More recent investigations offer a somewhat more nuanced picture. The Heimatfilm addressed fundamental social issues in its own specific way, whether modernization, displacement and migration or the urban-rural divide. It used the imagery of familiar Heimat iconography to convey impressions of a stable order that appealed to aesthetic sensibilities and was capable of holding its own in the modern era.
Though the notion of Heimat used here clearly recalls the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and hence carries conservative connotations, the Heimat of the Heimatfilm was not divorced from current events, but integrated despite its conservative bent elements of modernity, mobility and technology in the spirit of reconciliation as understood back then. And yet there is no denying that the discovery of local surroundings, landscapes, architecture and nature in their specific meaning to individuals is an important step towards establishing a local identity.
Confino emphasizes that the images used were interchangeable in terms of their form, aesthetic and motifs, and could hence be regarded as universal signs and symbols representing the notion of Heimat. This can be viewed as an outgrowth of the Heimatkunst movement that emerged in late Imperial Germany. Regarded by art historians as conservative and traditional and scarcely acknowledged by conventional historians, being mentioned in passing at best, the movement was in fact considerably more complex, as Jennifer Jenkins points out.
The literature shows that the s inaugurated a new phase in the history of Heimat. The anti-nuclear-power movement, discussions of identity in the s, the debate on globalization [93 ] as well as German unification all relied at some point or another on the concepts of Heimat and regionalism or local identity politics, regardless of whether this happened in a rural or urban setting. Historians of the nature conservation and environmental movements have traced these back to the Heimat movement of the German Empire and discovered numerous continuities. One specialized field of recent historical research is colonial history.
Prompted partly by the cultural turn and partly by post-colonial studies, this new field of scholarship has reexamined the question of the self-understanding of colonizers. Migration history and global history have also acted as catalysts more generally. During the German Empire, colonizers and colonial societies endeavored to integrate the colonies into a national narrative.
This was done with the help of the contemporary discourse on Heimat. The same applied to colonial enthusiasts after , who imagined a better Germany, as it were, in the former German colonies. Investigations into the phenomenon of Heimat seldom extend beyond German borders. Even Austria and Switzerland are given short shrift, whereas transnational approaches are lacking entirely with the exception of colonial history. The visual history of Heimat has likewise received scant attention from scholars. A divergent leftist or liberal concept of Heimat and a focus on gender-specific issues are marginal features in the historical literature.
The German notion of Heimat is perceived as a uniquely German phenomenon, distinctly different from other concepts of homeland throughout the world. With the exception of nature conservation and environmental protection, [98 ] there are no comparisons to analogous movements in other cultures.
Thus, the literature on the German-speaking world sticks to the German concept of Heimat and only concerns itself with the broader phenomenon when linked to a discourse on homeland.
The Principle of a Defensive Democracy in Action
This explains why organizations that prominently feature the word Heimat in their names or agendas are being given particular attention. There is general agreement that conservative-chauvinist and racist parts of the Heimat movement should not be underestimated. To date, there has neither been an investigation of these writings and institutions with respect to their actual political leanings and hence the range of this discourse, nor have there been sufficient studies on the Heimat discourse of the s and s.
There is also a dearth of studies on the history of everyday life focusing on the urban, local and regional forms of liberal Heimat movements and their impact, previous research having centered on the antimodern and chauvinist varieties. In this respect, from an overseas perspective the entire nation-state is Heimat. These distinctions need to be given more attention. Diverse ties to Heimat are important even within a given region. What role did it play for a subnational, political or administrative body such as a federal state in the German Empire?
Was there any resistance to it? What happens when a local Heimat discourse does not address its integration in the nation or federal state, rejects cooptation, and tries to evade political instrumentalization? These aspects need to be analyzed more fully. On the one hand, we need to look beyond the German word Heimat and inquire into the larger phenomenon of homeland as an anthropological concept. On the other, the Heimat discourse needs to be differentiated with regard to its deviations from the norm. As mentioned above, a leftist discussion of Heimat has existed since the nineteenth century.
Its points of reference need to be examined as well, such as the relationship between Heimat and region independent of any state borders running through them. The relationship between locality and globality also needs to be explored more intensely. Do they need the fiction of an unchangeable folk culture and the timeless character traits of a local population, formed by nature and landscape?
