The indoor environment is characterized by periods of lowered a w as well as sudden increases in water availability, and fungal cells have to deal with both types of change. It has to be expected that the adaptability of a fungal species to deal with humidity dynamics is important for the predominance of the species on the relevant building material.
Fungi may even be able to influence the micro environment by using enzymes or other excretions. For example, germinating conidia of P. We thank Joey van den Ende for technical assistance and Bart Theelen and Sylvia Klaubauf for critical readings of the manuscript. Elke van Nieuwenhuijzen is thanked for fruitful discussions. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Appl Environ Microbiol v. Published online Aug Prepublished online Jun Segers , a Karel A. Huinink , b Olaf C. Adan , b Han A. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.
Address correspondence to Jan Dijksterhuis, ln. The indoor fungus Cladosporium halotolerans survives humidity dynamics markedly better than Aspergillus niger and Penicillium rubens despite less growth at lowered steady-state water activity. Appl Environ Microbiol Received Feb 17; Accepted May 6. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Growth at steady-state a w. Survival during periods of dynamic a w.
Open in a separate window. Indoor time-microenvironment-activity patterns in seven regions of Europe. J Expos Sci Environ Epidemiol In search of a common European approach to a healthy indoor environment. Environ Health Perspect Inadequate housing and health: Int J Environ Pollut Housing and health in Europe: Am J Public Health The link between fungi and severe asthma: Eur Respir J Rev Fr D Allergol Inflammation-associated gene transcription and expression in mouse lungs induced by low molecular weight compounds from fungi from the built environment. Chem Biol Interact Effects of low molecular weight fungal compounds on inflammatory gene transcription and expression in mouse alveolar macrophages.
Aerosolized fungal fragments , p — Fungal secondary metabolites as harmful indoor air contaminants: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol Health effects from mold and dampness in housing in Western societies: Seasonal distribution of Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium and Penicillium species isolated in homes of fungal allergic patients. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol Indicators of airborne fungal concentrations in urban homes: Sci Total Environ Air- and dustborne mycoflora in houses free of water damage and fungal growth.
Indoor mould development and dispersal. Associations between fungal species and water-damaged building materials. Species identification of airborne molds and its significance for the detection of indoor pollution. Growth and volatile metabolite production of Aspergillus versicolor in house dust.
J Environ Monit Fungal growth and survival in building materials under fluctuating moisture and temperature conditions. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation The effects of moisture and temperature on growth and spore germination in some fungi. J Stored Prod Res 5: Hallsworth JE, Magan N. Manipulation of intracellular glycerol and erythritol enhances germination of conidia at low water availability.
Magan N, Lacey J. Effect of temperature and pH on water relations of field and storage fungi. Trans Br Mycol Soc The moisture requirements of molds isolated from domestic dwellings. Mould growth on building materials under low water activities. Influence of humidity and temperature on fungal growth and secondary metabolism. On the fungal defacement of interior finishes. Growth of Penicillium rubens after desiccation.
Quantifying discoloration caused by the indoor fungus Penicillium rubens on building material at controlled humidity.
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Separate effects of moisture content and water activity on the hyphal extension of Penicillium rubens on porous media. The effect of cyclic moisture and temperature on mould growth on wood compared to steady state conditions. Laboratory study to determine the critical moisture level for mould growth on building materials.
Modelling the time factor in the development of mould fungi—the effect of critical humidity and temperature conditions on pine and spruce sapwood. Fungal activities of indoor moulds on wood as a function of relative humidity during desorption and adsorption processes. Eng Life Sci Green et al 9. Mycotoxins on building materials; K. WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: Moisture content measurement; B. The fungal resistance of interior finishing materials; O.
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