The first two series of his monumental string of historical novels named Episodios nacionales are set before and it is the following ones, technically written already during the modernist period, which tackle the issue head on. However, they still represent typical Realism of their author and differ significantly — be it in terms of style or the role of Carlism — from the later modernist works. His objectives were clearly educative; his declared intention was to teach his compatriots their past.
His political militancy made him par excellence the Spanish Liberal Crusader; [73] as such, he intended to demonstrate what damage Carlism had inflicted upon the nation. In history of literature the prevailing view is that galdosian position on Carlism remains fairly stable and can be viewed as homogeneous. People can roam the streets freely, but howling and groaning of the monster can be still heard; since the brute might re-appear in town any minute, vigilance is the order of the day.
Also the Third Carlist War triggered popular cultural response, this time reduced almost entirely to the Basque linguistic realm and evading typical historical categories; this production is acknowledged in Karlisten Bigarren Gerrateko bertsoak , anthology edited by Antonio Zavala A Traditionalist through all his life and a militant Carlist in his youth, he fathered a number of poems intended as a praise of Carlism. They are written in Catalan, exalted in style and very explicit politically.
One of them is dubbed "the Carlist anthem" by later scholars, [79] yet it seems it has never been printed and was re-constructed on basis of Verdaguer's manuscripts. In prose the Carlist voice is down to two authors. In terms of Carlist motives the key difference between Modernism and earlier literary eras was that the movement ceased to be perceived as a direct threat.
The Romantic and Realist literature was defined by political militancy; the Modernist writers can already afford another position. For them Carlism is rather a vague phenomenon from the past, fading away yet still casting its dark shadow. Modernism was also the period when Carlism as a motive enjoyed top popularity among the Spanish literary greats. One was genuine, rooted in the rural population but largely unconscious, communitarian if not socialist, federative and anarchist in spirit.
The two Carlisms are constantly present in Paz en la guerra , confusing both the protagonists and the readers; initially Unamuno was accused of nurturing Carlist sympathies, something he immediately denied. In fact, for him Carlism was an element in a dialectic process of forming national identity and as such could not have been simply ignored or rejected. The vision of Pachico from last pages of the novel, namely that "both sides were right and neither was right", is usually attributed to Unamuno himself.
The title of the novel might be interpreted in two ways: This confrontation was not necessarily symbolic; in numerous works and statements Unamuno openly praised civil war as means of overcoming dialectic differences. It was only once he had learnt the deadly toll of first months of the Spanish Civil War that he changed his view. The controversy is whether the apparent exaltation of Carlism, demonstrated by many of his protagonists and not infrequently also by storytellers of his novels, should be taken at face value or whether it is part of an ironic and perhaps provocative discourse.
Settling the issue on basis of literature only seems close to impossible. For others, [] Carlism represents an ambiguous myth, an illusion, sometimes bordering farce; its role is to catalyze a discourse about Spanish history, which blends glory with absurd. Among the giants of Spanish Modernism Baroja was the one who experienced most personal contact with Carlism, from his infancy days in the besieged Bilbao [] to his senility in Vera de Bidasoa.
From his Nietzschean perspective Carlism was the movement of the weak, animated by the Church and luring those unable to become "men of action". Heavily attracted to rural vitality, at times primitive and brutal yet authentic, he lamented that it got hijacked by ideology powered by the priests, with the result of "double bestiality of being a Catholic and a Carlist".
Hardly anyone of numerous Carlists, populating the novels of Baroja, is a man who joined the movement out of conviction: Though Baroja was attracted to what he saw as authentic rural virility in the Carlist ranks, he believed it endured despite, not because of their very Carlist nature. Baroja is careful to strip the Carlists of their notorious machista appearance, in his vision reduced to cowardly brutality. Not only they can not wage the war like men, pursuing cowardly tactics and harassing women and children, but they are also beaten in one-to-one juvenile fistfights and lose miserably in pelota ; of course, they are neither a match for their opponents when it comes to attracting females.
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He was identified, personally and as enemy of religion and Carlism, and at a roadside he was held by the Carlists at gunpoint. Following a brief discussion whether he should be executed, the year-old got off with a punch in the face. The most explicit case is La catedral ; the work is resemblant of an old-style militant assault rather than of the Modernist ambiguous discourse, as the Carlists are portrayed typically as hypocrites, who in the name of God engage in most ungodly atrocities or simply indulge in most earthly pleasures.
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Ciro Bayo [] released Dorregaray. Joan Bardina during his Carlist phase in the s fathered politically very militant and exalted poems [] and satires, yet they remain unknown even in the Catalan literature. As author of heterogeneous short pieces Recorts de la darrera carlinada he is compared to such authors of war stories as Hemingway or Babel , [] while his novel La Punyalada is counted among masterpieces of Catalan literature of all time. Spanish literature of the 20th century poses a major problem in terms of periodisation, with many conflicting proposals offered; it seems close to impossible to single out an aesthetic literary trend generally accepted as prevailing or even to specify temporal borderlines for any given period, regardless of its would-be name.
Harboring a concept of violent clash as unavoidable outcome of current crisis, from the late regeneracionistas to the personalities of the Second Republic, is at times dubbed "catastrofismo".
Carlism in literature
The Civil War produced a brief spate of literature intended to mobilise support for the belligerent parties, including the Carlists. Unamuno has abandoned the Carlist motive, though he kept tackling the phenomenon in his treaties and studies. A unique case of Carlism featured as key motive in writings of a literary giant who did not come from a Hispanic culture is The Arrow of Gold by Joseph Conrad The Polish-English writer claimed he had been himself involved in smuggling arms for the rebels along the Mediterranean coast during the Third Carlist War, yet historians of literature do not agree whether these claims should be taken seriously.
The Arrow of Gold seems heavily based on these juvenile experiences, yet Carlism serves mostly as a background evoking an atmosphere of mystery. It is difficult to find either particular sympathy or particular hostility for the movement, yet many scholars claim that the key protagonist considered Conrad's alter-ego was cynically used by Carlist conspirators.
