I had such amazing shots of Bruce close up that were all messed up by double exposing the film. Then, years later, I discover that this 'mistake' was the purest magic of all. From the time I took them in , to the discovery of a couple frames maybe ten years ago, then really examining the whole roll this past October — to last week, making my first big art prints — it's been thrilling. Born in Neptune, NJ, in , the young John Lyon grew up in Ocean Grove in the only house where the police were called to ask his parents to turn their music down.
That outfit morphed into the Asbury Jukes in March , after Miami Steve came onboard and eventually landed a deal with Epic. Thousands of shows and more than four decades down the road, Southside can justifiably look back with pride on a career in music that has taken him around the United States and Europe more times than he can remember, up to the Arctic Circle and beyond to Japan and North Africa. Not content with his regular touring schedule with the Asbury Jukes, he also plays with his alternative outfit, the Poor Fools.
And the road goes on forever: It's often been a rocky road, with many setbacks and disappointments, but Southside has endured. He has a legend to maintain and a mission to entertain. Long may he run. Wherever you are tonight, raise a glass of Jack Daniels in his honor. With a band put together by Sam Bardfeld, including a slew of players very familiar to Backstreets readers, New Year's revelers were treated to, as Sam described to us, "American roots and soul music from about , with a special nod to music from New Orleans and Memphis This year, they're doing it again.
The Big Band, as it's known, will be returning on December 31 for another evening of dining and dancing at Tribeca Grill , Greenwich Street.
Seven out of the nine musicians are Springsteen associates and Sessions Band members: Getting to see Cindy front a band of her own is worth the price of admission alone. Lisa is soulful and fabulous as always. The backing band with Charlie, Larry, Jeremy, Arno and myself is pretty decent, too. We're all really looking forward to doing this again! Reservations can be made online , or by phone at , and you can see the menu here.
The television special launched a revival of Presley's musical career with a new streak of artistically and commercially successful recordings, as well as a series of concert appearances in Las Vegas and elsewhere that would feature many of his greatest performances. It was a major, hopeful triumph after years of increasingly disappointing recordings and films, and it arrived at the end of a year filled with violence and hopelessness, including the assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr. I knew it was coming. I can remember exactly where our TV was set up in the dining room, the exact place I was sitting.
He moved his body with a lack of pretension and effort that must have made Jim Morrison green with envy. And while most of the songs were ten or twelve years old, he performed them as though they were written yesterday. His fingerprint was on the first frame to the last frame. He was a man on a mission. Sony Legacy Recordings has just released Elvis Presley: The video restoration was overseen by Thom Zimny, and the box set also contains an page book with photos and an oral history of the Comeback Special derived from Zimny's interviews conducted for his documentary Elvis Presley: Excerpts from Landau's essay have been quoted often over the years in many books, articles, and even on the walls of Graceland exhibits.
Check out Shawn's Facebook post for more information. And the energy just kept building with each song! Stevie quickly checked in with the crowd, doing his "I think you can bring more" routine, while the band paused behind him until the crowd reached an appropriate pitch of fervor. A rockin' "Soulfire" followed, and we were on a non-stop two-and-a-half hour ride on the Disciples' carousel of soul, blues and rock. I somehow expected the setlist to be the same as the live album , maybe because of all those musicians in tow. The performance deviated from that set, notably dropping the reggae-tinged trio of "Solidarity," "Leonard Peltier," and "I am a Patriot.
There were also several Southside collaborations in there, with Stevie giving him a nod for helping keep his music alive while he was off for all those years "trying to be a gangster," he joked. I was just blown away by this show! I can't believe this tour is not getting more attention and press. You just don't see this anymore. The tour still has two weeks left to catch them if you can click here for dates , and don't forget, teachers get in free!
Springsteen tells Sunday Times he'll soon be "back to my day job" Hot on the heels of his Esquire cover feature , Bruce Springsteen appears on the cover of today's Sunday Times Magazine UK for another interview. Political talk is the lede, and of course there's Springsteen on Broadway as well, but we have to highlight this long-awaited glimpse of what's coming next: Will he throw his bandana into the [Presidential candidacy] ring for a last-chance power drive? He will also release a new album, his first for five years: But The Sunday Times ain't fake news.
Stevie's responses on Twitter are worth sharing This is very likely a misunderstanding. We will try and get it cleared up. One way or the other. We say the same things over and over and over and people choose not to listen. Once again-There are no plans for E Street Touring in right now. Could that change at any moment? We will try and get an official statement. Maybe that would help.
We've got a special promo item we'll be including FREE with all pre-orders: Available exclusively from Backstreet Records. Order now to guarantee yours! The official release date of the 4LP vinyl has been pushed back to , now set for January The CD set is still coming on December Pre-orders for both CD and vinyl from Backstreet Records will still include the bonus enamel pin. Iif you pre-ordered the vinyl along with other items, we'll ship twice: While we wait one more week for Springsteen's next live archive installment, let's take another look back at Novemeber's: Leeds, July 24, Further down , regular Backstreets scribe Mike Saunders wrote about this Wrecking Ball tour stop, which he attended.
Also at the show that night was regular Backstreets photographer, Rene van Diemen, with camera in hand, and here we've got a portfolio of his images to accompany your listening. Rene recalls, "I think this was one of the last times Bruce played two nights in a row in different cities — he had just played Cardiff the night before. Cardiff was in a half soccer stadium, and it was very hot during the day — but a great atmosphere in the queues despite the heat, and a fantastic show as well including "TV Movie".
Right after the Cardiff show, many people jumped in the car to "drive all night" to Leeds, to start queuing over there. The highway was alive that night.
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I myself took a train the following morning. Leeds was a very intimate show, and a bit strange to have this indoor stop between all the outdoor shows. But it was a very memorable night, with so many of my Bruce buds there and some very nice tour premieres. After the Leeds show, many of my friends who did both queues without much sleep in between were truly wrecked Or maybe you've been selective, not keeping up with each and every release.
Or maybe you just like a good mix tape. In any case, this comes as fun news: Songs of Womens' Names? Songs of Rivers and Trees? Songs of Blue Collar Occupations? We'll be staying tuned. Wanna see new, rare images of Bruce and the E Street Band? Wanna relive some of those early history-making performances from , , , and more? Follow backstreetsmag on Instagram. A lifelong professional photographer, Shive produced thousands of images of rock 'n' roll's most illustrious concerts from the mids through the mid-'80s, providing a dense visual record of these formative years and enduring live performances.
If you see one you love, visit shivearchive. As long as you can stream. Simply pre-save or pre-add the album to your collection via this link on or before December 4, and you'll be automatically entered to win. One winner will get two tickets for the December 13 performance of Springsteen on Broadway, two roundtrip airfare tickets, and two nights' hotel accommodations in New York. Click here to enter. The Springsteen on Broadway soundtrack will be released in physical formats, too — pre-order the 2CD set or 4LP vinyl from Backstreet Records to score a free Springsteen on Broadway enamel pin , pictured above, an official promo item exclusively available here.
They talk DNA, growin' up, mothers and fathers, men and women, and putting it all on the Broadway stage: So it's somewhat liquid — even though at this point you would imagine I have it pretty nailed down. But sometimes not necessarily. Shop Backstreet Records now. Check our Latest Additions page for recent arrivals, from official Springsteen on Broadway T-shirts to newly remastered and reissued vinyl. One of our most popular items each year is the official Bruce Springsteen calendar , and for it's available once again from Thrill Hill Productions. Each month of features a large image 12" x 12" , of Bruce Springsteen on and off stage, with and without the E Street Band.
From now through Sunday night at midnight:. FREE Stefanko postcard pack: And if you order Frank's book — the monster-sized, slipcased Further Up the Road — we'll triple the freebie and send you three postcard packs. Wear your heart on your sleeve or on your arm, or wherever your want , with no minimum order on this one: Order a CD and a T-shirt, get two tattoos. A CD, a book, and a T-shirt You get the idea. No coupon necessary, no need to add these items to your shopping cart. Simply place your order between now and midnight Sunday, November 25, and we'll send the freebies out with all qualifying orders.
Click here for Latest Additions. Thank you for supporting Backstreets, hope you and yours have a happy Thanksgiving weekend!
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Warm wishes to everyone this Thanksgiving — hot yams, cold milk, warm wishes. We're especially thankful for Steven Van Zandt, born this day in Over on E Street Radio , they'll be celebrating Tracks 20 all weekend long, with Dave Marsh and Jim Rotolo's track-by-track rundown of the box set receiving multiple airings. And stay tuned here on Backstreets. Originally named World Hunger Year, co-founded by Harry Chapin and Bill Ayres in , this is the organization that Bruce Springsteen turned to for direction when he wanted to help local FoodBanks around the country.
Bruce is a current Artist Ambassador for WhyHunger, and they note: You may have dropped some bucks in those buckets after a show; you can also help by donating online for Hungerthon. Some cool new gifts available with your Hungerthon donation this year include a Springsteen "Land of Hope and Dreams" pin , and a couple Tom Morello items too: Our thanks to WhyHunger for continuing to fight the good fight!
A post shared by Backstreets Magazine backstreetsmag on Nov 12, at 2: In addition to revitalizing Marvel Comics by co-creating some of his medium's greatest characters and storylines, Lee was quite a significant role model for many of us here at Backstreets: In that issue, human-friend-of-robots Buster Witwicky played a cassette featuring "Glory Days" through a tape-deck he was trying to fix. Check out these additional images of "Brick" and his incredible "Big Man" bandmate in action:.
Finally, read our archived online addendum to issue 90's Bruce-in-the-comics article, where several more amazing Springsteen-Marvel mash-ups can be found in fantastic issues of Conan the Barbarian , G. Rest in peace, Smilin' Stan — your work lives on. With a donation, listeners are welcome to pick the Springsteen song of their choice and include a personal dedication as well. The well-seasoned and psychedelically attired Disciples of Soul were all given their moments to shine with solos — Little Steven, too, demonstrated that he can still shred on guitar.
The energetic night concluded with two stellar encore songs: Click below to view more Columbus photographs by Ron Valle, shot last night for Backstreets. Here's Bruce's full set, fan-shot — today's a good day to watch. Happy Veterans Day, and thank you to all who serve. A post shared by Backstreets Magazine backstreetsmag on Nov 10, at 4: For the Wrecking Ball tour in , it was business as usual: It was a big show by a big band in big venues: Near the end of that month trek, however, on their European "victory lap," they scaled things down for a comparatively intimate night, christening a brand-new indoor arena in Leeds.
It was Springsteen's first concert in this northern city since , when he played for 80, people at Roundhay Park; the new arena had a capacity of 13, Tickets sold out in minutes, and fans began arriving several days early to secure a place at the front. Today, Leeds, July 24, joins Wrecking Ball- era recordings from the Apollo Theatre, Helsinki, and Rome, making a worthy addition to the archive series.
When Springsteen and the E Street Big Band including five horn players and three backing vocalists but without Patti Scialfa walked onstage at the First Direct Arena, it had yet to officially open. After more than shows, the band was firing on all cylinders. As a tour progresses, Springsteen shakes up the setlist, throwing in rarities, curve balls, and one-offs. Leeds was one of those nights, with four tour premieres, five U. Three tour premieres in a row came after Springsteen scooped up armfuls of request signs. The first selection was already on the setlist.
Extended to six minutes and driven by the horn section, it reinforced the argument that all those early-'90s albums needed was some serious E Street muscle.
This two-and-a-half-minute classic was flawless, a reminder that the E Streeters have always been a top-notch covers band. Five songs from Wrecking Ball dominated the show's second half, including the exuberant, gospel-flavored "Shackled and Drawn" "Preach it, Cindy! It's a song of quiet desperation that many can identify with, and it always deserved greater exposure. Returning for the encores, with just a few stops left on the tour two shows to come in Ireland and four in South America , Springsteen took a moment to acknowledge the efforts of his travelling army of diehard followers.
The band left after a climactic, eight-minute version of the Isley Brothers' "Shout" — but Springsteen wasn't finished. He returned alone, his T-shirt soaked with sweat after nearly three-and-a-half hours onstage. This is a beautiful building! It's a great place to play. Really loved it here. The indoor setting allowed us to fully appreciate the power of the E Street Orchestra, the contributions made by the horns and singers, and the amazing energy that Springsteen exerted.
It's bound to come through in the recording. This was truly one for the ages: Back then, before the days of digital photography and lightning-fast e-mail, I used film in analog cameras. The processing and the transportation of these images was notoriously slow. So when Bruce called and asked for certain images to be sent to the record company "right away," there was no time to print and ship the photos overnight. As a result, I dispatched original negatives — with the understanding that these would be returned to me in short order.
I did receive many of my negatives back. Nevertheless, some of my original Darkness outtakes went missing. Lost for four decades! The mystery began to unravel last year, when my book Bruce Springsteen: Further up the Road was released. At the gallery openings, I ran into some old friends who had been involved with the Darkness album production. That cover was shot during the Darkness sessions. Jimmy thought he might have the full-frame inter-negative from The River. Springsteen's product manager at Columbia in , Dick thought he still had some original Darkness negatives somewhere in his attic.
Over time, both gents, true to their words, sent my wayward babies back to me. The negatives were a bit worse for wear after 40 years but lovingly received. After evaluating some 20 of them, I chose six that looked worth cleaning and printing. So now, nearing the end of the year anniversary of the release of Darkness on the Edge of Town, in time for the holidays, I will be releasing these six lost photographs to the galleries that represent me:. This year, they weren't onstage for more than a few minutes before Bob Woodruff gleefully announced, "Bruce is back!
As you may remember, this benefit is under the auspices of the New York Comedy Festival, and while there are always some actual comedians on the bill tonight featured Jimmy Carr, Seth Myers, Jim Gaffigan, and Jon Stewart , Bruce always feels that it is his duty to tell some dirty jokes since there are servicemen and women in the audience.
Looking trim and chic in some artfully faded denim, one sleeve rolled up to not get in the way of his guitar playing, Bruce opened the evening with a vibrant rendition of "This Hard Land. Although after a normal Springsteen tour, Broadway probably feels like a vacation. When the applause had died down, with obvious relish, Bruce launched into the first joke of his segment. My jokes are not comedian jokes, so you've got to cut them a little slack," he prefaced his first comedy bit.
A piano player who's looking for work goes into an agent's office. The presented results imply further applications of NoRA but also raise doubts about the value of download data of single publications. Added 25 November Tarrant, D. Each new citation establishes a large number of co-citation relationships between that publication and older material whose citation impact is already well established. This thesis proposes a new family of co-citation based impact measures, describes a system to evaluate their effectiveness against a large citation database, and justifies the results of this evaluation against an analysis of a diverse range of research metrics.
Added 25 November Yuan, S. The study selected 97 LIS OA journals as a sample and measured their scholarly impact on the basis of citations and links. The results indicate that LIS OA journals have become a significant component of the scholarly communication system. Added 25 November Priem, J. An exploratory study of impact metrics based on social media Poster at Metrics The goal of this study is to better understand the potential of altmetrics.
Added 25 November Wang, M. To determine whether a difference in research impact existed, two research impact indicators were used, that is, open access articles as a percentage of all published titles and mean citation rate of open access articles and those not freely available online. The study shows that for 72 LIS scholars who were subjects of the investigation, 64 of them had published articles within the previous ten years: The mean citation rate of OA versus non-OA article citation was 1.
The first batches of results web pages from keyword searching were selected as evaluation samples in the two search phases, the first 50 and 10 results were chosen, respectively , and a total of 3, samples were evaluated for authority based on the evaluation framework. The results show that the average authority value for free online scholarly information is about 3.
Different domain names, resource types, and disciplines of free online scholarly information perform differently when scored in terms of authority. In conclusion, the authority of free online scholarly information has been unsatisfactory, and needs to be improved. Added 25 November Davis, P. In Learned Publishing , Vol. Prior research has suggested that providing free and discounted access to the scientific literature to researchers in low-income countries increases article production and citation.
Using traditional bibliometric indicators for institutions in sub-Saharan Africa, we analyze whether institutional access to TEEAL a digital collection of journal articles in agriculture and allied subjects increases: We report that access to TEEAL does not appear to result in higher article production, although it does lead to longer reference lists an additional 2. We discuss how traditional bibliometric indicators may not provide a full picture of the effectiveness of free and discounted literature programs.
This paper assesses the impact of a specific institution, a biological resource center, whose objective is to certify and disseminate knowledge. We disentangle the marginal impact of this institution on cumulative research from the impact of selection, in which the most important discoveries are endogenously linked to research-enhancing institutions. Exploiting exogenous shifts of biomaterials across institutional settings and employing a difference-in-differences approach, we find that effective institutions amplify the cumulative impact of individual scientific discoveries.
Our empirical analysis focuses on whether articles associated with materials exogenously shifted into a BRC receive a boost in citations after their deposit into the BRC, controlling for article-specific fixed effects and fixed effects for article age and calendar year. Both approaches provide evidence for the marginal impact of BRCs on subsequent knowledge; the post-deposit citation boost is estimated to be between 57 percent and percent across different specifications. Empirical checks of our key identification assumptions reinforce our overall findings. We find that the marginal impact of BRC deposit is marginally higher for articles published in less prestigious journals and that the citation boost is concentrated in follow-on research articles involving more complex subject matter.
Paper extract from copy at: News articles on this paper: This paper presents the results of an empirical case study of the characteristics of citations received by 10 open access non-peer reviewed working papers published by a prestigious multidisciplinary, but basically social science research institute, compared to 10 printed peer reviewed journal articles published in the same year by the same institute and predominantly by the same authors.
The study analyzes the total amount of citations and citation impact observed in Web of Science WoS and Google Scholar GS received during the five-year period February by the two publication types, the citation distributions over the individual sample publications and observed years as well as over external, institutional and personal self-citations.
The results demonstrate that the open access working papers publicly accessible through the DIIS e-archive became far less cited than the corresponding sample of DIIS journal articles published in printed form. However, highly cited working papers have higher impact than the average of the lower half of cited articles. Citation time series show identical distinct patterns for the articles in WoS and GS and working papers in GS, more than doubling the amount of citations received through the latter source.
See also Open access working papers not good enough , ScienceNordic. This study is a comparison of AUPress with three other traditional non-open access Canadian university presses. The analysis is based on the rankings that are correlated with book sales on Amazon. Statistical methods include the sampling of the sales ranking of randomly selected books from each press. The results of one-way ANOVA analyses show that there is no significant difference in the ranking of printed books sold by AUPress in comparison with traditional university presses.
However, AUPress, can demonstrate a significantly larger readership for its books as evidenced by the number of downloads of the open electronic versions. Added 18 August Davis, P. The paper reviews recent studies that evaluate the impact of free access open access on the behavior of scientists as authors, readers, and citers in developed and developing nations.
It also examines the extent to which the biomedical literature is used by the general public. Researchers report that their access to the scientific literature is generally good and improving. For authors, the access status of a journal is not an important consideration when deciding where to publish.
There is clear evidence that free access increases the number of article downloads, although its impact on article citations is not clear. Recent studies indicate that large citation advantages are simply artifacts of the failure to adequately control for confounding variables. The effect of free access on the general public's use of the primary medical literature has not been thoroughly evaluated. The research articles from the developed countries receive higher number of citations subsequently resultant research impact compared to those of the developing world.
The study may help and pave way for framing policies and strategies to increase the impact of research in the developing world. Added 06 July Yan, K. In this work, we focus on a community of scientists and study, in particular, how the awareness of a scientific paper is spread. We found that the spread of information displays two distinct decay regimes: We identified these two regimes with two distinct driving processes: Added 06 July Xia, J.
This research is an attempt to add selected OA journals to the journal quality rankings using library and information science LIS as an example. A new approach to scientific visibility from the standpoint of access Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology , published online: This study shows a new approach to scientific visibility from a systematic combination of four databases: The results primarily relate to the number of journals, not to the number of documents published in these journals, and show that in all the disciplinary groups, the presence of green road journals widely surpasses the percentage of gold road publications.
The Miguel et al article contains informative and useful between-journal data on Green and Gold OA, across fields and geographic areas. The authors collected the numbers of citations and downloads from to of papers in five Chinese general ophthalmological journals published in from the Chinese Academic Journals Full-text Database and the Chinese Citation Database in Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure CNKI to determine the correlation between download and citation and the peak time of download frequency DF.
The citations from to of papers published in were collected to determine the peak time of citation frequency CF of medical papers. Added 04 April Davis, P. Does free access to journal articles result in greater diffusion of scientific knowledge? Using a randomized controlled trial of open access publishing, involving 36 participating journals in the sciences, social sciences, and humanities, we report on the effects of free access on article downloads and citations.
These results may be explained by social stratification, a process that concentrates scientific authors at a small number of elite research universities with excellent access to the scientific literature. The real beneficiaries of open access publishing may not be the research community but communities of practice that consume, but rarely contribute to, the corpus of literature.
See also this author's earlier dissertation. Nature news blog, 01 Apr In comments appended to this article Davis says: Zoe focuses on the weaknesses of the study and not its strengths" Wieder, B. Davis says he doesn't see his study as a blow to open access - if anything, he thinks it calls into question the wisdom of looking only at citation counts to measure the impact of a journal article, particularly given the ease of tracking article downloads online.
Open access, readership, citations: Your article does not answer this overly-broad question. Why do you pose it here? I see the world as a more complicated and nuanced place than through the lens of advocacy. Still no self-selected self-archiving control, hence no basis for the conclusions drawn to the effect that the widely reported OA citation advantage is merely an artifact of a self-selection bias toward self-archiving the better, hence more citeable articles -- a bias that the randomization eliminates.
The methodological flaw, still uncorrected, has been pointed out before. Readers can be trusted to draw their own conclusions as to whether this study, tirelessly touted as the only methodologically sound one to date, is that -- or an exercise in advocacy. The headline-level synopsis of this and other studies attempting to discern the impacts of open access research obscure a multitude of methodological concerns.
Background
They also downplay significant differences found when breaking the data down by field, country, or other factors. The greatest growth potential for open access today is through open access self-archiving mandates adopted by the universal providers of research: Universities adopt open access mandates in order to maximize their research impact. The large body of evidence, in field after field, that open access increases citation impact, helps motivate universities to mandate open access self-archiving of their research output, to make it accessible to all its potential users -- rather than just those whose universities can afford subscription access -- so that all can apply, build upon and cite it.
These inferences are not welcomed because they are based on flawed methodology and insufficient statistical power and yet they are being widely touted particularly by the publishing industry lobby as being the sole methodologically sound test of the open access citation advantage! Ignore the many positive studies. They are all methodologically flawed.
The definitive finding, from the sole methodologically sound study, is negative. So there's no access problem, researchers have all the access they need -- and hence there's no need to mandate open access self-archiving. No, this string of inferences is not a "blow to open access" -- but it would be if it were taken seriously. Scholarly Kitchen, Apr 5, The Scholarly Kitchen's own Phil Davis consider this your conflict-of-interest statement attempts to do away with selection bias by looking at a randomized set of papers. The access status of the articles in the study OA or under subscription-access control was determined at random, not by author or editorial choice.
The randomization is important here, as it allows Davis to compare equal groups of articles and control for other sources of bias. If the goal of the OA movement is to create a scientific literature with a broader reach, then it is succeeding admirably. In Law Library Journal , 4 , Fall , http: Also in UKnowledge, University of Kentucky, http: To date, there have been no studies focusing exclusively on the impact of open access on legal scholarship. Did they really compare OA articles with non-OA articles under similar conditions?
Or did they in fact find a citation advantage for articles that are available in any fashion online versus those that are not? In the law journal study, unequal comparison groups makes it unclear whether the authors are measuring access or something else entirely.
The effect of open access and downloads ('hits') on citation impact: a bibliography of studies
The study also falls prey to potential issues of selection bias. This study takes 12, original research articles which were published in 93 Oxford Open journals in as a sample, and carries out statistic analyses on the citation frequency that these articles have received by July to validate 3 hypotheses: This study discovers that: Added 15 February McCabe, M.
Does online access boost citations? We examine other sources of heterogeneity including whether JSTOR benefits "long-tail" or "superstar" articles more. See also Kolowich, S. The fact that there are many of these poor studies in the literature, or that their claims have achieved consensus among certain like-minded individuals, does not make for good science, nor does it help to inform good science policy.
Having read it, their findings don't appear to talk specifically about open access, while the conclusion of your summary does. Can you point me to where open access is treated independently from online access, or as a distinct subset of it, in their analysis? Their manuscript needs to be read in context of two prior papers by James Evans, who reported significant online and open access effects using a similar methodology.
Extending their conclusion to citation pattern differences between expensive, restricted online access and free, unrestricted access open is a big leap More on Open Access citations , liblicense, 10 February This has nothing whatsoever to do with Open Access. OA is about providing access to those who don't have subscription access; this paper is about providing online access to those who had subscription access before, but on paper, and now have online access.
Moreover, it is in a field economics where there is wide posting of OA preprints not taken into account at all. So, using the same technique in both cases should produce similar results. The following response to comments by McCabe above can be found appended to the same article or in this separate source: Unfortunately this is not very convincing.
Flaws there may well be in the methodology of studies comparing citation counts before and after the year in which a journal goes online. But these are not the flaws of studies comparing citation counts of articles that are and are not made OA within the same journal and year. If "selection bias" refers to authors' bias toward selectively making their better hence more citeable articles OA, then this was controlled for in the comparison of self-selected vs. But the most compelling findings on the OA citation advantage come from OA author self-archiving of articles published in non-OA journals , not from OA journal publishing.
Those are the studies that show the OA citation advantage, and the advantage does not cost the author a penny! Added 04 April Saadat, R.
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Findings showed that out of journals, journals Added 15 February Lee, K. Despite the positive impact of emerging communication technologies on scientific research, our results provide striking evidence for the role of physical proximity as a predictor of the impact of collaborations. There have been numerous articles that reported Open Access publications have higher chance to be cited more.
It may be that publications in Open Access journals have higher citation, which may not necessarily be related to collaboration and collocation. However, its impact on our results is uncertain as there are also growing number of articles that are reporting no evidence of Open Access advantage in different disciplines. Can the geographical proximity of authors affect the number of citations for their papers? Moed, commenting on the paper by Lee et al. Added 15 February Xia, J.
This research examines the relationship between multiple open access OA availability of journal articles and the citation advantage by collecting data of OA copies and citation numbers in 20 top library and information science journals. We discover a correlation between the two variables; namely, multiple OA availability of an article has a positive impact on its citation count. The statistical analysis reveals that for every increase in the availability of OA articles, citation numbers increase by 2.
Added 6 December Davis. In order to isolate the effect of access on readership and citations, we conducted a randomized controlled trial of open access publishing on articles published electronically in 11 APS journals. This report details the findings three years after the commencement of the experiment. The results of this experiment suggest that providing free access to the scientific literature may increase readership as measured by article downloads and reach a larger potential audience as measured by unique visitors , but have no effect on article citations.
These results are consistent with an earlier report of the APS study after one year and the results of other scientific journals after two years. The fact that we observe an increase in readership and visitors for Open Access articles but no citation advantage suggests that scientific authors are adequately served by the current APS model of information dissemination, and second, that the additional readership is taking place outside this core research community. Open access publishing, article downloads and citations at 3years , from 23 November Use the Next in Topic link to follow the debate.
Critics of our open access publishing experiment read: Stevan Harnad have expressed skepticism that we were too eager to report our findings and should have waited between 2 and 3 years. All of the articles in our study have now aged 3-years and we report that our initial findings were robust: By focusing on the fact that I do not have the statistical power to detect very small differences is really an admission that an OA citation advantage -- if one truly exists -- can be largely explained by other theories e.
That's why all of our studies have been based on samples that have been orders of magnitude bigger than for example yours. But let's not confuse effect-size and the sample-size needed to detect a statistically significant effect; that's not a question about effect size but about variability. The size of the OA citation advantage does indeed vary considerably from field to field, year to year, and sample to sample.
Overall, across all fields of scientific and scholarly research produced by universities and funded by funders, that adds up to a sizeable benefit to research, researchers, their institutions, their funders, and the public that funds the funders and for whose benefit the research is being done, and funded -- a benefit that is worth having, by mandating OA.
That implication is very clear -- and it certainly is not the implication you cite in your December summary in the APS house journal, The Physiologist: But the interpretation is a mighty stretch, if not an exercise in APS spin. In my view, Phil has convincingly shown that, at least for the journals and the time intervals he studied, there is no meaningful OA citation advantage but also see later post by Waltman that an OA citation advantage of reasonable size is unlikely to exist in the underlying population.
It would take a null meta-analysis, not just one null outcome, to be able to show that. Otherwise any repeatedly observed effect could be dismissed on the basis of one non-replication! We too did a test of the self-selection hypothesis -- on a much larger sample across more fields and a longer time interval -- and we not only found "an OA citation advantage of reasonable size" for self-selected OA, but we found that the advantage was the same size for mandated OA.
We accordingly conclude that "an OA citation advantage of reasonable size is likely to exist in the underlying population" if you test for it, and your sample is big enough and long enough -- except perhaps in Phil's sample of mostly APS journals While I can't claim negative results across all fields and across all times, our randomized controlled trials RCTs did involve 36 journals produced by 7 different publishers in the medical, biological, and multi-disciplinary sciences, plus the social sciences and humanities.
Yet, if you are basing your comparison solely on number of journals and number of articles, then you are completely missing the rationale for conducting the RCTs in the first place Harnad, S.
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That's the studies that are simply testing whether there is an OA citation advantage. But the comparison you are talking about is the comparison between self-selected and imposed OA. Your study has shown that in your sample consisting of OA imposed by randomization , there is no OA citation advantage only an OA download advantage. But it has not shown that there is any OA self-selection advantage either. Without that, there is only the non-replication of the OA citation advantage. This paper maps the intellectual structure of open access based on articles that appeared in professional literature on the topic between and Using bibliometric and co-citation analyses, co-citation patterns of papers are visualized through a number of co-citation maps.
CiteSpace was used to analyze and visualize co-citation maps. Maps show major areas of research, prominent articles, major knowledge producers and journals in the field of open access. The preliminary findings show that open access is an emerging research field. Findings of this study can be used to identify landmark papers along with their impact in terms of providing different perspectives and engendering new research areas.
This dissertation explores the relationship of Open Access publishing with subsequent readership and citations. It reports the findings of a randomized controlled trial involving 36 academic journals produced by seven publishers in the sciences, social sciences and humanities. At the time of this writing, all articles have aged at least two years. Articles receiving the Open Access treatment received significantly more readership as measured by article downloads and reached a broader audience as measured by unique visitors , yet were cited no more frequently, nor earlier, than subscription-access control articles.
A pronounced increase in article downloads with no commensurate increase in citations to Open Access treatment articles may be explained through social stratification, a process which concentrates scientific authors at elite, resource-rich institutions with excellent access to the scientific literature. For this community, access is essentially a non-issue. Added 17 Feb , updated 18 Oct Gargouri, Y. CY], 3 Jan Abstract Background. The OA Advantage proved just as high for both. Logistic regression analysis showed that the advantage is independent of other correlates of citations article age; journal impact factor; number of co-authors, references or pages; field; article type; or country and highest for the most highly cited articles.
The OA Advantage is real, independent and causal, but skewed. The OA advantage is greater for the more citable articles, not because of a quality bias from authors self-selecting what to make OA, but because of a quality advantage, from users self-selecting what to use and cite, freed by OA from the constraints of selective accessibility to subscribers only. It is hoped that these findings will help motivate the adoption of OA self-archiving mandates by universities, research institutions and research funders.
The Chronicle of Higher Education, 19 Oct And succeeds - see reader responses attached to the article, some extracts below. One can only speculate on the reasons why some might still wish to cling to the self-selection bias hypothesis in the face of all the evidence to date. The straightforward causal relationship is the default hypothesis, based on both plausibility and the cumulative weight of the evidence. Hence the burden of providing counter-evidence to refute it is now on the advocates of the alternative.
The authors were unable to control for institutional effects in their model. Most importantly, there is no basis for making a causal claim. I agree with Philip David: What user behavior change accounts for the OA advantage? The OA Advantage is not just, or primarily, a convenience or laziness effect though some of that no doubt contributes to it too: It is not that scholars have become sloppy, relying on google scholar instead of consulting more established databases. It is that when their institution cannot afford access to articles they need, they must make do with only those of them that they can access for free online.
Patrick Chardenet, October 22, It is rather a question of knowing if the measurement of science by the measurement of the number of citations has an interest for the scientific development. In a nutshell, citations are not the goal of research; the goal is that the research should be read, used and built upon, in further research and applications.
And citations are a measure of that. But for research to be read, used and built upon, it has to be accessible. That is why and how OA increases citations. Citation rates of self-selected vs. Yes, they did a very detailed analysis of the citation behavior, and take into account important cofactors. But the reader is left with the impression that mandatory self-archiving of post-prints in institutional repositories is the only reasonable Open Access strategy, and the introduction and discussion accordingly leave out some important arguments.
If better articles tend to be self-archived, their reasoning goes, we should expect that papers deposited under institutional-wide mandates would under-perform those where the authors select which articles to archive. In sum, this paper tests an interesting testable hypothesis on whether mandatory self-archiving policies are beneficial to their authors in terms of citations.
Their unorthodox methodology, however, results in some inconsistent and counter-intuitive results that are not properly addressed in their narrative. Yes, the fact that the citation advantage of mandated OA was slightly greater than that of self-selected OA is surprising, and if it proves reliable, it is interesting and worthy of interpretation. This is particularly worrisome when comparing papers originating from CERN which arguably does cutting edge physics to the control papers.
The key issue in this paper seems to be interpreting the mandated open access versus self-selected open access. However, they have little to say on what is going on here and why papers end up in the compliant group or not. I am not sure what conclusions can be inferred from this comparison of two types of self-selection, at least one of which is not well understood.
But CERN is indeed a special case; when it is removed, however, it does not alter the pattern of our results. Neither former research nor the current regression design permits any casual claims. We agree that causality is difficult to demonstrate with correlational statistics. However, we note that the hypothesis that 2a making articles open access causes them to be more citeable and the hypothesis that 2b being more citeable causes articles to be made open access are both causal hypotheses. We then compute differences between open and closed journals.
The results reveal that the open access journals are not perceived by distance eductation editors as significantly more or less prestigious than their closed counterparts. The number of citations per journal and per article also indicates little difference. However we note a trend towards more citations per article in open access journals. Articles in open access journals are cited earlier than in non-open access journals. Added 6 September Kim, J. A few interviewees did believe that self-archiving resulted in their research work being cited more frequently, although 13 interviewees were unsure about the positive relationship between self-archiving and the citation rate.
Professors even considered self-archiving to serve other purposes, for example, to recruit graduate students, or to find collaborators, instead of increasing the impact of research. In fact, five interviewees expressed uncertainty regarding whether self-archiving would improve professional recognition. Four other interviewees did not expect self-archiving to increase academic recognition, as they believed this related more to the quality of research itself, rather than merely making it publicly accessible.
These findings suggested that the majority of faculty participants in this study were unaware of the evidence of a citation advantage from OA previously identified by several studies. Without noticing the evidence, professors tend not to expect a citation advantage from self-archiving; however, they see benefits from the user side through self-archiving. This study shows that faculty have diverse opinions about citation rates and academic recognition related to self-archiving. Added 6 September Strotmann, A. Using an author co-citation analysis method, we find that a OA and non-OA publications cover similar major research areas in the stem cell field, but b a more diverse range of basic and medical research is reported in OA publications, while c biomedical technology areas appear biased towards non-OA publications.
We explore whether there are substantial differences between the intellectual structure of a research field when viewed from either the point of view of the OA publications in that field or from that of its non-OA publications. Added 6 September Jacques, T. We hypothesized that specific features of journal titles may be related to citation rates. We reviewed the title characteristics of the 25 most cited articles and the 25 least cited articles published in in general and specialist medical journals including the Lancet, BMJ and Journal of Clinical Pathology. The title length and construction were correlated to the number of times the papers have been cited to May Results The number of citations was positively correlated with the length of the title, the presence of a colon in the title and the presence of an acronym.
Factors that predicted poor citation included reference to a specific country in the title. Conclusions These data suggest that the construction of an article title has a significant impact on frequently the paper is cited. We hypothesize that this may be related to the way electronic searches of the literature are undertaken. Added 9 June Herb, U. Assuming that the motivation to use open access publishing services e. Prevailing research results indicate that alternative metrics based on usage information of electronic documents are suitable to complement or to relativize citation based indicators.
Added 9 June Giglia, E. Open Access journals are relatively new actors in the publishing market, and gaining reputation and visibility is a complex challenge. Some of them show impressive Impact Factor trends since their first year of tracking. Added 17 May Calver, M. We compared the number of citations of OA and non-OA papers in six journals and four books published since to test whether OA increases number of citations overall and increases citations made by authors in developing countries.
After controlling for type of paper e. Journal papers were cited more frequently if the authors had published highly cited papers previously, were members of large teams of authors, or published relatively long papers, but papers were not cited more frequently if they were published in an OA source. Nevertheless, author-archived OA book chapters accrued up to eight times more citations than chapters in the same book that were not available through OA, perhaps because there is no online abstracting service for book chapters.
There was also little evidence that journal papers or book chapters published in OA received more citations from authors in developing countries relative to those journal papers or book chapters not published in OA. For scholarly publications in conservation biology, only book chapters had an OA citation advantage, and OA did not increase the number of citations papers or chapters received from authors in developing countries.
Conservation Maven blog, Apr 26, Given that conservation is a highly applied science, a main goal of research is to inform conservation practice. It seems likely that open access publishing would be more important for conservation practitioners than researchers given that many research institutions have paid journal access for their staff and students. Non-commercial own license []. Source opened to the apolyton community to allow support with Community patches. Engine MIT license , [] game code own proprietary license [].
Released by Adam Saltsman in A version from is available on assembla. In March the game was removed from all digital distributions and the source code and game was made available for free online, with Hofmeier saying he was finished supporting the game. In April the developers released the source code of the core game mechanic to the public with a Software Development Kit.
In Fall the developers released the source code of the core game DLL. Clonk series now OpenClonk. Action , RTS , Platform. Educational game , RTS. Game source released on March 26, Source code variants are at least available as far back as Raymond was involved in the release of version 2. In September , after an Indiegogo crowdfunding campaign, [] the game's source code was released on GitHub. The Commodore 64 port was published commercially under the name Magnetron, the 68k Mac version was released as Beerware.
Game code distributed with the official editor www. On December 9, , the source code was bundled with every copy of the game purchased on GOG. Futuristic "anti-gravity" racing game with combat. Source was released after a sales quota was met. The game became around freeware and open source. In Crytek released their engine as pay-what-you-want including the source code to the public.
Game code was officially released with the SDK. CryEngine is open source as well. In early the original Cytadela developer offered the Amiga source code of the FPS game to the community, which started a conversion project hosted on SourceForge. Lacking any further official support after the closure of Ion Storm's Dallas office in , John Romero gave the game's source code to community members, allowing them to develop additional platform ports and bug fixes.
MMO , Real-time strategy. DarkSpace's game engine called Medusa released by Palestar under multiple licenses. Descent now D2X-XL []. Game source released by Parallax Software in Descent 1 [] and Descent 2. Headers and some code distributed with the official SDK. The original source code became available in September "for historical interest" together with source code of other Windmill Software games as Styx.
Zlib inspired own license []. Source code published on July 17, from Seth Robinson. Discworld and Discworld II. First announced for release around by Terry Pratchett , [] source code became in available to the ScummVM developers. Around the source code of the game became available to "The Video game history foundation", which wrote a review of the technique of the game based on the code. Game source released on November 22, Source code of this Imagic Atari game was released by developer Bob Smith on May 24, into the public domain. Mozilla Public license 1. After the author reacquired the rights to the game from the original publisher Webfoot, [] he released the source code of the game engines.
Tendry's Tale without its media assets. Game source released on April 1, In November there was a "development kit" released as free DLC which included the game's source code. As for years there has been no production by the publisher Radio Shack of the game, the distributions rights fall back to the developers. Morgan released game around under a freeware like license to the public, also offering the source code.
The France 98 football Simulation video game was released for the Amiga in In April , the game's source code was released to the public under a permissive zlib license. Content still proprietary and game being sold. Ian Bell , David Braben. In — a dispute occurred between Ian Bell and David Braben regarding Bell's decision to make available all versions of the original Elite. Game source was released somewhen by Razorworks. Around the flash source code was made available for educational purposes by the developers. Game logic written in Python.
Scripts are located in the game directory.
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Game source released by Volition on April 25, Dungeon crawler role-playing video game. On 19 November the game was made freeware by the Czech developer, in the source code was released under GPLv3 on a SourceForge repository. Released in as DOS shareware game, [] in the game's source code was released under GPL by the developers. Development and porting by the game's community continued on SourceForge under the name OpenGlad. In , one year after the MMO was shut down, most of the artwork and parts of the code were released under the CC0 license.
In January the assembly and BlitzBasic 2 source code of the Amiga Doom clone Gloom was released as public domain software under unlicense on GitHub. Source code was opened by JoWood for the members of "Community patch project" from the game community in In March the source code of the game became available via the Internet Archive. On September 21, the developers of the Amiga shareware title Gravity Force 2 released the source code for "nostalgic interest" without specified license. The Museum of Art and Digital Entertainment received the game's source code from its original developers, [] and restored the code in a Hackathon.
Game code distributed with the official editing tools. The Last of the MacLeods. Lost in New York. Game source released As the source code's license requirements limits further development significantly [] the game's community aims for a re-licensing with the new IP holder Gearbox. Was first published under a time-limited license.
In re-newed with an infinite duration license. Made freely available on a Jaguar-dedicated Facebook group in May First 3D game by id Software and John D. Greg Wohlwend chose to open source his code in , [] partly with the intent to spur "non-coders" to try coding, as he had. Released in January on GitHub. I-War Atari Jaguar game. The game was released including the engine later by the developer as non-commercial freeware in Finally released as non-commercial freeware with source code in August Inside a Star-Filled Sky.
Jim Power in Mutant Planet. Around the source code of Jim Power was rescued by Piko Interactive. Space trading and combat simulator. Released as freeware by the authors to promote the development of Iron Seed 2 in the s. Source opened under the GPL by the developers in Ken's Labyrinth was released as freeware on November 16, The source code under a non-commercial license followed on July 1, Freeware with additional restriction.
Allen Pilgrim declared the registered version freeware and released also the source code on August 4, Game code distributed with the official SDK. Czech independent video game developer Pavel Tovarys released the Torque 2D v1. The source code is currently in no known repository on the web available. Voxel FPS open world parcour []. Despite an unsuccessful crowdfunding campaign in , [] Lemma was released commercially by the developer DRM-free and also on Steam.
Magic Land Island now Pocket Island. Around archived on GitHub from other now offline sources. Durandal now Aleph One. Released by Bungie on January 17, Shared Source Limited Permissive License []. Source opened under a Shared Source license by Microsoft in August Inspired by Taito 's Arkanoid it has several features more. The original author released in the source code of MegaBall under the Apache license v2.
GPLv2 excluding compression and audio libraries. As of February Meridian 59 has been turned over to the original technical developers, Andrew and Chris Kirmse. On September 15, they released the game to the public as Freeware and most of the source code under the GPLv2 license. Full game and engine source code released under a restrictive license. Source opened of the game boy version by developer Wesley Knackers in on his website. Uru Live" struggled to attract subscribers and was canceled after its first year. Cyan release the game as an open source game in Around the Nanosaur source code was made available by the developer under a restrictive license.
Source code released by realtech VR on February 16, No One Lives Forever. In , Monolith Productions released a set of editing tools for No One Lives Forever that included the level editor and model editor used for development. No One Lives Forever 2: A Spy in H. Game code available on GitHub. Enemy Unknown , was developed by two Finish students in Turbo Pascal and x86 assembly. They marketed their game as shareware for DOS in Survival horror with FPS aspects.
Developed by Swedish [] developer Frictional Games , the game blends the genres of survival horror, first-person shooter, and adventure. Bill Budge , Electronic Arts. Scott Adams game designer. In the Running with scissors developers announced that they will release the source code of the game "if someone promises to port it to the Dreamcast ". Some game code and tools distributed with the official game release.
Apple II source code was long-thought-lost, [] but was found again and released in Return to Castle Wolfenstein. Revenge of the Titans. Tower Defense , RTS. Announced the game in July, [] by Liquid Edge the game was released on May 23, Rowan's Battle of Britain. In response to the folding of Nevrax , the Free Ryzom Campaign was launched in order to gather enough funds from donations " Crowdfunding " from the community to purchase Ryzom and release the game as free software. The Battle for Newerth. The game was turned freeware by S2 Games on September 1, In the source code became available to the game community, [] who now continues development.
An Epic Adventure at Sea. In Akella agreed to hand the source code of Sea Dogs' game engine to the game community on end-of-support. In March , Croteam released Serious Engine v1. Source code released by Enlight in November, Years later around Lithtech source code became available on GitHub under GPL, [] and work for merging game code and engine started. Source code released June 23, Around Ubisoft had ended the official support while still significant issues existed. Therefore, Ubisoft enabled the game's community at Subsim.
Game code was officially released. On April 30, , Zimmerman , Clark, and Bhatnagar announced a crowdfunding campaign on Kickstarter to revive Sissyfight. Zdnek Stary developed at the Czech development studio Oldsoft the solitair game Soliter for the ZX Spectrum which got released in The game was released by the author in on his homepage for download, in the assembly source code followed as scan.
Soldier of Fortune video game. Soldier of Fortune II: The C and x86 assembly source code to Sopwith was released in , [] at first under a non-commercial use license, but later under the GNU GPL at the request of fans. After Double Fine ended the support of the controversy ridden and incomplete game on end of , [] fans have been working to continue the game's development with the availability of the source code in May under the CPAL open-source license.
On May 14, the development studio made the source code freely available to the game's community for easier modding on GitHub under a proprietary license non- open source license. Source code became available around the The source code of Wolfenstein 3D, which also covered Spear of Destiny , was released on July 21, In the game's developer Javier Arevalo Baeza released the Borland C source code minus some commercial library part for "you can do whatever you want with this code" on GitHub.
Planet Blupie was freed source code and all media files and ported to all major platforms Linux, macOS and Windows for its 20th anniversary, released Open source under GPLv3 on github in The commented assembly source code scan of Star Raider became available in October in the Internet Archive as scan. The never released prototype source code was posted publicly in December Real-time strategy , 4X. Voyager — Elite Force.
Game code distributed with the official GDK. In November Ritual Entertainment released the source code of their server-side code base for multiplayer gaming under a non-commercial license. Star Wars Jedi Knight: Strange Adventures in Infinite Space. Veteran Edition Strife remaster.
In December , Night Dive Studios coordinated the re-release of the first-person shooter role playing hybrid game Strife as Strife: Veteran Edition , after acquiring rights to the game. Because the game's source code had been lost, a derivative of the Chocolate Doom subproject Chocolate Strife was used as the game's engine, with its original programmers being contracted to do additional coding for the re-release. The source code of Strife: Stellar Conquest inspired Space simulation. Stellar Frontier was developed by Doug Hendrix in and was later licensed and published by Stardock.
On August 4, , Stardock Systems closed the official master server. On November 18, , the game source code was released under an own non-commercial license. Based on the Cannabalt engine for iOS, and inspired by it to release the source code. In April the Mac version's source code was released by Night Dive on github, [] fulfilling a promise. Apple II pacman clone from In August Rebecca Heineman announced that original developer Brian Fitzgerald allowed to release the source code.
Released artwork and source code to public in May Became available under a NDA in June In the source code was released to the public. The Guild of Thieves.
In June Magnetic Scrolls worked on recovering the source code of their classics from tapes to remaster and re-release them. The Wheel of Time. Game code and tools distributed with the official game release. In March in the Tornado's community forum, rumors surfaced that Interplay Entertainment was working on a re-release of the game for digital distribution , based on the original source code. On January 20, the source code was released as open source on github. Z-machine Text adventure game. Trevor McFur in the Crescent Galaxy. Torque engine under MIT , rest is proprietary.
Many commercial titles were developed using the Torque engine. The graphic artist Daniel Cook released the artwork shortly after. Usage beside modding and fixing of the game are not permitted by the license. Data was not freed though, so one still needs data files from Steam or GOG.
Vox started life as an entry into the Ludum Dare competition. After a successful crowdfunding project on Kickstarter to develop an open-world simulation game in , [] Gavan Woolery developed several iterations of the game's engine. After running out of funding for further development, he open-sourced with support of the backers the game's engine on github. In April the lost thought source code of Wander , one of the earliest mainframe text adventures , could be acquired from the original author. Members of the community who signed a NDA have been entitled distributors, which have the legal permissions to allocate copies of the Warlords Battlecry III source code.
Own permissive license []. The mobile strategy game was originally released commercially, [] and later released to the public to allow the community to continue the support of the game. Warfare Incorporated now Hostile Takeover. The source code of Wolfenstein 3D , which also covered Spear of Destiny , was released on July 21, World in Conflict server code. Real time strategy game. Game source released in by ubisoft after support ended in Sold around for 10 dollars, [] the game source code was released on 26 June on SourceForge.
Around Team17, impressed by the reverse engineering on Worms Armageddon for "Silkworm", [] gave David "Deadcode" Ellsworth access to the source code. Updates are still created as of Freeware with additional restrictions. Game source released in by the programmer Allen Pilgrim. Shortly after the release of the stable version Goldhawk Interactive allowed selected members of the community to access the source code.
CE , which continues development of an independent branch of the game, adding new features and bugfixes. Zork also known as Dungeon or Dungeon Adventure. Public domain software ports with source code based on the first "Dungeon" version of Zork, are available in various repositories. Original version from MIT. Aliens versus Predator 2. Source code of Asteroids in the Atari version was released in physical form by Atari Sunnyvale on their closure Pac-Man , Dig Dug , Robotron: In , partial source code of an alpha version was leaked.
In , the complete alpha source code was leaked. On September 12, the source code of the SNES version became available as it was found on an eBay -bought hard drive. In , a complete copy of the Dark Engine source code was discovered in the possession of an ex-Looking Glass Studios employee who was at the time continuing his work for Eidos Interactive. In August the source code of Donkey Kong in Atari assembly was published at the AtariAge forum by Curt Vendel the Atari Flashback designer , [] and was discussed there by the original developer, Landon Dyer.