Jaeger heimat v1 en - Heimat (english version)
The specific manifestation of the dominant Heimat discourse — for example, from the late German Empire to the Nazi period — looks different when taking into account liberal and leftist Heimat discourses. The later Nobel Peace Prize winner Alfred Hermann Fried, for example, wrote in a essay on patriotism that a sense of Heimat could help counteract excessive nationalism. Ubi bene ibi patria — where life is good, i. Another aspect worth investigating is a gender-history perspective. How dear the word is, precisely to the female sex!
It is important, furthermore, to link the Heimat discourse to globalization and relativize the nation as its privileged framework. The question is whether a specific emotional charge and an overemphasis on landscape are the distinguishing features of German Heimat as opposed to other local processes of identity-formation or whether there are other criteria at work.
Heimat as an urban phenomenon has been the focus of recent discussion. Furthermore, local processes of identity-building in general are unimaginable without an emotional component and specific aesthetic references to space. The emotional appeal of having a homeland hardly appears to be the prerogative of the German-speaking world, as Rolf Petri pointed out in References to modernization processes, similarities to the development of nation-states, the refurbishment of local spaces and the back-to-nature movement all make abundantly clear that the concept of a homeland is by no means something specially German inherent to the concept of Heimat.
Locality, writes Angelika Epple, is a promising concept, because ultimately globalization is always embedded locally. Unlike locality and regionality, Heimat could be understood here as a modern concept linking humans to their living environment and the world. The same applies to the relationship between homeland and nation. The insights and approaches of historical research on the German-speaking world and its concepts of Heimat can serve here as a model for analyzing such processes. I would like to conclude by returning to the question posed at the very beginning of this essay as to whether Heimat is meaningful as a historical category.
Locality, localism, regionality or territoriality would seem more neutral and transferrable. And yet there are arguments for using the German word Heimat outside its immediate context. At the linguistic level alone, the supposed untranslatability of the term should be taken with a grain of salt.
Jaeger heimat v1 en 2018
Neither requires an emotional component, which is indispensable to concepts of identity. Territoriality is the overarching category, whereas Heimat or Heimatism is a concept implemented in the modern era, expressing culturally formed and historically rooted manifestations of territoriality in the German-speaking world. Copyright c Clio-online e. Jaeger heimat v1 en Aus Docupedia. The concept of Heimat can be used in conjunction with many phenomena and sometimes seems to have a precise definition.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
The Article will address the concept and its varied meanings and it will also examine the fundamental relationship between individuals with respect to their social and geographic spaces. Lienert and Schirner, Printed by: Heimat is linked here to urban spaces, and the lower photo is in keeping with the socialist concept of Heimat, emphasizing the active creation of space by the working class. The KPD does use the word Heimat, but on the other hand conjures up an urban symbol of Munich with a photograph of the Frauenkirche soon after the war, along with some photos of local tenement buildings.
Private collection of J. The picture is colorized, underscoring contemporary notions of the aesthetic and natural character of the scene. Such scenes are not just typical of German postcards but were common around the world at the turn of the twentieth century.
The postcard was an everyday form of communication, not made and sold for tourists alone but popular among locals as well. The postcard shows a typical motif: Dark clouds symbolize threat, the rainbow hope. The motif combines images belonging to the standard repertoire of Heimat iconography: A young woman in what appears to be traditional costume sits on a wooden fence before a sun-drenched valley free of modern influences. The poster reveals that older bourgeois notions of Heimat were still commonplace in the GDR. Bundesarchiv Plak courtesy of the German Federal Archives.
The owl and pine tree suggest a forest. There is no room for modernity in this picture — even in the iconographic models of the Heimatschutz movement from the imperial era are invoked in the GDR. A small village in the midst of a slightly hilly, agricultural landscape with small-scale farms. Kolonie und Heimat ca. Its aim was to popularize the colonies in Germany and make them attractive as settlement areas.
The picture must have been disconcerting at the time, since Heimat was hardly associated with people living in the colonies, much less with African women displaying a dignified and sophisticated middle-class domesticity. Bundesarchiv Bild courtesy of the German Federal Archives.
