speakers of Wisconsin Heritage German recognize their German as different from that spoken in Europe. While these consultants are aware of some lexical and structural differences between their German and Standard German, there is typically little to no reference to regional dialects. Today, Wisconsin German-English bilinguals speak varieties that show many features of colloquial German with regional coloring.
If we use the classic defining characteristic of German dialects, the Second Sound Shift, their speech is in most cases standard-like, unlike the speech of virtually any of their ancestors. Beyond that, their language reflects varying mixtures of dialect features and features of Standard German as it is spoken in Germany today. Certain characteristics of Standard German morphology, such as - t in third person singular verb forms and ge- prefixes, are largely present, while other areas show pronounced variation.
The syntactic and phonological patterns of the speakers show greater variation. A majority of the speakers produce both preterit simple past and periphrastic perfect forms, while only one the youngest female, with Standard German training in school produces inflected relative pronouns. The widespread use of tun as an auxiliary is strikingly non-standard — a feature long fought in standard language education — but one found in most of the regions from where their families originally came.
For the most recent recordings, we compiled a list of features that we expected to find based on self-reported ancestral origin. We also list other features that struck us as unexpected or especially distinct. After the feature list was compiled, we listened to the recordings to determine what features each consultant produces. The table below lists these with examples. Some are found in several regions while others are specific to a single region in German-speaking Europe.
Edited By Peter Rosenberg, Konstanze Jungbluth and Dagna Zinkhahn Rhobodes
A few are non-standard, but regionally widespread. Bolded are features we expected to find based on region as well as a standard vs. The following patterns emerged from a case study of a mother and her two daughters, whose family originally came from Northeastern Germany. Linda, the mother, years old at the time of interview, exhibits expected features as well as unexpected features common in Northern and Northwestern Germany.
Susan, 69, exhibits expected features as well as unexpected features common in Northern, Northwestern, Southwestern and Southern Germany. Brenda, 66, exhibits expected features as well as unexpected features common in Northern, Northwestern and Southwestern Germany. While the mother and daughters each exhibit varying individual features, the following common set in Table 2 was remarkable to us. The coupling of dialect and standard traits throughout the data and, more significantly, within individual speakers indicates that the original social and pragmatic meanings associated with the traits have faded in this context.
In addition to the original 15 German-speaking consultants from whom we draw linguistic evidence, several speakers from the area were interviewed who do not speak German, but grew up in a majority German-speaking community or come from families in which parents and grandparents spoke German. These comments suggest that the consultants maintain only a low-level identification with German. In the earliest and least reliable dataset, 19th century literary representations, we see a relatively clean separation of forms associated with particular varieties: Characters represented by Gugler as being from Pomerania speak, from the available evidence, unremarkable Pomeranian, save for the curious presence of shibilization.
Gugler represents speakers of colloquial southwestern German, presumably his own native variety, and it too is unremarkable. The distinctively German-American characters have lexical borrowings, code-switching, and influence from English very close to what contemporary speakers have, like the ubiquitous discourse markers such as well. The most standard German passages would count as stiff and archaic in Europe today.
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We have presented evidence from literature here, but this is thoroughly consistent with evidence from letters and various metalinguistic comments in newspapers and elsewhere. In our fieldwork, no speakers have been able to complete the picture narration in more than one variety, though Lucht was able to record some speakers doing the narration in Low German Such contemporary speakers show traces of their Platt-speaking heritage and at the same time features that are emphatically not of East Low German provenance. These forms preserve the features of most of their ancestors. While the inventory of dialectal features we have investigated here remains amazingly consistent across more than years, the situation has not been static.
What has changed is how and by whom they are used. Remarkably, receptive capability remains strong, so that we can speak Standard German with them and many of them speak with European Germans. We conclude that there has been steady change over time and now a kind of deconstruction of social and linguistic borders is taking place in Wisconsin.
In correspondence about this paper, Rosenberg makes the important comment that vital language islands are complete language systems with wide ranges of styles and registers, and compromises or losses thereof are a sign of the retreat of the language island personal communication. A new Wisconsin identity is recent and its formation is still ongoing. There may be construction of new boundaries, but it is regional rather than immigrant and further patterns will be seen in English, not German.
Toward a General Theory of Language Shift: In Schulze, Mathias et al. Waterloo, Ontario , pp. International Journal of Bilingualism 4, , pp.
Publications | Eric H. Limbach
Niederdeutsch im mittleren Westen der USA: Lindow, Wolfgang et al.: English with an Accent: Language, Ideology and Discrimination in the United States. VOT variation in three southern Wisconsin counties.
Language Variation in a German-American Community: A diachronic study of the spectrum of language use in Lebanon, Wisconsin. In Salmons, Joseph ed. The German Language in America, — Language and Linguistics Compass 5, , pp. Language, Place and Identity in Later Life.
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In Hickey, Raymond ed. The Handbook of Language Contact. Vergleichende Laut- und Formenlehre der deutschen Mundarten. Geschichte der Stadt Halle. The following other wikis use this file: Date and time of data generation Retrieved from " https: Template Unknown author Anonymous-EU. Views View Edit History.
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