Several inscriptions attesting IX Hispana have been found in the site of the legionary fortress on the lower Rhine river at Noviomagus Batavorum Nijmegen , Netherlands. These include some tile-stamps dated ; and a silver-plated bronze pendant, found in the s, that was part of a phalera military medal , with "LEG HISP IX" inscribed on the reverse.
The archaeological evidence thus appears to indicate that elements of IX Hispana were present at Noviomagus sometime after when the previous incumbent legion, X Gemina , was transferred to the Danube and that IX was probably replaced by a detachment of legion XXX Ulpia Victrix not long after AD The evidence for the presence of senior officers such as Macer convinced several scholars that the Ninth Legion as a whole was based there between and It has been suggested that the Legio VI Hispana, attested to in a small number of inscriptions dated to the 1st and 2nd centuries and one from the 3rd, was in reality the IX Hispana, probably misspelled by stonemasons.
However, this view has few supporters. The Nijmegen finds, dating to c.
Trekking in the Apennines: the ninth leg
The Ninth was apparently no longer in existence after Two lists of the legions survive from this era, one inscribed on a column found in Rome CIL VI and the other a list of legions in existence "today" provided by the contemporary Greco-Roman historian Dio Cassius , writing c. Both these lists date from after , as both include the 3 Parthica legions founded by Septimius Severus in that year. Both lists provide an identical list of 33 legions.
Neither includes a "IX Hispana". It thus appears that IX Hispana disappeared sometime in the period — The traditional theory is that the Ninth was destroyed in a war on Britain's northern frontier against the indigenous Celtic tribes.
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According to the eminent 19th-century German classicist Theodor Mommsen , "under Hadrian there was a terrible catastrophe here, apparently an attack on the fortress of Eboracum [York] and the annihilation of the legion stationed there, the very same Ninth that had fought so unluckily in the Boudican revolt. Mommsen's thesis was published long before the first traces of IX Hispana were found at Nijmegen.
The Ninth Leg by James Quirk
As a result of these, and of inscriptions proving that two senior officers, who were deputy commanders of the Ninth in c. These now suggest later conflicts in other theatres as possible scenes of IX Hispana's demise:. Several scholars continue to argue that destruction in Britain is the most likely scenario for the Ninth's disappearance. Russell argues that "by far the most plausible answer to the question 'what happened to the Ninth' is that they fought and died in Britain, disappearing in the late s or early s when the province was in disarray".
Legio IX Hispana
Lawrence Keppie says that "no inscriptions recording the building activities of the legion or the lives and careers of its members have come from the East", suggesting that if the legion did leave Britain, it ceased to exist very soon afterwards. He suggests that the legion may have been withdrawn from York around to take part in the war in Parthia at the end of Trajan's reign.
Keppie suggests that it was the legion's absence elsewhere that encouraged a native uprising, obliging Hadrian to send the Legio VI Victrix to Britain. In conclusion, the fate of the Ninth remains the subject of vigorous debate among scholars. As Sheppard Frere notes, "further evidence is needed before more can be said".
The Ninth Legion's mysterious disappearance has made it a popular subject for historical fiction, fantasy and science fiction. Several historical reenactment groups play the role of the Ninth Legion:.
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James Quirk worked a government reporter for 14 years at newspapers in Pennsylvania, Iowa and Hawaii.
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