Applegate, Celia, A nation of provincials: University of California Press. Bausinger, Hermann, Heimat in der offenen Gesellschaft. Begriffsgeschichte als Problemgeschichte , in: University of Toronto Press. Confino, Alon, The nation as a local metaphor: University of North Carolina Press. Konturen und Konjunkturen eines umstrittenen Konzepts , Bielefeld The University of Michigan Press. Palmowski, Jan, Die Erfindung der sozialistischen Nation: Petri, Rolf, Deutsche Heimat , in: Schaarschmidt, Thomas, Regionalkultur und Diktatur: Bastian, Andrea, Der Heimat-Begriff: Probleme regionaler Kultur, Kiel Blunt, Alison, Home and Empire: Photographs of British Families in the Lucknow Album , in: International Library of Human Geography.
Brepohl, Wilhelm, Die Heimat als Beziehungsfeld. Entwurf einer soziologischen Theorie der Heimat , in: Soziale Welt 4, 1, , S. Heimat, National Memory and the German Empire, , in: History and Memory 5, 1, , S. Confino, Alon, On Localness and Nationhood , in: Confino, Alon, Germany as a culture of remembrance: Edwards, Elizabeth, The camera as historian: New German Critique 39, 1 , , S. Weltregionen und neue Globalisierung, Wien The Journal of Localitology 3, , S.
Forgot Password?
European Review of History: Revue europeenne d'histoire 15, 3, , S. Fried, Alfred Hermann, Internationalismus und Patriotismus , in: Kultur und Fortschritt, , Statt einer Einleitung , Heimat: Konturen und Konjunkturen eines umstrittenen Konzepts, Bielefeld Greverus, Ina-Maria, Der territoriale Mensch: Joschke, Christian, La photographie, la ville et ses notables , in: Kossert, Andreas, Kalte Heimat: Kriel, Lize, Heimat in the Veld.
Geschichte und Gesellschaft 41, 2, , S. Zur marxistischen Auffassung des Heimatbegriffs , Berlin Festrede gehalten zum Stiftungsfest des Crimmitschauer Volksvereins am Lindenberger, Thomas, Home sweet home: An International Journal 18, 1, , S. Mitzscherlich, Beate, "Heimat ist etwas, was ich mache": Morsey, Rudolf, Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Domestic Germanness and Colonial Citizenship , in: Oberkrome, Willi, Durchherrschte Heimat?
Oberkrome, Willi, Deutsche Heimat: The Construction of a Socialist Heimat, — , in: Central European History 37, 3, , S. Palmowski, Jan, Inventing a socialist nation: Prochaska, David, Thinking Postcards , in: Visual Resources 17, 4, , S. Public History Weekly 5 Heimat - Wiederkehr einer Idee September Heimat - eine deutsche Chronik. Claiming their rights of freedom of religion Art. Based on this immediate threat the Court justified the preventive intervention and the penalty imposed by the Turkish judges.
As I already pointed out above: Both countries implemented safeguards for their democratic system in their Constitutions. Both Countries use an eternity clause to protect certain fundamental rights and the principles of democracy. Furthermore entail both Constitutions restrictions on the ideals a party might represent and a mechanism including a Constitutional Court to suspend those who violate those regulations.
- Vegetarian Cooking: Cold Soba Noodles with Soba Tsuyu and Wasabi (Vegetarian Cooking - Vegetables and Fruits Book 220).
- !
- La cueva de cristal: SERIE: FRIDAY HARBOR (EPUBS) (Spanish Edition).
- Chicas con suerte (HQN) (Spanish Edition).
- The Frog Princess (Tales of the Frog Princess).
But looking once more at the two cases I presented above, a couple of differences become obvious. First of all there would be the role of the military which has no constitutional competences to check on political processes in Germany, while it operates as the main guardian of constitutional principles and in particular the concept of secularism in Turkey. Another distinctive aspect is the importance of exactly this concept which is repeatedly brought forward as a reason for party bans in Turkey of which there have been many , while it never has been raised in a discussion in Germany.
Looking at the provisions concerning separating state and church it becomes clear that the importance of this principle is much more emphasized in the Turkish system, which grants great powers to the military to protect this principle of secularism, while Germany takes a comparatively loose stance in this matter and instead focuses on the balance of powers and other elements preventing the threat of vesting too much competences within one person which could potentially try to misuse it.
To end with a personal evaluation of this matter I would say yes. Yes, in my eyes there might be cases where the danger for the stability of our system is so imminent, that taking preventive steps to avoid greater and maybe even long-lasting damage can be justified. The social, political and judicial terrains are highly interactive and we should keep in mind that hesitating to restrict obviously destructive voices and despisements of our democratic ideals in one of the fields, because we fear this could be seen as an betrayal of our values altogether, does entail the risk that those dynamics might spread into the other fields as well.
But considering their minor political influence I personally do not see them as a serious threat to our system. But if a party which destructive ideas has the actual chance to take steps towards the abolishment of our political system, why should we be condemned to risk the strength of our democracy by stubbornly trying to please the rights of those who are openly denying just these? True pluralism as a core principle of a democratic society has to assure space for everyone and does not need to grand a shelter to those who deny that space to their opponents.
Or to put it into the words of the European Court of Human Rights:. But comparing the mechanisms the two countries of Germany and Turkey provide to legally infringe fundamental rights of individuals in order to protect their own constitutional orders, brought me an additional interesting insight. From the comparison above and especially the study of past cases, the importance to consider a countries historical background to fully understand the provisions of its legal system and the critical topics of its society, becomes obvious.
While the misuse of competences and the bypassing of the parliament lead to a totalitarian regime with fatal consequences in Germany, the new ruling class in Turkey wanted to make sure to expel the religious powers from which they just had liberated themselves, from the public stage as consequently as possible. Realizing this raises the question if safety mechanisms placed by democracies in their constitutions might be more than pure means to defend their democratic values: They might also be an expression of coping with the past.
With European laws and their interpretation being detached from the national backgrounds and historical motives of its member states, one could argue that European Courts should keep this in mind when delivering a judgment. But one may also see it as a chance. A chance to overcome the darker spots in the past of individual countries to move towards the future as a Union which upholds the fundamental freedoms and principles of a democratic system and does not hesitate to step-in and defend them when they are obviously at stake.
Dissolving Political Parties in Turkey Communications - Media and Politics, Politic Communications. Politics - International Politics - Topic: Politik - Internationale Politik - Region: Politik - Internationale Politik - Thema: Frieden und Konflikte, Sicherheit. Politik - Politische Systeme - Allgemeines und Vergleiche. GRIN Publishing, located in Munich, Germany, has specialized since its foundation in in the publication of academic ebooks and books. The publishing website GRIN. Free Publication of your term paper, essay, interpretation, bachelor's thesis, master's thesis, dissertation or textbook - upload now!
Register or log in.
- .
- LEJOS DE CUBA (Spanish Edition).
- .
- La Razón del Mito (Spanish Edition);
- ;
- .
- .
Our newsletter keeps you up to date with all new papers in your subjects. Request a new password via email. A Comparative Essay, or: What are we Afraid of? What Are We Afraid Of? Learning From The Past: The military as the guard of the Constitution After years of Ottoman rule, the Sultanate, an Islamic state with laws based on the Sharia, was abolished in and the Republic of Turkey officially recognized in the same year. A Case Challenging European Values Founded in as the heir of two Islamist political parties which were formerly banned on the grounds of violating the secularist arrangements of the Constitution, the Turkish Welfare Party Refah Partisi became the largest party under Prime Minister Necmettin Erbakan in Or to put it into the words of the European Court of Human Rights: The European Union as Promoter of Democracy.
Die Wehrhafte Demokratie und der Rechtsextremismus: Wie sich der St Parteiverbot im demokratischen Rechtsstaat. Demokratischer Verfassungsschutz und staatliche Parteienfinanzierun Japans Demokratie - eine "asian style democracy". Schutz der Demokratie mittels Wie viel Demokratie kostet die Sicherheit? Wehrhafte Demokratie und Parteienverbot. New Public Management und Demokratie in Lateinamerika.