Overall, the novel is considered a treaty on "emotional boundary between people"; [] Conrad has never again displayed any literary interest in Spanish issues. Another foreigner who demonstrated interest in Carlism was Pierre Benoit , one of the most-read French writers of the 20th century and himself a Traditionalist; he adhered to its specific secular breed, in France shaped by the personality of Charles Maurras. His Pour don Carlos was marked by Benoit's trademark style: He is worth noting because some of his novels, e. El abuelo del rey , provide a veiled discourse on tradition and change with Traditionalism present in the background.
Moreover, in his later novels some of his Carlist personalities, like Don Alvaro from Nuestro Padre San Daniel and El obispo leproso escape the usual scheme and provide an ambiguous and rather mysterious point of reference. Banking on his first-hand experience he released a unique novel on Anarchist terrorism, Memorias de un terrorista: In El barrio maldito he portrays the province as held in reactionary grip of the Carlists, who themselves are traditionally presented as hyprocrytes; [] in Centauros del Pirineo in a somewhat Barojian manner he hailed smugglers, who represent "sensibilidad fina, moderna, europea" as opposed to "elemento tradicionalista".
Drama lost importance as political battleground already in the midth century, yet echoes of Carlism-related debates were heard also among the playwrights. Among the spate of pro- Republican theatrical pieces of the s or even more militantly left-wing dramas of the early s many contained more or less explicit Carlist threads.
In three first decades of the 20th century he was contributing as a prosaist and publisher, though especially as a playwright; his dramas embrace religious topics in historical setting, like La Reina Lupa The outbreak of the warfare triggered a spate of literary works intended to mobilize support and sustain enthusiasm. Literary production of the Republicans remained far lower than on the opposite side; in none of some 30 works identified there is a Carlist personaje worth noting, [] though some feature Carlist themes, like A sangre y fuego by Manuel Chaves Nogales [] or Loretxo by Txomin Arruti The Carlist theme attracted also few less-known writers, though.
Terminology and periodization problems related to history of Spanish literature in the 20th century apply also to the years after the Civil War. Alternative designations applied to culture of the era are "nacionalcatolicismo" [] or "fascismo", [] though both are disputed. In terms of the Carlist motive in literature, the period is marked by a specific approach, which was heavily related to official control over cultural life and which reflected political role of Carlism in the Francoist Spain.
Carlism was welcome when presented as a glorious movement of the past; on the other hand, Carlism was unwelcome as a cultural proposal for the present. During first decades of post-war Spain the trend which clearly prevailed when it comes to the Carlist theme was continuation of the wartime-style novels; it was visible in the s but started to dry out and disappeared almost completely in the s. None of the key features changed: Casariego kept writing, but the most successful of his wartime novels, Con la vida hicieron fuego , did not contain Carlist threads.
Re-published a number of times and translated into French, English, German and Italian, it featured a fisherman's son turned navy commander; the novel soon served as screenplay for a movie. The novels of Jaime del Burgo assumed a heterogeneous format. The protagonist, a young Santiago, was constantly harassed by revolutianary mob, until during the war he fled to the Nationalist zone and enlisted to the Carlist units, wreaking havoc on his enemies; the only non-conventional motive was his Communist friend, who at the end abandoned the false prophets.
It was inhabited by descendants of those fighting in the 19th-century Carlist wars; for a century they lived in complete isolation, descendants of the Carlists becoming an honest, brave community, and descendants of the Liberals becoming an immoral, bestial bunch. The case is presented by a story of longtime rivalry between two Navarrese families, a Carlist and a Liberal one.
The former features a patriarch Basque Carlist who decides to join the gudaris , [] the latter pictures a girl from a well-off family who has to overcome resistance of her Carlist relatives to marry a simple worker, a Basque nationalist. Sickle Cell Disease For Parents. Sickle cell disease is a condition in Culicidae in the Colombian Amazon. Seguridad Laboral al Usar Pesticidas.
Clinical microbiology today is a well established specialty in Spain whose development has necessarily been linked to improvements in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of infectious diseases. Over time, clinical, teaching, and research structures have been organized around these diseases. Clinical microbiologists will continue to be needed to meet future challenges identification of new pathogenic microorganisms, methodological changes, diagnostic quality and speed, nosocomial infections, the development of antimicrobial resistance, etc.
Breast Cancer Epidemiology in Puerto Rico. Strengthening relations with Latin American countries through health diplomacy. Se incluyeron pacientes, con mediana de edad 10 meses Rango: Medicinal ethnobotany in Huacareta Chuquisaca, Bolivia. Se obtuvieron reportes de casos tratados en el Hospital de Huacareta para poder relacionar el tratamiento de enfermedades recurrentes en la zona entre la medicina tradicional y la medicina occidental. Los remedios vegetales se emplean en forma de infusiones y cocciones principalmente.
Observando los datos del libro de consultas del Hospital, se puede inferir que los des. A report is presented on an outbreak of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection that affected six people. The epidemiological and laboratory investigation associated the outbreak with the consumption of homemade chorizo purchased at a local street market. The vendor and producer were informed that the sale of meat products without sanitary authorization is prohibited, and the product was withdrawn from sale.
The greatest number of discrepancies was observed in strains containing resistance mechanisms MIC values on the borderline of clinical resistance.
Carlism in literature - Wikipedia
Bearing in mind that quinolones are concentration dependent antimicrobial agents, small changes in MIC may have relevant consequences for treatment outcomes. Infectious diseases have a high incidence in the population, causing a major impact on global health. In vitro culture of microorganisms is the first technique applied for infection diagnosis which is laborious and time consuming.
In recent decades, efforts have been focused on the applicability of "Omics" sciences, highlighting the progress provided by proteomic techniques in the field of infectious diseases. This review describes the management, processing and analysis of biological samples for proteomic research. Zika fever is an arboviral systemic disease that has recently become a public health challenge of global concern after its spread through the Americas.
This review highlights the current understanding on Zika virus epidemiology, its routes of transmission, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and the current management, prevention and control strategies. Management of urinary tract infection in solid organ transplant recipients: Recommendations are provided on the management of asymptomatic bacteriuria, and prophylaxis and treatment of UTI in SOT recipients. The diagnostic-therapeutic management of recurrent UTI and the role of infection in kidney graft rejection or dysfunction are reviewed.
Finally, recommendations on antimicrobials and immunosuppressant interactions are also included. Pre-exposure prophylaxis for prevention of HIV infection in adults in Spain: Administration of antiretroviral drugs to individuals exposed to, but not infected by, HIV has been shown to reduce the risk of transmission.
The efficacy of pre-exposure prophylaxis PrEP makes it obligatory to include it in an integral program of prevention of HIV transmission, together with other measures, such as use of the condom, training, counseling, and appropriate treatment of infected individuals. The available evidence on the usefulness of PrEP in the prevention of transmission of HIV is presented, and the components that should make up a PrEP program and whose development and implementation are feasible in Spain are set out.
Catheter-related bloodstream infections CRBSI constitute an important cause of hospital-acquired infection associated with morbidity, mortality, and cost. The aim of these guidelines is to provide updated recommendations for the diagnosis and management of CRBSI in adults. Short-term peripheral venous catheters, non-tunneled and long-term central venous catheters, tunneled catheters and hemodialysis catheters are covered by these guidelines.
The panel identified 39 key topics that were formulated in accordance with the PICO format. Recommendations are made for the diagnosis of CRBSI with and without catheter removal and of tunnel infection. The document establishes the clinical situations in which a conservative diagnosis of CRBSI diagnosis without catheter removal is feasible. Recommendations are also made regarding empirical therapy, pathogen-specific treatment coagulase-negative staphylococci, Sthaphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp, Gram-negative bacilli, and Candida spp , antibiotic lock therapy, diagnosis and management of suppurative thrombophlebitis and local complications.
Consensus on updating immunizations in patients with primary immunodeficiencies. Su prevalencia es de 1: Sociodemographic factors and health conditions associated with the resilience of people with chronic diseases: Los participantes con enfermedad renal presentaron menor resiliencia que personas con diabetes. Acceptability Study of "Ascenso": Major depression is a highly prevalent and severe mental disease.
Despite the effective treatment options available, the risk of relapse is high. Interventions based on information and communication technologies generate innovative opportunities to provide support to patients after they completed treatment for depression. The study reveals high rates of acceptance and satisfaction among patients who actively used the program. As obstacles, patients mentioned technical problems, a lack of contact with other participants, and an insufficient connection between the program and the health service professionals. Following improvements of the program based on participants' feedback, future research should evaluate its efficacy and cost-effectiveness.
The newborn may acquire infections during delivery due to maternal colonization of the birth canal, by microorganisms such as Streptococcus agalactiae that caused early neonatal infection, or acquisition through the placenta, amniotic fluid or birth products. After birth, the newborn that needs hospitalization can develop nosocomial infections during their care and exceptionally through lactation by infectious mastitis or incorrect handling of human milk, which does not require to stop breastfeeding in most cases.
It is important and necessary to perform microbiological diagnosis for the correct treatment of perinatal infections, especially relevant in preterm infants with low or very low weight with high mortality rates. Environmental degradation, population movements and urban agglomerations have broken down the borders for infectious diseases. The expansion of microorganisms has entered an increasing area of transmission vectors.
The lack of immunity of the population leads to an increased risk of spreading infectious diseases. Furthermore, the decline in vaccination rates in developed countries and socio-economic difficulties in large regions has meant that diseases in the process of eradication have re-emerged. That is why health care workers must be trained to avoid delaying in diagnosis and to accelerate the implementation of public health measures. A great deal of education and health prevention should fall under the responsibilities of travellers who move around different regions.
Methods for determining the antimicrobial susceptibility of mycobacteria. Mycobacteria are a large group of microorganisms, multiple species of which are major causes of morbidity and mortality, such as tuberculosis and leprosy. At present, the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex are one of the most serious health problems worldwide. Furthermore, in contrast to M.
This article is a review of the different methods to determine the in vitro drug susceptibility of M. The molecular techniques currently used for rapid detection of resistance of clinical specimens are also analysed. This document attempts to update the main tasks and roles of the Clinical Microbiology laboratory in HIV diagnosis and monitoring. The document is divided into three parts. The first deals with HIV diagnosis and how serological testing has changed in the last few years, aiming to improve diagnosis and to minimize missed opportunities for diagnosis.
Technological improvements for HIV Viral Load are shown in the second part of the document, which also includes a detailed description of the clinical significance of low-level and very low-level viremia. Finally, the third part of the document deals with resistance to antiretroviral drugs, incorporating clinical indications for integrase and tropism testing, as well as the latest knowledge on minority variants. Lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, anal carcinoma and other less frequent malignancies such as breast, prostate, vagina or colon cancers are reviewed.
The aim of the recommendations is to make clinicians who attend to this patients aware of how to prevent, diagnose and treat this diseases. The recommendations for the use of antiretroviral therapy when the patient develops a malignancy are also presented. In support of the recommendations we have used the modified criteria of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. The aim of this study was to mesure the expression of gamma interferon in HPV and Chlamydia trachomatis infection in squamous intraepithelial lesions.
Samples from patients diagnosed by colposcopy with or without squamous intraepithelial lesions were used in the present study. Each patient was found to be infected by HPV and C. The relative units of expression of gamma interferon mRNA were 13, 1. In Europe, cases have been reported only in the southeastern part of the continent.
We report two autochthonous cases in Spain. The second patient was a nurse who became infected while caring for the index patient. Both were infected with the African 3 lineage of this virus. Anal cancer is uncommon in the general population, however its incidence is increasing significantly in certain risk groups, mainly in men who have sex with men, and particularly those infected with human immunodeficiency virus.
High resolution anoscopy technique is currently considered the standard in the diagnosis of anal intraepithelial neoplasia, but at present there is no agreed standard method between health areas. High resolution anoscopy is an affordable technique that can be critical in the screening of anal carcinoma and its precursor lesions, but is not without difficulties. We are currently studying the most effective strategy for managing premalignant anal lesions, and with this article we attempt to encourage other groups interested in reducing the incidence of an increasing neoplasia.
