Scalfari invited a few trusted colleagues: The cartoons were the prerogative of Giorgio Forattini until The newspaper first went on sale on 14 January It was presented as the first Italian tabloid with some sections such as sports and business intentionally left out. When it was founded, it was intended to be a "second newspaper", with only major news at the national level, to an audience that has already read a local newspaper. It was composed of 20 pages and was published from Tuesday to Sunday. During the first two years, it built up a core-audience identified as members of the centre-left and the Italian Communist Party.
In , Scalfari decided to cater to the university student movement, so la Repubblica began its expansion. The strength of the newspaper lay particularly in the editorial comments section, which was always incisive and thought-provoking. In early , average sales amounted to , copies. During the 55 days of the Moro kidnapping, la Repubblica backed the policy of hardline non-negotiation while reporting on the pro-negotiation approach led by Bettino Craxi of the Italian Socialist Party or PSI.
The paper's stance proved popular and, by the end of the year, daily sales reached , copies. In , with an average print run of , copies, it achieved a break-even point. The size of the newspaper increased with page count growing from 20 to The newspaper decided to cover sports for the first time and veteran reporter Gianni Brera was added.
In , the Corriere della Sera was hit by a scandal when chief editor Franco Di Bella was outed as a member of the secret masonic lodge Propaganda Due , or P2. This allowed La Repubblica to win extra readers and recruit a number of prestigious commentators such as Enzo Biagi and Alberto Ronchey from Corriere.
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Aiming to gain top circulation in Italy, chief editor Scalfari launched new reader-friendly initiatives. There were now 40 pages, including news sections, entertainment and sport. The newspaper was pitched as an "omnibus newspaper" a paper catering to all types of readers. Politically, while the paper kept backing the progressive left , its approach to governmental parties changed: This seemed to pay off as in la Repubblica sold an average of , copies, about , more than in [6].
The launch was backed by a successful advertising campaign featuring a young university student seen purchasing la Repubblica. Ten years later, the same student is pictured as an adult. He's holding the same newspaper, but in the meantime he's worked his way up to an important managerial position in a large company. In , la Repubblica launched a prize competition called Portfolio , a type of stock market-based lottery.
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Readers were encouraged to buy the newspaper daily in order to check share value. The prize turned out to cost more than the supplements earned, the latter increasing sales for one or two days a week only. At that point, " la Repubblica became the best-selling Italian newspaper. The circulation of the paper was , copies, making it the most read newspaper in Italy. The via Solferino publishing group did not reclaim the top spot for two years.
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At the end of the Eighties, believing that a stronger financial support was needed for the growth of the group, Carlo Caracciolo and Eugenio Scalfari main shareholders of the Espresso group sold all their shares to Carlo De Benedetti. The controversial operation was the main point of a lawsuit in which Berlusconi was charged with corruption of legal proceedings. This lawsuit became famous as the " Lodo Mondadori " the Mondadori Decision. In the following years, new publishing projects were added.
This was a satirical magazine, and first "real fake" newspaper, published by Vincenzo Sparagna , author of Frigidaire. On May , after twenty years Eugenio Scalfari resigned as Editor in Chief, but remained an important contributor to the newspaper.
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He was succeeded by Ezio Mauro. This answer, con- firmed elsewhere, might suggest an anthropologic pattern — identifi- able already in childhood and pre-adolescence — which could be related to regional geocultural features Teti, All of the pupils were involved in evacuation exer- cises, mostly for seismic risk, some others for fire risk. An alarming discovery whose implications should not be underestimated is that In Calabria, on the other hand, In the primary schools of Basilicata, the difference between those who felt safe On the other hand, a clear majority of pupils think that their home is safe with regard to seismic risk Basilicata: On the other hand, The latter are inscribed into the terri- tory and may affect choices and strategies.
By doing so, they can there- fore play a role in territorial evolution Tecco, Humans can happily live in a certain area, subject to recurrent natural events of po- tentially dangerous nature, if they reach a complete, certain awareness that natural events have been disarmed of their calamitous potential by appropriate interventions on landscape Leone, For these rea- sons, we thought it useful to ask the pupils, in a question with multiple, non-exclusive answers, how they would describe the territory they lived in with respect to an earthquake.
Calabrians consider their terri- tory to be organised Pupils from Basilicata show little agree- ment: This confirms the feeling of insecurity which pupils from Basilicata have about their territory as far as organisation in case of an earthquake is concerned.
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The possible answers were: If this is added to the fact that This result is related to a perceived higher level of vulnerability associated with human actions. Such actions, in- volving physical, anthropic, territorial or productive conditions in some parts of the planet may increase the probability of a natural event becoming a disaster Tecco, In some of the drawings, images are simple and barely sketched, while in others they look more complete and correct.
The most ad- vanced drawings were obviously produced by the 5th year primary school and the lower secondary school pupils. The earthquake that occurred in Calabria and Sicily in early came so close to that dimension of destructive greatness that it did at- tract the interest of nearly the entire Western world of those days. It went far beyond other calamities in the Mediterranean region, far be- yond the terrible earthquakes which occurred in in Puglia and in in Calabria and other parts of southern Italy.
The earthquake not only shattered a large number of build- ings. What happened then, in fact, was a physical and territorial re- shaping of an entire region. This is a sub- stantial difference in perception from the point of view of past society, in comparison to present-day views. A common element is fear, which may induce soli- darity and become a seed of social interaction; it may foster communi- cation and determine a reciprocal sense of relief in those who are struck by calamity. Time marks the perception of the event and the changes which occur in space.
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A strong shock acts as if it were to block the spatial-temporal recognition at a precise mo- ment. It then extends that moment, producing an imprint in human memory Mazzoleni et al.
In s, with the exception of the very few who owned a pocket watch or a table clock, or some solar clock in their buildings, most of the population relied — as it had been the case for centuries — upon bells and public clocks. Those devices were the sole reference for measuring time during the day. Since earth- quakes tore down churches, bell towers and other towers as well, these fundamental measurement and information instruments got lost; dawn and dusk became once again the only signs of time flowing.
Basi- cally, natural time in its physiological and environmental cycles took over chronological time established by conventions.
Today, most students remember the date and the time of the earth- quake because watches have become a usual and necessary comple- ment to our daily needs. Tomasi perceived the dis- order and the confusion following the earthquake Galanti, Even more recent travellers such as Sandro Onofri testified the disor- der Onofri, , p. Therefore, on the one hand, disorder represents carelessness and lack of stewardship; on the other hand, devastation and destruction Teti, , pp.
The Certosa di Serra San Bruno was spoiled of its marbles and val- uable stones, which were partially lost or reused in churches and in some rich palaces. However, the marvellous ruins seem to shine with a life of their own, as a symbol and a testimony of ancient glories.
Picture by Lorenzo Clematis. Characters and perception of Calabrian people: This histori- cal-anthropological baseline has much to tell us about the sense of un- certainty, instability, melancholy of Calabrian people, about devotion and religion of the lower levels of society, about the sense of incom- pleteness that is manifested even in the return Teti, , p.
The image of a melancholic Calabria, sad and irritable, dark, thoughtful, is a classical topos of perception from abroad since the s, and then later, throughout the entire Modern Era up to our very days. The sadness of sites and of the people were repeatedly underlined by s and s descriptions in the Grand Tour literature, and by official writers such as Galanti , ed.
Feelings, visions, melancholy of travellers met the melancholy, de- pression, misery of the real world as it could be observed. The picture of a melancholic Calabrian was often a reliable portrait of a condition of great economic and social distress. As the two concurrent views of melancholy met, Calabria was re- garded as a mostly melancholic region. That all seems to be an answer, a feeling, a common behaviour, a culture and a mentality typical of the local populations through their repeated and uninterrupted experiences of catastrophe.
It seems that earthquakes posed a constant threat to the life of the local populations or that, in any case, they were perceived that way. Melancholy of the very local genius loci, may be related to an everlast- ingly feared catastrophic event bearing devastating effects. Johann Heinrich Bartels, who visited Calabria in , did not hide the surprise and sadness he experienced in front of the ruins.
A devastated landscape, debris- generated lakes, ruins, pain, temporary and unsafe slums; those images were to last long in the memory of foreign visitors. He visited, among other sites, Serra San Bruno, where the memories of the earthquake were still easy to recognize. De Rilliet listened to the stories of old survivors as if the earthquake had just recently happened Mozzillo, , p.