Expressions of liking typically require two arguments: Portuguese and Spanish as well as English assign different grammatical cases to these arguments, as shown in the following table:. The Portuguese sentence can be translated literally as "[I] [take satisfaction] [from] [the music]", while the Spanish corresponds to "[To me] [ it is pleasing] [the music]. It is also possible in Spanish to express it as: While ter is occasionally used as an auxiliary by other Iberian languages, it is much more pervasive in Portuguese. Note that most Portuguese verb tables only contain ter with regard to the perfect.
Spanish has two forms for the imperfect subjunctive , one with endings in -se- and another with endings in - ra - e. In Portuguese, only cantasse has this value; cantara is employed as a pluperfect indicative, i. Although there is a strong tendency to use a verb phrase instead in the spoken language, like in Spanish and English tinha cantado , the simple tense is still frequent in literature.
In European Spanish, as in English, the present perfect is normally used to talk about an action initiated and completed in the past, which is still considered relevant or influential in the present moment. In Portuguese and Latin American Spanish, the same meaning is conveyed by the simple preterite , as in the examples below:.
See the contrast with Spanish in the following example:. As this example suggests, the Portuguese present perfect is often closer in meaning to the English present perfect continuous. See also Spanish verbs: Contrasting the preterite and the perfect. Portuguese, uniquely among the major Romance languages, has acquired a "personal infinitive" , which can be used as an alternative to a subordinate clause with a finite verb in the subjunctive.
The Portuguese perfect form of the personal infinitive corresponds to one of several possible Spanish finite verbs. On some occasions, the personal infinitive can hardly be replaced by a finite clause and corresponds to a different structure in Spanish and English:. The personal infinitive is not used in counterfactual situations, as these require either the future subjunctive or the imperfect subjunctive.
Also, it is conjugated the same as the future subjunctive see next section , provided the latter is not irregular ser , estar , ter , etc. In the first and third person singular, the personal infinitive appears no different from the unconjugated infinitive. The above rules also apply whenever the subjects of the two clauses are the same, but independent of each other. As shown, the personal infinitive can be used at times to replace both the impersonal infinitive and the subjunctive. Spanish has no such alternative.
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The future subjunctive, now virtually obsolete in Spanish, [62] continues in use in both written and spoken Portuguese. It is used in subordinate clauses referring to a hypothetical future event or state — either adverbial clauses usually introduced by se 'if ' or quando 'when' or adjective clauses that modify nouns referring to a hypothetical future entity.
Spanish, in the analogous if-clauses, uses the present indicative [ citation needed ] , and in the cuando- and adjective clauses uses the present subjunctive. A number of irregular verbs in Portuguese change the main vowel to indicate differences between first and third person singular: Spanish maintains such a difference only in fui 'I was' vs fue 'he was'. In all other cases, one of the two vowels has been regularized throughout the conjugation and a new third-person ending -o adopted: Contrarily, Spanish maintains many more irregular forms in the future and conditional: Portuguese has only three: Spanish has restored - e by analogy with other verbs: The same type of analogy accounts for fiz vs hice 'I did' in the past tense.
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In nouns such as paz 'peace', luz 'light', amor 'love', etc. In Spanish the prepositions a 'to' and de 'of, from' form contractions with a following masculine singular definite article el 'the': This kind of contraction is much more extensive in Portuguese, involving the prepositions a 'to' , de 'of, from' , em 'in' , and por 'for' with articles and demonstratives regardless of number or gender. Both are generally [a] in most of Brazil, although in some accents such as carioca and florianopolitano there may be distinction.
Additionally, the prepositions de and em combine with the demonstrative adjectives and pronouns as shown below:. The neuter demonstrative pronouns isto 'this' isso , aquilo 'that' likewise combine with de and em — thus, disto , nisto , etc. The Portuguese contractions mentioned thus far are obligatory. Contractions can also be optionally formed from em and de with the indefinite article um , uma , uns , umas , resulting in num , numa , dum , duma , etc. Spanish employs a preposition, the so-called "personal a ", before the direct object of a transitive verb except tener when it denotes a specific person s , or domestic pet ; thus Veo a Juan 'I see John'; Hemos invitado a los estudiantes 'We've invited the students.
Quite common in both languages are the prepositions a which often translates as "to" and para which often translates as "for". However, European Portuguese and Spanish distinguish between going somewhere for a short while versus a longer stay, especially if it is an intended destination, in the latter case using para instead of a. While there is no specified duration of stay before a European Portuguese speaker must switch prepositions, a implies one will return sooner, rather than later, relative to the context.
This distinction is not made in English and Brazilian Portuguese [ citation needed ]. In Spanish the distinction is not made if the duration is given in the context maybe implicitly , and in this case a is generally preferred. Note, though, in the first example, para could be used in Portuguese if in contrast to a very brief period of time. In informal, non-standard Brazilian Portuguese, em in its original form or combined with a given article in a contraction, yielding no , na , numa , etc.
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In Spanish hasta has the same meaning and function. Spanish has two prepositions of direction: Of them, only para exists in Portuguese, covering both meanings. Colloquially, para is often reduced in both languages: Portuguese pra , in turn, may join with the definite article: Both languages have a construction similar to the English "going-to" future.
Spanish includes the preposition a between the conjugated form of ir "to go" and the infinitive: Usually, in Portuguese, there is no preposition between the helping verb and the main verb: This also applies when the verb is in other tenses:. While as a rule the same prepositions are used in the same contexts in both languages, there are many exceptions. The traditional Spanish alphabet had 28 letters, while the Portuguese had Modern versions of recent years added k and w found only in foreign words to both languages.
Portuguese also added y for loanwords. With the reform in by the 10th congress of the Association of Spanish Language Academies, Spanish alphabetization now follows the same pattern as that of other major West European languages.
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Prior to this date, however, the digraphs ch and ll were independently alphabetized. For example, the following surnames would be put in this order: Many Spanish dictionaries and other reference material still exist using the pre-reform rule of alphabetization. Only in Spanish do interrogatives and exclamations use the question mark or exclamation point respectively at the beginning of a sentence.
The same punctuation marks are used, but these are inverted. This prepares the reader in advance for either a question or exclamation type of sentence. On the other hand, in Portuguese, a person reading aloud lengthy sentences from an unfamiliar text may have to scan ahead to check if what at first appears to be a statement, is actually a question. Otherwise, it would be too late to enable proper voice inflection. Neither language has the equivalent of the auxiliary verb to do , which is often used to begin a question in English.
Both Spanish and English can place the verb before the subject noun to indicate a question, though this is uncommon in Portuguese, and almost unheard of in Brazil. Aside from changes of punctuation in written language, in speech, converting any of the above examples from a question to a statement would involve changes of both intonation and syntax in English and Spanish, but intonation only in Portuguese.
The palatal consonants are spelled differently in the two languages. King Denis of Portugal , who established Portuguese instead of Latin as the official language, was an admirer of the poetry of the troubadours and a poet himself. Examples include names such as Port. Mi nh o Sp. The exact pronunciation of these three consonants varies somewhat with dialect. The table indicates only the most common sound values in each language.
A similar phenomenon can be found in some dialects of Brazilian Portuguese e.
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It always represents the "soft c " sound, namely [ s ]. Both languages use diacritics to mark the stressed syllable of a word whenever it is not otherwise predictable from spelling. Since Spanish does not differentiate between mid-open and mid-close vowels and nasal vowels , it uses only one accent, the acute. Without the accent, as in Spanish, the last syllable would be a diphthong: Parag uai Portuguese and Parag uay Spanish 'Paraguay'.
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These do not alter the rules for stress, though note endings - im , - ins and - um , - uns are stressed, as are their non-nasal counterparts see below. A couple of two-letter words consist of only the nasal vowel: Phonetic vowel nasalization occurs in Spanish—vowels may get slightly nasalized in contact with nasal consonants—but it is not phonemically distinctive. In Portuguese, on the other hand, vowel nasalization is distinctive, and therefore phonemic: Portuguese changes vowel sounds with and without accents marks. Spanish pronunciation makes no such distinction. In other cases, it is the combination of the preposition and the feminine definite article; in other words, the equivalent of a la 'to the' in Spanish.
As the Portuguese grave accent, the trema does not indicate stress. The third audience includes English-speaking students enrolled in bilingual education programs or Portuguese speakers enrolled in English speaking schools. This edition is for Level 2 vocabulary, where the higher the level number, the more complicated the vocabulary. Though highly entertaining, if not addictive, this crossword puzzle book covers some vocabulary words.
In this book, hints are in English, answers are in Portuguese. This format is especially fun or easiest for people learning English; the format is most instructive, however, for people learning Portuguese i. Within each level, the puzzles are organized to expose players to shorter and more common words first. Subsequent puzzles mostly build on these using longer and more complicated vocabulary.
Learning a language is always difficult. Players need to learn the meanings of the words in order to place them correctly. Full solutions are provided in the back of the book. Further definitions of remaining terms as well as translations can be found at www. Webster's English to Portuguese Crossword Puzzles: Webster's Portuguese to English Crossword Puzzles: Remember me Forgot password?
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