The word Kaiserreich is applied to denote an empire with an emperor ; hence the German Empire of — is termed Deutsches Kaiserreich in standard works of reference. The history of the nation-state known as the German Reich is commonly divided into three periods:. The name Deutsches Reich was occasionally applied in contemporary maps to the Holy Roman Empire — , also called "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" from the 16th century onwards, though it constituted a supranational entity extending beyond the frontiers of the German language area Sprachraum.
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The first attempt to establish a "German Empire" during the March Revolution by the Frankfurt Constitution ultimately failed: This name was made the official state name only during the last two years —45 of Nazi rule under Adolf Hitler , [3] although the change was never proclaimed.
After World War II , the denotation "German Reich " quickly fell into disuse in Allied-occupied Germany , however, and the state's continued existence remained a matter of debate; the post-war Bonn Republic maintained the continued existence of the German Reich as an 'overall state", but dormant while East and West Germany continued to be divided. Nevertheless, when Germany was reunited in the term "German Reich " was not revived as a title for the Berlin Republic. The German word Reich translates to the English word "empire" it also translates to such words as "realm" or "domain". However, this translation was not used throughout the full existence of the German Reich.
Historically, only Germany from to — when Germany was under the rule of an emperor Kaiser — is known in English as the "German Empire" Deutsches Kaiserreich in German historiography , while the term "German Reich" describes Germany from to Bavaria and Saxony were united with Prussia under imperial rule, by the Hohenzollern dynasty. The title "German Emperor" was a compromise; Wilhelm I had wanted the title of "Emperor of Germany", but Bismarck refused this, so as to avoid implying a claim to extended monarchical authority over non-Prussian German kingdoms.
On 14 April , the Reichstag parliament passed the Constitution of the German Empire Verfassung des Deutschen Reiches , which was published two days later. However, originating from the North German Confederation , the Empire never comprised all "German" lands; as it excluded Luxembourg , and those Cisleithanian crown lands of Austria-Hungary which had been part of the former German Confederation until Moreover, it included the whole of the Kingdom of Prussia , the eastern parts of which had never been included in historic German lands.
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The unification under Prussian leadership manifested Bismarck's "Lesser German" solution of the German question after the Austro-Prussian War of , realised with the support of his national liberal allies. On the other hand, the German Reich of comprised extended Prussian territories with large non-German sections of the population, like Posen , West Prussia or Schleswig , and also territories with predominantly German populations which had never been constitutionally "German", such as East Prussia.
Bismarck was otherwise unable, however, to avoid the term German Reich acquiring connotations from the English term "empire" or the Dutch term "rijk"; especially in emulation of late 19th century Imperialism , as exemplified by the British Empire , the Dutch Empire and the French colonial empire.
Although a latecomer and against Bismarck's pleading , the German Empire established colonies in modern Togo , Cameroon , Namibia , Tanzania and Polynesia ; with an extensive naval capability to support these. At the same time strong Pan-Germanic political forces emerged, pressing for the borders of the Reich to be extended into a German-led central European multi-ethnic empire, emulating and rivalling Imperial Russia to the east.
Reich was left untranslated and no longer referred to an "empire" but, instead, took on the connotation of "Realm" or "State". Apart from official documents, post-World War I Germany was referred to as the "German Reich" — never as the "German Empire" — for example, by British politicians [7] —and the word "Reich" was used untranslated by Allied prosecutors throughout the Nuremberg Trials , with "German Empire" only used to describe Germany before it became a federal republic in At the Unification of Germany, the Reich was established constitutionally as a federation of monarchies, each having entered the federation with a defined territory; and consequently the unitary nationalism of the 'German Reich' was initially specified at Article 1 of the constitution in territorial terms, as the lands within the former boundaries of this particular subset of German monarchies [8].
This geographical understanding of the Reich became steadily superseded in the period up to the first World War by an understanding of the German Reich as a unitary nation state identified with the German national people according to the principle of jus sanguinis , and drawing on the rhetoric of "the sovereignty of the nation" in the Frankfurt Constitution [9] —albeit that many ethnic " Germans " as with the German-speaking peoples of Austria remained outside the national people constituting the German Empire of and also that the Empire of included extensive territories such as Posen with predominantly non-German populations.
This transition became formalised in the constitution of the Weimar Republic , [10] where Article 1 identifies the Reich as deriving its authority from the German national people, while Article 2 identifies the state territory under the Reich as the lands which, at the time of the constitution's adoption, were within the authority of the German state.
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The identity of Reich and people ran both ways—not only did the institutions of the German state derive their legitimacy from the German people, so, too, the German people derived their inherent identity and patriotic duties from their being collectively constituted as an organ and institution of the German Reich [11]. Subsequently the term "German Reich" continued to be applied both as identifying with the national people, and also with the state territory; but increasingly, the application of the term to the German national people came to be seen as primary.
The — republic , which was also called German Reich, was ignored and denounced by the Nazis as a historical aberration. The name "Weimar Republic" was first used in after Hitler referred to the period as the " Republik von Weimar " Republic of Weimar at a rally in Munich with the term later becoming mainstream during the s both within and outside Germany. A book entitled Das Dritte Reich by Arthur Moeller van den Bruck [15] counted the medieval Holy Roman Empire as the first and the — monarchy as the second, which was then to be followed by a "reinvigorated" third one. On 8 May , with the capitulation of the German armed forces, the supreme command of the Wehrmacht was handed over to the Allies.
At the Potsdam Conference , Allied-occupied Germany was defined as comprising "Germany as a whole"; and was divided into British , French , American and Soviet occupation zones; while the Allied Powers exercised the state authority assumed by the Berlin Declaration in transferring the former eastern territories of the German Reich east of the Oder—Neisse line to the Republic of Poland and the Soviet Union. The court ruled that since the Federal Republic FRG had been partially identical with the German Reich and not merely its successor. This was explained as being because the German Democratic Republic was beyond FRG authority and because the Allied powers still had jurisdiction where "Germany as a whole" was concerned.
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