Presence of quinolone resistance to qnrB1 genes and blaOXA carbapenemase in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Spain. A study is presented on the presence of quinolone resistance qnrB1 genes in clinical isolates belonging to the largest series of infections caused by OXAproducing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a single-centre outbreak in Spain. Evidence is also provided, according to in vitro results, that there is a possibility of co-transfer of plasmid harbouring blaOXA with an other plasmid harbouring qnrB1 in presence of low antibiotic concentrations of fluoroquinolones, showing the risk of multi-resistance screening.
The aim of the study is to analyze the information on respiratory syncytial virus RSV obtained through the Spanish Influenza Surveillance System SISS and to study its usefulness as supplementary information for the characterization of influenza epidemics. The temporal patterns of both RSV and influenza viruses were analyzed by patterns comparing the weekly viral detection rates from to This article presents the most relevant conclusions and lessons from the controls.
Overall, the results obtained in confirm the excellent skill and good technical standards found in previous years. Nevertheless, erroneous results can be obtained in any laboratory and in clinically relevant determinations. The results of this program highlight the need to implement both internal and external controls, such as those offered by the SEIMC program, in order to ensure maximal quality of microbiological tests. Currently, there are around , HIV-infected patients in Spain. This number, together with the fact that this disease is now a chronic condition since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy, has generated an increasing demand on the clinical microbiology laboratories in our hospitals.
This increase has occurred not only in the diagnosis and treatment of opportunistic diseases, but also in tests related to the diagnosis and therapeutic management of HIV infection. The main advances related to serological diagnosis, plasma viral load, and detection of resistance to antiretroviral drugs are reviewed in this version of the Procedure.
Reactive oxygen species regulate axonal regeneration through the release of exosomal NADPH oxidase 2 complexes into injured axons. In the version of this Article originally published, the affiliations for Roland A. The correct affiliations are: This has now been amended in all online versions of the Article. Algunos de estos cuestionamientos son: Microbiological methods for surveillance of carrier status of multiresistant bacteria. The presence of colonised patients is one of the main routes for the spread of multiresistant bacteria, and its containment is a clinical and public health priority.
Surveillance studies are essential for early detection of colonisation by these bacteria. This article discusses the different microbiological methods, both based on culturing and molecular methods, for detection of carriers of multiresistant bacteria. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp. The information in this document should be considered as a structure matrix to be tailored to the specific needs of each centre. The normal activity in the laboratory of microbiology poses different risks - mainly biological - that can affect the health of their workers, visitors and the community.
Routine health examinations surveillance and prevention , individual awareness of self-protection, hazard identification and risk assessment of laboratory procedures, the adoption of appropriate containment measures, and the use of conscientious microbiological techniques allow laboratory to be a safe place, as records of laboratory-acquired infections and accidents show. Training and information are the cornerstones for designing a comprehensive safety plan for the laboratory. In this article, the basic concepts and the theoretical background on laboratory safety are reviewed, including the main legal regulations.
Moreover, practical guidelines are presented for each laboratory to design its own safety plan according its own particular characteristics. To describe the spectrum of infections caused by Rothia mucilaginosa. Retrospective study of 20 cases diagnosed with R. Two episodes were of gastrointestinal origin: Two episodes included bacteremia in patients with hematological malignancy.
One patient had a surgical wound infection with bacteremia, and another had a bacteremic urinary tract infection in a patient with nephrostomy. Osteoarticular pneumococcal infection is an infrequent complication of pneumococcal bacteremia, due to the advances in antibiotic therapy and in the pattern of immunization. Five out of patients diagnosed with pneumococcal bacteremia had osteoarticular infection. All of them had at least one chronic underlying disease and had been immunized according to the standard vaccination schedule. Hip and vertebra were the most common joints involved. Outcome was favorable in all cases.
The clinical findings of pneumococcal osteoarticular infection should be borne in mind. Its optimal prevention in high-risk patients should include the 13V conjugate vaccine. Global epidemiological situation and strategies for prevention by vaccination]. The disease, that can be fulminant, has a high mortality and may cause serious sequelae, even in cases of apparently optimal medical treatment. Therefore, immunization is the only rational way to combat this disease.
Resurgence of measles in Europe]. Measles is a rash illness of moderate severity and high risk of serious complications, with recovery in several weeks. It is a viral disease caused by one of the most infectious and contagious pathogens that exists, whose only known reservoir is human. This goal has not been achieved. Furthermore, it has been observed the resurgence of the disease in some parts of Europe.
We review the disease and its vaccines as well as the epidemiological and social factors that have so far prevented the total control of the disease. Risk factors for antimicrobial-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae and characteristics of patients infected with gonorrhea. There are very few data available regarding risk factors associated with antibiotic resistant-Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A study was conducted on samples from patients with gonococcal infection, in order to describe their characteristics and compare them with the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of their samples. An association was observed between resistant infections and heterosexual men, older age, concurrent sexually transmitted infection, and unsafe sexual behaviors.
There is a need for improved data on the risk factors associated with antibiotic resistant gonococcal infection in order to identify risk groups, and to propose public health strategies to control this infection. Detection of lipoarabinomannan as a diagnostic test for tuberculosis. A coagglutination technique was established for the detection of lipoarabinomannan of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human serum samples and evaluated for its utility in the diagnosis of tuberculosis at the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias in Mexico City.
The results of this study suggest that the detection of lipoarabinomannan is an accurate test for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Epidemiological investigation of the first human brucellosis case in Spain due to Brucella suis biovar 1 strain No cases of human brucellosis caused by Brucella suis has been reported in Spain. This study involved interviews with the case and his co-workers, inspection of their workplace, checking infection control measures, and typing the Brucella strain isolated in the blood culture.
Brucella suis biovar 1 strain was isolated from a patient who worked in a waste treatment plant. Food borne transmission, contact with animals, and risk jobs were ruled out. An accidental inoculation with a contaminated needle from a research laboratory waste container was identified as the most probable mode of transmission. There should be controls to ensure that waste containers are sealed. Microbiota and Human Health: The human microbiota comprises all the microorganisms of our body, which can also be categorised as commensals, mutualists and pathogens according to their behaviour.
This technological breakthrough has seen a revolution in the knowledge of the microbiota composition and its implications in human health. This article details the different human bacterial ecosystems and the scientific evidence of their involvement in different diseases.
The faecal microbiota transplant procedure, particularly used to treat recurrent diarrhoea caused by Clostridium difficile, and the methodological bases of the new molecular techniques used to characterise microbiota are also described. Urinary tract infection in kidney transplant recipients. Infectious complications remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality among transplant recipients. We sought reviews the incidence and importance of urinary tract infection on graft survival, the microbiology with special emphasis on multidrug resistant microorganisms, the therapeutic management of UTI and the prophylaxis of recurrent UTI among solid organ transplant recipients, highlighting the need for prospective clinical trials to unify the clinical management in this population.
Millions of people in in rural areas and deprived tropical and subtropical regions are infected by soil-transmitted helminths: Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworms Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus , and Strongyloides stercoralis. Large migratory flows have made their worldwide distribution easier.
Besides being debilitating and producing a significant mortality, they cause high morbidity, leading to physical and intellectual impairment in millions of children who live in poverty. Along with the use of benzimidazoles albendazole and mebendazole , large-scale international campaigns for treatment and prevention have decreased the number of affected individuals. However, re-infestations and benzimidazole-resistance are frequent, so there needs to be awareness about the importance and consequences of these neglected parasites.
Characterization of multidrug-resistant diabetic foot ulcer enterococci. Diabetes mellitus is a highly prevalent chronic progressive disease with complications that include diabetic-foot ulcers. Enterococci isolated from diabetic-foot infections were identified, evaluated by macro-restriction analysis, and screened for virulence traits and antimicrobial resistance. All isolates were considered multidrug-resistant, cytolysin and gelatinase producers, and the majority also demonstrated the ability to produce biofilms.
These results indicate the importance of enterococci in diabetic-foot infection development and persistence, especially regarding their biofilm-forming ability and resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics. Prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections and other coinfections in HIV-infected patients: Opportunistic infections continue to be a cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients. They often arise because of severe immunosuppression resulting from poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy, failure of antiretroviral therapy, or unawareness of HIV infection by patients whose first clinical manifestation of AIDS is an opportunistic infection.
The present article is an executive summary of the document that updates the previous recommendations on the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients, namely, infections by parasites, fungi, viruses, mycobacteria, and bacteria, as well as imported infections. The article also addresses immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. This document is intended for all professionals who work in clinical practice in the field of HIV infection.
Despite the huge advance that antiretroviral therapy represents for the prognosis of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus HIV , opportunistic infections OIs continue to be a cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients. OIs often arise because of severe immunosuppression resulting from poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy, failure of antiretroviral therapy, or unawareness of HIV infection by patients whose first clinical manifestation of AIDS is an OI.
The present article updates our previous guidelines on the prevention and treatment of various OIs in HIV-infected patients, namely, infections by parasites, fungi, viruses, mycobacteria, and bacteria, as well as imported infections. To compare the leakage rate of esophagojejunal anastomosis performed with stapler or hand sutures. In patients esophagojejunal anastomosis was performed with stapler and in with manual sutures. There were no differences between both groups with regard to age, TNM stage, operating time and hospital stay. There were 8 anastomotic leakage 4.
There were no statistical differences in the rate of leakage of the esophagojejunal anastomosis performed with stapler or hand sutures, thus both techniques should be accepted as standard procedures. Galactomannan enzyme immunoassay and quantitative Real Time PCR as tools to evaluate the exposure and response in a rat model of aspergillosis after posaconazole prophylaxis. A steroid-immunosuppressed rat model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis was use to examine the usefulness of galactomannan enzyme immunoassay GM and quantitative real time PCR RT-PCR in evaluating the association between response and exposure after a high dose of prophylactic posaconazole.
Two different strains of Aspergillus fumigatus with different in vitro posaconazole susceptibility were used. Serum concentrations demonstrated similar posaconazole exposure for all treated animals. However, response to posaconazole relied on the in vitro susceptibility of the infecting strain. After prophylaxis, galactomannan index and fungal burden only decreased in those animals infected with the most susceptible strain. This study demonstrated that both biomarkers may be useful tools for predicting efficacy of antifungal compounds in prophylaxis.
Different approaches to obtain an effective antigen to prevent AHF using complete live or inactivated virus, as well as molecular constructs, have reached diverse development stages. Buenos Aires, Argentina to manufacture the tissue culture derived Candid 1 vaccine is described. The hospital environment is both a reservoir and source of infection for the hospital patient. Several areas around the patient should be considered: There are pathogens classically associated with each mode of transmission and environmental reservoir, but multi-resistant microorganisms have also been recently been associated with environmental acquisition.
Protocols are currently available for the prevention of some classic environmental pathogens, as well as recommendations for the prevention of contamination in some procedures. However, these situations do not cover all forms of transmission, and most investigations of reservoirs or environmental sources are restricted to outbreak situations.
Community resilience and Chagas disease in a rural region of Mexico. To explore the pillars of community resilience in a region where Chagas disease is endemic, with the aim of promoting participatory processes to deal with this condition from the resilience of the population.
Qualitative study using ethnographic record and six interviews of focus groups with young people, women and men. The research was carried out in a rural area of the state of Morelos, Mexico, between and We carried out educational sessions with the population in general, so that residents could identify the relationship between the vector Triatoma pallidipennis, the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi , symptoms, and preventive actions for Chagas disease. The ethnographic record and groups were analyzed based on Taylor and Bogdan's modification, and the focus was to understand the socio-cultural meanings that guide the speeches and activities of residents in relation to the pillars of community resilience.
The population felt proud of belonging to that location and three pillars of community resilience were clearly identified: Having these pillars as bases, we promoted the participation of the population concerning Chagas disease, and a Community Action Group was formed with young people, adult men and women, and social leaders. This Group initiated actions of epidemiological and entomological surveillance in the community to deal with this problem. It is necessary to create more experiences that deepen the understanding of the pillars of community resilience, and how they contribute to enhance participation in health to deal with Chagas disease.
Phlebotominae from the Colombian Andean coffee-growing region]. An updated list of phlebotomine sand flies species in coffee growing areas in the Colombian Andean region is presented. Fifty three species were reported from 12 departments. In addition, species distribution in the region was derived from specimens obtained during intensive field work in five departments, from previously published studies and from the taxonomic revision of specimens in the entomological collection of the Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales PECET.
The list includes the genera Brumptomyia 2 species , Lutzomyia 50 species and Warileya 1 species. The updated list contains eleven new records in the region under study, including Lutzomyia panamensis , a species of medical importance not recorded previously in this zone.
Eighteen of the species are considered to be anthropophilic, and many of them have been implicated in the transmission of leishmaniasis. Malaria is a common parasitic disease diagnosed in the returned traveler. Imported malaria cases usually present with fever, headache and myalgia, but other symptoms may appear. The diagnosis should be performed as soon as possible, using thick smear or rapid diagnostic tests, and a blood smear. Treatment should be initiated urgently. In cases of severe malaria, the use of intravenous artemisinins has proved to be superior to intravenous quinine.
Collection, transport and general processing of clinical specimens in Microbiology laboratory. The interpretation and the accuracy of the microbiological results still depend to a great extent on the quality of the samples and their processing within the Microbiology laboratory. The type of specimen, the appropriate time to obtain the sample, the way of sampling, the storage and transport are critical points in the diagnostic process.
The availability of new laboratory techniques for unusual pathogens, makes necessary the review and update of all the steps involved in the processing of the samples. Nowadays, the laboratory automation and the availability of rapid techniques allow the precision and turn-around time necessary to help the clinicians in the decision making. In order to be efficient, it is very important to obtain clinical information to use the best diagnostic tools. Rapid diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections. Sexually transmitted infections STIs are responsible for an enormous burden of morbidity and mortality.
Worldwide, millions of cases of STIs, such as syphilis, chlamydia, or gonorrhoea occur every year, and there is now an increase in antimicrobial resistance in pathogens, such as gonococcus. Delay in diagnosis is one of the factors that justifies the difficulty in controlling these infections. Rapid diagnostic tests allow the introduction of aetiological treatment at the first visit, and also leads to treating symptomatic and asymptomatic patients more effectively, as well as to interrupt the epidemiological transmission chain without delay.
Streptococcus agalactiae SGB es causa de infecciones severas en menores de tres meses. Sin embargo, actualmente se han detectado cepas con sensibilidad disminuida a penicilina por lo que resulta importante realizar la vigilancia de la sensibilidad al mismo para asegurar su utilidad durante la profilaxis.
In the current context of increased life expectancy and progressive aging of the population a very significant increase in the number of people with cognitive impairment and dementia is expected. Consequently, Spain will face an enormous social and health problem in the next decades. The working group consisted of an Advisory Committee of 5 national experts and a Committee of Experts from each region made up of professionals in the field of Neurology, Geriatrics, Psychiatry, and Primary Care, as well as representatives of Family Associations of People with Alzheimer's and other dementias.
The Expert Committee of each region held meetings in which the current situation of care was reviewed. Plans available in Spain for dementia management are mostly obsolete or have not been implemented. Prevention and early detection activities are generally not carried out. There is great variability of care process that patients must follow for the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of the disease, and not all diagnostic test are available in different regions.
In general, resources are considered scarce and unknown. Furthermore, the study has revealed that, in Spain, the necessary conditions are in place in Spain, such as the availability and capacity of professionals involved, as well as there being the potential diagnostic and health care resources to address this room. A Nationwide Cohort Study. To determine the incidence, clinical characteristics, and management of psoriasis induced by anti-TNF therapy in a large nationwide cohort of inflammatory bowel disease patients.
Patients who developed psoriasis by anti-TNF drugs were the cases, whereas patients treated with anti-TNFs without psoriasis were controls. Cox regression analysis was performed to identify predictive factors. The incidence rate of psoriasis is 0. In the multivariate analysis, the female sex HR 1. The age at start of anti-TNF therapy, type of inflammatory bowel disease, Montreal Classification, and first anti-TNF drug used were not associated with the risk of psoriasis.
In most patients, skin lesions were controlled with topical steroids. More than half of patients switching to another anti-TNF agent had recurrence of psoriasis. In most patients, the anti-TNF therapy could be maintained. To assess the relationship between the genetic and phenotypic factors linked to the cytochrome P enzyme system and the response to the antimalarial drugs chloroquine, amodiaquine, mefloquine, and proguanil, as well as to determine how certain biological and social factors of the host influence the behavior of this enzymatic complex.
The search included only articles published in Spanish, English, and Portuguese on or before 30 June that dealt with only four antimalarial drugs: Some genetic factors linked to human cytochrome P mainly its polymorphism , as well as other biological and social factors the presence of disease itself, or of inflammation and infection, the use of antimalarials in their various combinations, and the patient's nutritional status influence the behavior of this complex enzymatic system. It has only been in the last decade that the genetics of the cytochromes has been explored and that the mechanisms underlying some therapeutic interactions and aspects of drug metabolism have been uncovered, making it possible to characterize the biotransformation pathway of amodiaquine and chloroquine.
Hopefully new research will help answer the questions that still remain, some of which pertain to the metabolism of other. La media total de encuestados fue de To describe clinical and radiological features of patients with pleural mesothelioma, according to main histological types. Clinical records of inpatients admitted with diagnosis of pleural mesothelioma to the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias in the last 11 years, were reviewed.
We analyzed 85 cases confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The most frequent histological type was epithelial Comparison between epithelial and sarcomatous types showed no differences in age Our results suggest that clinical and radiological features of epithelial and sarcomatous histological types are very similar. Additionally, we found a high frequency of epithelial mesothelioma, which contrasts with findings from other countries, suggesting that the type of asbestos or other factors involved in the development of pleural mesothelioma differ from those existing in other regions of the world.
Several outbreaks of Enterovirus 68 EV-D68 have recently been reported in the USA and Canada, causing substantial hospitalisation of children with severe respiratory disease. The acute flaccid paralysis detected in the USA and Canada among children with EV-D68 infection has raised concerns about the aetiological role of this EV serotype in severe neurological disease. In October , enteroviruses were detected in respiratory samples collected from five hospitalised patients, children and adults. Phylogenetic analysis of partial VP1 sequences confirmed that the detected enteroviruses belonged to the D68 serotype, which were also similar to strains reported in USA However, all five patients developed respiratory symptoms, but only one required ICU admission.
None of the patients described had symptoms of neurological disease. Mis documentos de identidad. Me miro al espejo y digo: La lucha por la libertad es una lucha de nunca acabar. Yo no quiero olvidar. Los sapos de la memoria. Op Oloop Ediciones, El mar y la serpiente. Un elefante ocupa mucho es- pacio. Un golpe a los libros Un golpe a los libros: Re- vista Puentes, 1: El corral de la infancia. Punto de Lectura, , Revista de estudios literarios, 23 It intends to analyse the different types of families, formed either by two fathers or two mothers, as well as stories featuring non heterosexual characters and compare them to similar literature published elsewhere.
It can be concluded that homo families are portrayed in a very similar way in all parts of the world, however, in the representation of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender, Latin America stands out to show a greater variety of characters, options, tastes and trends. El cuestionamiento del discurso hetero- normativo se hace patente desde las primeras manifestaciones literarias: Ifis, Ceneo… Ruiz Elvira El folclorista Aurelio M. Las diferentes versiones del oricuerno, con sus variantes, ponen de manifiesto un doble planteamiento: Las primeras manifes- taciones literarias dirigidas a los infantes no aparecen hasta finales del este siglo, aunque empiezan a proliferar con la entrada al nue- vo milenio.
Este es un aspecto fundamental en la literatura infantil y juvenil que muestra temas o personajes LGTB, pues de acuerdo con La- rralde: Mostrar la cotidianeidad y la realidad de los diferentes modelos de familias parece una constante. Antes de empe- zar la historia se puede leer: En el primero, un gato es recogido por una pareja gay formada por dos pe- rros los cuales, a su vez, viven con un matrimonio formado por dos mujeres. En el siguiente, la hija de una pareja formada por dos hombres; uno de ellos decide regalarle un cone- jo como mascota, el otro padre amenaza con coci- narlo aunque finalmente se lo quedan.
Cuando este recupera su forma humana le descubre dos secretos: Cuando el hada se libera decide quedarse con Ana, prometerse y vivir su historia de amor en el mundo de los hu- manos. No so- lamente esto: Turbado, Aturdido y Asustado, al ponerse el anillo que despierta el amor de Carlomagno hacia su portador, se transforman en el Arzobispo, su asistente y el hombre desconocido, respectivamente.
Un duende pierde la moneda de oro que, como a todos los de su especie, les conceden al nacer. School Libraries Worldwide, 7: Anuario sobre el libro infantil y juvenil Historia de la sexualidad 1: La voluntad del saber. Li- braries Unlimited, Ito, de Luis Cabrera Delgado. Por ello, vale la pena preguntarnos: A los aficionados al teatro. Luz y sombra y Toros de puntas.
La pasionaria, drama de Leopoldo Cano, 50 cvs. La cocina en el bolsillo. Perico Los versos del agiotista Las gracias del tecolote Con su pistola y garrote Ensayos sobre arte mexicano. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ilus- trador de cuadernos populares. Discanto, Xalapa, Uni- versidad Veracruzana, Diccionario de literatura mexicana siglo XX. Tema y Variaciones de Litera- tura, 28, This perspective distinguishes his musical and literary poetic as well as the possibility to revalue this composer in the field of literature and Latin American music.
Y todo por causa de la radio. El reto principal de este ensayo es poder comunicar con palabras el prodigioso mundo musical del compositor mexicano Francisco Gabilondo Soler. Destacan dos trabajos fundamentales: Francisco Gabilondo lo explica con sus propias palabras en una entrevista: Una es grillon, que es la usual, y la otra es cri-cri. Contexto cultural y educativo Si tomamos la fecha de nos encontra- mos ante una marca significativa para la cul- tura mexicana. Para la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la radio fue vital para poder seguir paso a paso los acontecimientos que afectaban los diversos rincones del mapa europeo.
Las noches de verano son luminosas y tibiecitas, cantan las chicharritas: Cuando la luna sale por los copetes de las milpitas, zumban las chicharritas: El texto fue enriquecido entonces con los siguientes versos: En el invierno la nieve crece, en el verano la funde el sol. Se rieron los perritos de tal facilidad y todos juntos deletrearon: Y al verlos rascando tras una lombriz, la dulce Gallina es muy feliz. El tema tiene varias fuentes: Las otredades La obra de Gabilondo Soler explora ge- nerosamente varios contextos culturales de otras latitudes.
De esta manera incluye en su repertorio canciones descriptivas sobre per- sonajes de varias nacionalidades. Presento dos ejemplos orientales: Chong Ki Fu y Jorobita. Sin embargo, dos canciones completan este rubro del mundo extranjero. What the heck in this house for a manly Cowboy Mouse Hello you! A lo que contesta Cri-Cri: La Patita, quien va al mercado y no encuentra nada que le alcance porque el marido Pato es un vago y perezoso que no aporta sustento a la familia.
- Sad Day;
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- Calaméo - America Sin Nombre 20.
- Modular Forms with Integral and Half-Integral Weights.
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- Route 5.
Varias de sus canciones han trascendido al habla coloquial como sincero reconocimiento al artista que supo condensar parte de la vida en festivas canciones. Instituto Veracru- zano de Cultura, Es autor del libro Buenos Aires entre dos calles: Six works that have to Colon as protagonist or main character are analyzed. This study also examines the loci and stereotypes about the American landscape and the figure of the Indian who featured in these novels. Y no me refiero a los Pinzones ni a las calaberas, como las llamaba un orador del Ateneo.
Podemos citar entre otros: La inevitable distancia temporal y cultural entre el tiempo relatado y el tiempo del lector es aprovechada por la autora para proponer un juego fundamen- tado en el anacronismo. La imagen en cualquier caso es la esperada: La figura del indio representa el otro gran personaje de estas novelas.
El Progreso Editorial, Gran libro de los insultos. La Esfera de los Li- bros, Los cuatro viajes del almirante y su testamento. Aspects of the novel. La disputa del Nuevo Mun- do. Publicaciones Universidad de Alicante, Manzano y Manzano, Juan. Thaler, Danielle, y Jean Bart, Alain. Les Enjeux du roman pour adolescents. El problema del otro. Madrid, Siglo XXI, Antonio Mendoza Fillola coord. La literatura infantil, como la literatura de adultos, permite imaginar posibilidades, ir al encuentro de mundos desconocidos, conocer nuevas formas de pensar y actuar, simular lo que se quiere decir.
Pero sobre todo por los principios morales que todos los seres humanos compartimos en nuestra vida en sociedad: Por ello, la importancia de la literatura. Una obra de literatura no puede construir en el ciudadano unos determinados valores morales simplemente por hablar positivamen- te de estos. Cuando a un personaje se le persigue por sus creencias u opiniones, somos conscientes de que le han privado de libertades que le son propias.
Que los milicos se vayan de Chile.
Que se vayan los militares del gobierno. Llegaron, comieron, oyeron la radio y se acostaron. Por las noches, escuchan en silen- cio y a escondidas la radio. La radio se muestra como elemento fronte- rizo entre la postura que favorece la dictadura y, por el contrario, la que la rechaza. Otro elemento importante es la pelota, objeto principal a lo largo de los aconteci- mientos posteriores. Pero, ante todo, es po- sible observarlo en el principio y en el final del texto.
America Sin Nombre 20
El autor chileno consigue con esta obra una aproxima-. La inteligencia de los sentidos. Literatura y cine en Venezuela. El intertexto lec- tor. El espacio de encuentro de las aporta- ciones del texto con las del lector. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Pliegos de la Insula Barataria: El conocimiento del amor.
El cultivo de la humani- dad. Revista de Estu- dios Sociales, 35 Beatriz Helena Robledo, Hitos de la literatura infantil y juvenil iberoamericana. Arau- caria de Chile, 2, Obteni- do de http: This tradition is very early adapted in the graphic narrative, either through illustrations of classical editions or adaptations of great works in comic books. All of them are setting an iconography that completes the imagine of the gauchos, fundamental in Argentina identity.
In this paper we will analyzed cartoons gauchos from traditional magazines, adaptations of literary works, such as the Martin Fierro, to own characters as Lindor Covas or Inodoro Pereyra. El Gaucho y su literatura Aunque la labor del vaquero en la pampa rioplatense se puede remontar hasta el siglo xvii, se considera que es a lo largo del siglo xix cuando se desarrolla esta figura creando un icono de la cultura argentina. El gaucho es el habitante de los campos argentinos; es sumamente experto en el manejo del caballo y en todos los ejercicios del pastoreo.
El gaucho no aprende a cantar. Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. Entrevistado por Sasturain en , Walter Ciocca explica: Lindor es, guardando las distancias, un Quijote, un hombre bueno como los hay en la realidad Ciocca, en Trillo y Saccomano, Cap. Desde ese momento se siente traicionado y escapa y se muestra rebelde ante cualquier autoridad.
Ciocca toma conciencia de la tragedia del gaucho y su protagonista va padeciendo distintos problemas. Lindor Covas, Ciocca El mismo Casalla en Trillo y Saccomana Cap. Y no es que el mundo de la gauchesca sea pobre, la culpa es nuestra si no lo sabemos dar a conocer. Oscar De Majo, en el especial de Tebeosfera sobre la historieta argentina comenta: Uno de los grandes temas que cues-. Oesterheld en una entrevista para la revista Dibujantes, comenta: Oesterheld, en Trillo y Saccomano Cap. La verdadera, la del alma. La otra es solo su imagen Roume, en Trillo y Saccomano Cap. En esta se pretende crear una epo- peya nacional con la ima- gen idealizada del gaucho, comparando la Conquista del desierto argentino con la del oeste norteamericano.
El Huinca Rapela Luna de sangre , Luna de plata y Luna de agua De los distintos contactos, el primero fue con el uruguayo William Gezzio. Detective Comics , Hay un sitio en Facebook: La historieta gauchesca, [https: Otro destacado dibujante uruguayo: En su blog [http: Santos Cruz, Gezzio Si en el 1 encontramos la portada de Juan Moreira, el 2 hace referencia a la Patria Vieja con el importante reclamo de Oesterheld. Con trazos fuertes nos muestra el sufrimien- to, la soledad y las miserias del gaucho, el indio y el milico. En este recorrido por las distintas obras, es fundamental mencionar los siguientes momentos o personajes que se repiten en todas las versiones.
Sin embargo, cuando el otro gaucho le anima a huir juntos, Inodoro responde: En esta etapa aumenta la aventura con episodios de largo desarrollo y falso suspense, con Pereyra siempre en busca de nuevas aventuras. No le viene a buscar la aventura sino la cotidianeidad o la noticia. Cuando el tema no viene de afuera, surge de la cotidianeidad del rancho, de avatares diarios; inclusive del calendario: Y son personajes medio intocables.
Es un dibujo animado no estrictamente para chicos. No por nada le llaman la Biblia gaucha. Entrevista a Carlos Trillo en Tebeosfera [Web], La prim- era mitad de la historia en Tebeosfera, La historieta en el mundo moderno, Barcelona: La primitiva literatura gauchesca, Buenos Aires: El domicilio de la aventura, Buenos Aires: