How to write a great review. The review must be at least 50 characters long. The title should be at least 4 characters long. Your display name should be at least 2 characters long. At Kobo, we try to ensure that published reviews do not contain rude or profane language, spoilers, or any of our reviewer's personal information. You submitted the following rating and review.
- 1932 - São Paulo em Armas! (Portuguese Edition).
- The Pivotal I Ching: GPS For Our Inner World.
- View: The Legends of Threkelder?
We'll publish them on our site once we've reviewed them. Item s unavailable for purchase. Please review your cart. You can remove the unavailable item s now or we'll automatically remove it at Checkout. Continue shopping Checkout Continue shopping. Chi ama i libri sceglie Kobo e inMondadori. Available in Russia Shop from Russia to buy this item. Or, get it for Kobo Super Points! Ratings and Reviews 0 0 star ratings 0 reviews. Overall rating No ratings yet 0. How to write a great review Do Say what you liked best and least Describe the author's style Explain the rating you gave Don't Use rude and profane language Include any personal information Mention spoilers or the book's price Recap the plot.
- Join Kobo & start eReading today;
- Torture: A Sociology of Violence and Human Rights by Lisa Hajjar.
- Torture: A Sociology of Violence and Human Rights - CRC Press Book.
- Framing 21st Century Social Issues?
- Torture: A Sociology of Violence and Human Rights - Lisa Hajjar - Google Книги.
Close Report a review At Kobo, we try to ensure that published reviews do not contain rude or profane language, spoilers, or any of our reviewer's personal information. Would you like us to take another look at this review? No, cancel Yes, report it Thanks! You've successfully reported this review. We appreciate your feedback. January 4, Imprint: The Universal Declaration was bifurcated into treaties, a Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and another on social, economic, and cultural rights, due to questions about the relevance and propriety of economic and social provisions in covenants on human rights.
Both covenants begin with the right of people to self-determination and to sovereignty over their natural resources. The United States declared after the World Food Summit that a right to be free from hunger does not give rise to any international obligations which has been interpreted as a negative duty. The drafters of the Covenants initially intended only one instrument. The original drafts included only political and civil rights, but economic and social rights were also proposed. The disagreement over which rights were basic human rights resulted in there being two covenants.
The debate was whether economic and social rights are aspirational, as contrasted with basic human rights which all people possess purely by being human, because economic and social rights depend on wealth and the availability of resources. In addition, which social and economic rights should be recognised depends on ideology or economic theories, in contrast to basic human rights, which are defined purely by the nature mental and physical abilities of human beings.
It was debated whether economic rights were appropriate subjects for binding obligations and whether the lack of consensus over such rights would dilute the strength of political-civil rights. There was wide agreement and clear recognition that the means required to enforce or induce compliance with socioeconomic undertakings were different from the means required for civil-political rights. This debate and the desire for the greatest number of signatories to human-rights law led to the two covenants.
The Soviet bloc and a number of developing countries had argued for the inclusion of all rights in a so-called Unity Resolution. Both covenants allowed states to derogate some rights. Since then numerous other treaties pieces of legislation have been offered at the international level. They are generally known as human rights instruments. In addition to protection by international treaties, customary international law may protect some human rights, such as the prohibition of torture, genocide and slavery and the principle of non-discrimination.
The Geneva Conventions came into being between and as a result of efforts by Henry Dunant , the founder of the International Committee of the Red Cross. The conventions safeguard the human rights of individuals involved in armed conflict, and build on the Hague Conventions of and , the international community's first attempt to formalise the laws of war and war crimes in the nascent body of secular international law.
The conventions were revised as a result of World War II and readopted by the international community in Under the mandate of the UN charter, and the multilateral UN human rights treaties, the United Nations UN as an intergovernmental body seeks to apply international jurisdiction for universal human-rights legislation. The United Nations has an international mandate to:. The United Nations Security Council has the primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security and is the only body of the UN that can authorise the use of force.
It has been criticised for failing to take action to prevent human rights abuses, including the Darfur crisis , the Srebrenica massacre and the Rwandan Genocide. On April 28, the Security Council adopted resolution that reaffirmed the responsibility to protect populations from genocide , war crimes , ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity " and committed the Security Council to action to protect civilians in armed conflict.
Torture: A Sociology of Violence and Human Rights
The United Nations General Assembly , under Article 13 of the UN Charter, has the power to initiate studies and make recommendations on human rights issues. In addition the general assembly has set up a number of subsidiary organs that consider human rights issues in a number of high-profile contexts: It ranks below the Security Council, which is the final authority for the interpretation of the United Nations Charter. Members serve a maximum of six years and may have their membership suspended for gross human rights abuses.
The Council is based in Geneva , and meets three times a year; with additional meetings to respond to urgent situations. Independent experts rapporteurs are retained by the Council to investigate alleged human rights abuses and to provide the Council with reports. The Human Rights Council may request that the Security Council take action when human rights violations occur.
This action may be direct actions, may involve sanctions , and the Security Council may also refer cases to the International Criminal Court ICC even if the issue being referred is outside the normal jurisdiction of the ICC. In addition to the political bodies whose mandate flows from the UN charter, the UN has set up a number of treaty-based bodies, comprising committees of independent experts who monitor compliance with human rights standards and norms flowing from the core international human rights treaties.
They are supported by and are created by the treaty that they monitor, With the exception of the CESCR, which was established under a resolution of the Economic and Social Council to carry out the monitoring functions originally assigned to that body under the Covenant, they are technically autonomous bodies, established by the treaties that they monitor and accountable to the state parties of those treaties - rather than subsidiary to the United Nations.
International human rights regimes are in several cases "nested" within more comprehensive and overlapping regional agreements. These regional regimes can be seen as relatively independently coherent human rights sub-regimes. The European Convention on Human Rights has since defined and guaranteed human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe. Human rights continue to be promoted around the world through governmental organisations and museums including the Canadian Museum for Human Rights in Winnipeg , Manitoba. International non-governmental human rights organisations such as Amnesty International , Human Rights Watch , International Service for Human Rights and FIDH monitor what they see as human rights issues around the world and promote their views on the subject.
Human rights organisations have been said to "translate complex international issues into activities to be undertaken by concerned citizens in their own community". Many human-rights organisations have observer status at the various UN bodies tasked with protecting human rights. A new in non-governmental human-rights conference is the Oslo Freedom Forum , a gathering described by The Economist as "on its way to becoming a human-rights equivalent of the Davos economic forum.
There is criticism of human-rights organisations who use their status but allegedly move away from their stated goals.
For example, Gerald M. Steinberg , an Israel-based academic, maintains that NGOs take advantage of a " halo effect " and are "given the status of impartial moral watchdogs" by governments and the media. Human rights defender are people who, individually or with others, act peacefully to promote or protect human rights.
They can be journalists, environmentalists, whistle-blowers, trade unionists, lawyers, teachers, housing campaigners, and so on. As a result of their activities, they can sometimes be the subject of reprisals and attacks of all kinds, including smears, surveillance, harassment, false charges, arbitrary detention, restrictions on the right to freedom of association, and physical attacks.
Torture: A Sociology of Violence and Human Rights, 1st Edition (Paperback) - Routledge
Multinational companies play an increasingly large role in the world, and have been responsible for numerous human rights abuses. Such companies may be larger than the economies of some of the states within which they operate, and can wield significant economic and political power. No international treaties exist to specifically cover the behaviour of companies with regard to human rights, and national legislation is very variable. In August the Human Rights Commission's Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights produced draft Norms on the responsibilities of transnational corporations and other business enterprises with regard to human rights.
- Torture: A Sociology of Violence and Human Rights (Framing 21st Century Social Issues);
- El Poder de la Oración (Spanish Edition).
- La casa mágica de la señora Asworth (Spanish Edition).
- Lorma gigante (eNewton Zeroquarantanove) (Italian Edition).
- The 11th Floor: Awakening.
- Human rights.
Human rights violations occur when actions by state or non-state actors abuse, ignore, or deny basic human rights including civil, political, cultural, social, and economic rights. Furthermore, violations of human rights can occur when any state or non-state actor breaches any part of the UDHR treaty or other international human rights or humanitarian law. These organisations collect evidence and documentation of alleged human rights abuses and apply pressure to enforce human rights laws.
Wars of aggression , war crimes and crimes against humanity , including genocide , are breaches of International humanitarian law and represent the most serious of human rights violations. In efforts to eliminate violations of human rights, building awareness and protesting inhumane treatment has often led to calls for action and sometimes improved conditions. The UN Security Council has interceded with peace keeping forces, and other states and treaties NATO have intervened in situations to protect human rights.
Every human being has the inherent right to life. This right shall be protected by law. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life. The right to life is the essential right that a human being has the right not to be killed by another human being. The concept of a right to life is central to debates on the issues of abortion , capital punishment , euthanasia , self defence and war.
According to many human rights activists, the death penalty violates this right. Throughout history, torture has been used as a method of political re-education , interrogation, punishment, and coercion. In addition to state-sponsored torture, individuals or groups may be motivated to inflict torture on others for similar reasons to those of a state; however, the motive for torture can also be for the sadistic gratification of the torturer, as in the Moors murders. Since the midth century, torture is prohibited under international law and the domestic laws of most countries.
It is considered to be a violation of human rights, and is declared to be unacceptable by Article 5 of the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Signatories of the Geneva Conventions of and the Additional Protocols I and II of June 8, officially agree not to torture captured persons in armed conflicts , whether international or internal. Torture is also prohibited by the United Nations Convention Against Torture , which has been ratified by countries. National and international legal prohibitions on torture derive from a consensus that torture and similar ill-treatment are immoral, as well as impractical.
Freedom from slavery is internationally recognised as a human right. Article 4 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states:. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. Despite this, the number of slaves today in is higher than at any point in history , [95] remaining as high as 12 million [96] to 27 million, [97] [98] [99] Most are debt slaves , largely in South Asia , who are under debt bondage incurred by lenders , sometimes even for generations. Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.
The right to a fair trial has been defined in numerous regional and international human rights instruments. It is one of the most extensive human rights and all international human rights instruments enshrine it in more than one article. As a minimum the right to fair trial includes the following fair trial rights in civil and criminal proceedings: Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak freely without censorship.
The term freedom of expression is sometimes used synonymously, but includes any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used. In practice, the right to freedom of speech is not absolute in any country and the right is commonly subject to limitations, such as on libel, slander, obscenity, blasphemy, [] incitement to commit a crime, etc. Article 19 of the ICCPR states that "[e]veryone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference" and "everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice".
Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance. Freedom of thought, conscience and religion are closely related rights that protect the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to think and freely hold conscientious beliefs and to manifest religion or belief in teaching , practice, worship , and observance; the concept is generally recognised also to include the freedom to change religion or not to follow any religion.
Human rights groups such as Amnesty International organises campaigns to protect those arrested and or incarcerated as a prisoner of conscience because of their conscientious beliefs, particularly concerning intellectual, political and artistic freedom of expression and association. Events and new possibilities can affect existing rights or require new ones. Advances of technology, medicine, and philosophy constantly challenge the status quo of human rights thinking. Education encompasses several thematic areas, including comprehensive sexuality education, which is also considered to be relevant for human rights.
The right to keep and bear arms for defence is described in the philosophical and political writings of Aristotle, Cicero, John Locke, Machiavelli, the English Whigs and others. The Declaration opens with the words:. Mindful of the will of the peoples, set out solemnly in the Charter of the United Nations , to 'save succeeding generations from the scourge of war' and to safeguard the values and principles enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , and all other relevant instruments of international law.
Article 1 of the declaration states "the present generations have the responsibility of ensuring that the needs and interests of present and future generations are fully safeguarded".
The preamble to the declaration states that "at this point in history, the very existence of humankind and its environment are threatened" and the declaration covers a variety of issues including protection of the environment , the human genome , biodiversity , cultural heritage, peace , development, and education. Sexual orientation and gender identity rights relate to the expression of sexual orientation and gender identity based on the right to respect for private life and the right not to be discriminated against on the ground of "other status" as defined in various human rights conventions, such as article 17 and 26 in the United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and article 8 and article 14 in the European Convention on Human Rights.
As of , homosexual behaviour is illegal in 76 countries and punishable by execution in seven countries. A global charter for sexual orientation and gender identity rights has been proposed in the form of the ' Yogyakarta Principles ', a set of 29 principles whose authors say they apply International Human Rights Law statutes and precedent to situations relevant to LGBT people's experience.
The principles have been acknowledged with influencing the French proposed UN declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity , which focuses on ending violence, criminalisation and capital punishment and does not include dialogue about same-sex marriage or right to start a family. An alternative statement opposing the proposal was initiated by Syria and signed by 57 member nations, including all 27 nations of the Arab League as well as Iran and North Korea.
Although both the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights emphasise the importance of a right to work, neither of these documents explicitly mention free trade as a mechanism for ensuring this fundamental right. And yet trade plays a key role in providing jobs.
Navigation menu
Some experts argue that trade is inherent to human nature and that when governments inhibit international trade they directly inhibit the right to work and the other indirect benefits, like the right to education, that increased work and investment help accrue. On the other hand, others think that it is no longer primarily individuals but companies that trade, and therefore it cannot be guaranteed as a human right. Finally, it is difficult to define a right to trade as either "fair" [] or "just" in that the current trade regime produces winners and losers but its reform is likely to produce different winners and losers.
The right to water has been recognised in a wide range of international documents, including treaties, declarations and other standards. For instance, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women CEDAW requires State parties to ensure to women the right to "enjoy adequate living conditions, particularly in relation to … water supply". The Convention on the Rights of the Child CRC requires States parties to combat disease and malnutrition "through the provision of adequate nutritious foods and clean drinking-water".
This treaty body interpreting legal obligations of State parties to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ICESCR issued in a non-binding interpretation affirming that access to water was a condition for the enjoyment of the right to an adequate standard of living and inextricably related to the right to the highest attainable standard of health see ICESCR Art. The human right to water entitles everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic uses. Since then, all States have at least ratified one human rights convention which explicitly or implicitly recognises the right, and they all have signed at least one political declaration recognising this right.
Human rights include women's rights and sexual and reproductive rights. Sexual and reproductive rights are part of a continuum of human rights, which includes the rights to life, health and education, the rights to equality and non-discrimination, and the right to decide the timing, number and spacing of one's children. Sexual and reproductive health and rights SRHR encompass both entitlements and freedoms. This includes the definition of reproductive rights in paragraph 7. Reproductive rights were first established as a subset of human rights at the United Nations International Conference on Human Rights.
Reproductive rights may include some or all of the following rights: Reproductive rights may also be understood to include education about contraception and sexually transmitted infections , and freedom from coerced sterilisation and contraception, protection from gender-based practices such as female genital cutting FGC and male genital mutilation MGM.
New PDF release: Torture: A Sociology of Violence and Human Rights (Framing
In October , Finland 's Ministry of Transport and Communications announced that every person in Finland would have the legal right to Internet access. In March , the BBC , having commissioned an opinion poll , reported that "almost four in five people around the world believe that access to the internet is a fundamental right". Non-refoulement is the right not to be returned to a place of persecution and is the foundation for international refugee law, as outlined in the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees.
A central worry about the right to asylum is that it can limit a state's power to handle a mass influx of refugees. This creates an incentive for more refugees to apply, since they are allowed to stay in the country during the application process. One potential solution to the problem of mass influx is proposed by U. Lamey proposes a portable procedural model that focuses on the right to non-refoulement.
There are two basic conceptions of environmental human rights in the current human rights system. The first is that the right to a healthy or adequate environment is itself a human right as seen in both Article 24 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights , and Article 11 of the San Salvador Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights.
This second theory enjoys much more widespread use in human rights courts around the world, as those rights are contained in many human rights documents. The onset of various environmental issues , especially climate change , has created potential conflicts between different human rights. Human rights ultimately require a working ecosystem and healthy environment, but the granting of certain rights to individuals may damage these. The E-mail message field is required. Please enter the message. Please verify that you are not a robot. Would you also like to submit a review for this item?
You already recently rated this item. Your rating has been recorded. Write a review Rate this item: Preview this item Preview this item. English View all editions and formats Rating: Subjects Torture -- History. Human rights -- History. View all subjects More like this Similar Items. Find a copy online Links to this item Inhaltsverzeichnis. Allow this favorite library to be seen by others Keep this favorite library private.
Find a copy in the library Finding libraries that hold this item Internet resource Document Type: Lisa Hajjar Find more information about: