Here is what you want to understand realizing and following the voluminous nationwide electric Code is a continuing problem. This consultant extracts the knowledge important for you, the installer, then arranges it for simple entry and highlights the adjustments so that you can quick spot what is new. Wenn Bauaufgaben komplexer und menschliche Arbeitskraft teurer werden, spielen Maschinen im Baubetrieb eine immer wichtigere Rolle.
This assortment makes a speciality of the advance of novel methods to handle probably the most urgent demanding situations of civil engineering, particularly the mitigation of normal hazards. Die Fertigung eines Smart Desks. Aufbau, Programmierung und - download pdf or read online. Diplomarbeit aus dem Jahr im Fachbereich Elektrotechnik, word: Audel Guide to the National Electrical Code Audel by Paul Rosenberg Here is what you want to understand realizing and following the voluminous nationwide electric Code is a continuing problem. LaFave This assortment makes a speciality of the advance of novel methods to handle probably the most urgent demanding situations of civil engineering, particularly the mitigation of normal hazards.
Aufbau, Programmierung und - download pdf or read online Diplomarbeit aus dem Jahr im Fachbereich Elektrotechnik, word: Ideally, most building should avoid suburban sprawl in favor of the kind of light urban development. Careful mixed use zoning can make commercial, residential, and light industrial areas more accessible. Social sustainability in architecture.
The building structure must also be considered. Mess halls , Latrines , public showers Sustainable design can help to create a sustainable way of living within a community. While the existing social constructs can be seen to influence architecture, the opposite can also be true.
An overtly socially sustainable building, if successful, can help people to see the benefit of living sustainably. The same can be said for environmentally sustainable design, in that architecture can lead the way for the greater community. Art can be a powerfully positive social force. It can help to reduce stress in many situations, lowering the risk of stress-related health problems, both physical and mental. The passive hous e standard combines a variety of techniques and technologies to achieve ultra-low energy use.
Energy efficiency over the entire life cycle of a building is the most important single goal of sustainable architecture. Architects use many different techniques to reduce the energy needs of buildings and increase their ability to capture or generate their own energy. Heating, Ventilation and Cooling System Efficiency. The most important and cost effective element of an efficient heating, ventilating, and air conditioning system is a well insulated building.
A more efficient building requires less heat generating or dissipating power, but may require more ventilation capacity to expel polluted indoor air. Significant amounts of energy are flushed out of buildings in the water, air and compost streams. Off the shelf , on-site energy recycling technologies can effectively recapture energy from waste hot water and stale air and transfer that energy into incoming fresh cold water or fresh air.
Recapture of energy for uses other than gardening from compost leaving buildings requires centralized anaerobic digesters. Site and building orientation have some major effects on a building's efficiency. Passive solar building design allows buildings to harness the energy of the sun efficiently without the use of any active solar mechanisms such as photovoltaic cells or solar hot water panels. Typically passive solar building designs incorporate materials with high thermal mass that retain heat effectively and strong insulation that works to prevent heat escape.
Low energy designs also requires the use of solar shading, by means of awnings, blinds or shutters, to relieve the solar heat gain in summer and to reduce the need for artificial cooling. In addition, low energy buildings typically have a very low surface area to volume ratio to minimize heat loss. This means that sprawling multi-winged building designs often thought to look more "organic" are often avoided in favor of more centralized structures. Windows are placed to maximize the input of heat-creating light while minimizing the loss of heat through glass, a poor insulator.
In the northern hemisphere this usually involves installing a large number of south-facing windows to collect direct sun and severely restricting the number of north-facing windows. Preventing excess solar gain by means of solar shading devices in the summer months is important to reduce cooling needs.
Deciduous trees are often planted in front of windows to block excessive sun in summer with their leaves but allow light through in winter when their leaves fall off. L ight shelves are installed to allow the sunlight in during the winter when the sun is lower in the sky and keep it out in the summer when the sun is high in the sky. Evergreen plants are often planted to the northbuildings to shield against cold north winds.
In colder climates, heating systems are a primary focus for sustainable architecture because they are typically one of the largest single energy drains in buildings. In warmer climates where cooling is a primary concern, passive solar designs can also be very effective. Masonry building materials with high thermal mass are very valuable for retaining the cool temperatures of night throughout the day.
In addition builders often opt for sprawling single story structures in order to maximize surface area and heat loss. Buildings are often designed to capture and channel existing winds, particularly the especially cool winds coming from nearby bodies of water. Many of these valuable strategies are employed in some way by the traditional architecture of warm regions, such as south-western mission buildings. In climates with four seasons, an integrated energy system will increase in efficiency: Active solar devices such as photovoltaic solar panels help to provide sustainable electricity for any use.
Electrical output of a solar panel is dependent on orientation, efficiency, latitude, and climate— solar gain varies even at same latitude. The low efficiency of certain photovoltaic panels can significantly effect the payback period of their installation.
Energy-Efficient Timber-Glass Houses
Roofs are often angled toward the sun to allow photovoltaic panels to collect at maximum efficiency. For any solar panel, a true-south facing orientation maximizes yield. However, at higher latitudes, winter energy yield will be significantly reduced for non-south orientation. However, for an annual maximum production, the angle of the panel above horizontal should be equal to its latitude. Wind turbine systems for homes are one of the more cost effective forms of generating electricity from a renewable energy source if you have the right site.
Wind turbines begin operating when winds reach 8 mph, achieve energy production capacity at speeds of mph, and shut off to avoid damage at speeds exceeding 55 mph. The energy potential of a wind turbine is proportional to the square of the length of its blades and to the cube of the speed at which its blades spin. Though wind turbines are available that can supplement power for a single building, because of these factors, the efficiency of the wind turbine depends much upon the wind conditions at the building site. For these reasons, for wind turbines to be at all efficient, they must be installed at locations that are known to receive a constant amount of wind with average wind speeds of more than 15mph , rather than locations that receive wind sporadically.
A small wind turbine can be installed on a roof. Installation issues then include the strength of the roof, vibration, and the turbulence caused by the roof ledge. Turbines for residential scale use are available. They are usually approximately 7 feet 2 m to 25 feet 8 m in diameter and produce electricity at a rate of watts to 10, watts at their tested wind speed. It is possible to have a system which only gets it power from wind, however, many people combine getting power from a wind turbine with getting power from a solar electric system. The two technologies are often complimentary: Solar water heaters —also called solar domestic hot water systems—can be a cost-effective way to generate hot water for your home.
They can be used in any climate, and the fuel they use—sunshine—is free. There are two types of solar water systems- active and passive. There are also two types of circulation, direct circulation systems and indirect circulation systems. Direct circulation systems loop the domestic water through the panels. They should not be used in climates with temperatures below freezing. Indirect circulation loops glycol or some other fluid through the solar panels and uses a heat exchanger to heat up the domestic water.
The two most common types of collector panels are Flat-Plate and Evacuated-tube. With these higher efficiencies, Evacuated-tube solar collectors can also produce higher-temperature space heating, and even higher temperatures for absorption cooling systems. With the use of solar collectors, the energy use is cut in half.
The up-front cost of installing solar collectors is high, but with the annual energy savings, payback periods are relatively shor t. Geothermal energy is the heat from the Earth. It's clean and sustainable. Resources of geothermal energy range from the shallow ground to hot water and hot rock found a few miles beneath the Earth's surface, and down even deeper to the extremely high temperatures of molten rock called magma.
Air-source heat pumps ASHP can be thought of as reversible air conditioners. Like an air conditioner, an ASHP can take heat from a relatively cool space e. However, unlike an air conditioner, the condenser and evaporator of an ASHP can switch roles and absorb heat from the cool outside air and dump it into a warm house. Air-source heat pumps are inexpensive relative to other heat pump systems. However, the efficiency of air-source heat pumps decline when the outdoor temperature is very cold or very hot; therefore, they are only really applicable in temperate climates.
For areas not located in temperate climates, ground-source or geothermal heat pumps provide an efficient alternative. The difference between the two heat pumps is that the ground-source has one of its heat exchangers placed underground—usually in a horizontal or vertical arrangement. Ground-source takes advantage of the relatively constant, mild temperatures underground, which means their efficiencies can be much greater than that of an air-source heat pump.
The in-ground heat exchanger generally needs a considerable amount of area. Designers have placed them in an open area next to the building or underneath a parking lot. They are also quieter and can also be applied to other functions like domestic hot water heating.
- Gods of Grindhouse: Interviews with Exploitation Filmmakers.
- Le bonheur dun couple de vingt à quatre-vingts ans (Points de vue) (French Edition).
- I Am A Praying Mantis.
- and the shadows took him: A Novel.
In terms of initial cost, the ground-source heat pump system costs about twice as much as a standard air-source heat pump to be installed. However, the up-front costs can be more than offset by the decrease in energy costs. The reduction in energy costs is especially apparent in areas with typically hot summers and cold winters.
Other types of heat pumps are water-source and air-earth. If the building is located near a body of water, the pond or lake could be used as a heat source or sink. With higher fan power requirements and inefficient heat transfer, Air-earth heat pumps are generally not practical for major construction.
- Leskovar, Vesna Žegarac;
- Experimental Research.
- Energy-Efficient Timber-Glass Houses (Green Energy and - download pdf or read online.
- The Scottish Chiefs [with Biographical Introduction].
- Similar titles!
- QUICK LINKS.
As water conservation becomes more important, people look to use water more wisely. Using rain water can be a simple and effective way to cut down on household water usage and save money. The key to a rain water collection system is a rain barrel. You can then collect it in a barrel or tank once it comes down through the roof gutter system. Then you can use the water for your garden, or if you want to use the water for drinking, you'll want to read more about methods of filtering and cleaning the water common methods include UV light, ozone, and chlorination.
Rainwater systems are simple to construct from inexpensive local materials, and are potentially successful in most habitable locations. Roof rainwater is usually of good quality and does not require treatment before consumption. Household rainfall catchment systems are appropriate in areas with an average rainfall greater than mm per year. Roof catchment systems channel rainwater that falls onto a roof into storage via a system of gutters and pipes. The first flush of rainwater after a dry season should be allowed to run to waste as it will be contaminated with dust, bird droppings etc.
Roof gutters should have sufficient incline to avoid standing water. They must be strong enough, and large enough to carry peak flows. Storage tanks should be covered to prevent mosquito breeding and to reduce evaporation losses, contamination and algal growth. Rainwater harvesting systems require regular maintenance and cleaning to keep the system hygienic and in good working order. A domestic rooftop rainwater harvesting system. Greywater is wastewater from bathtub, shower drain, sinks, washing machines, and dishwashers.
Because of this, it does not require the same treatment process. By designing plumbing systems to separate it from blackwater, greywater can be recycled for irrigation, toilets, and exterior washing, resulting in water conservation. When planned into new residential construction, the home's wastewater treatment system can be significantly reduced, resulting in cost and space savings.
Systems generally consist of a three-way diverter valve, a treatment assembly such as a sand filter, a holding tank, a bilge pump, and an irrigation or leaching system.
Freely available
The holding tank cools the water and temporarily holds it back from the drain hose. Systems can either be custom designed and built, or purchased as a package. Techniques include recessed or raised planter soilboxes, water injection without erosion, gravity or pressure leach chamber, and irrigated greenhouses. Some system components can retrofit existing irrigation systems. Typical greywater system www.
The mass of a building often referred to as 'thermal mass' in relation to energy efficiency is a building's capability to absorb, store and regulate heat internally. Buildings with a high mass take a long time to warm up and then long time to cool down.
Sustainable architecture - Wikipedia
Buildings with low mass heat up quickly, but give up their heat-gain quickly, too. Concrete, stone, brickwork, and timber have a high density, making them ideal for high-mass buildings; areas with large windows and wide air spaces heat up and cool down quickly. Energy-efficient homes use high-mass materials.
This is a natural energy efficiency technique as it keeps the building cool in the scorching summer months and keeps the heat indoors in cooler winter months. If you want your home to be energy efficient, build, extend or renovate using high-mass materials. This means that the solar gain during the day will be absorbed and released slowly overnight. Building solid walls or stone floors with dark colored tiles behind south-facing windows will help to create natural 'heaters' in your home: Another advantage of high-mass buildings is that they experience a much lower temperature fluctuation between day and night: Trass , Linoleum , sheep wool, panels made from paper flakes, compressed earth block , adobe, baked earth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal, seagrass, cork, expanded clay grains, coconut, wood fibre plates, calcium sand stone, concrete high and ultra high performance, roman self-healing concrete.
The materials common to many types of natural building are clay and sand. When mixed with water and, usually, straw or another fiber, the mixture may form cob or adobe clay blocks. Other materials commonly used in natural building are: A wide variety of reused or recycled materials are common in natural building, including urbanite salvaged chunks of used concrete , tires, tire bales, discarded bottles and other recycled glass.
Several other materials are increasingly avoided by many practitioners of this building approach, due to their major negative environmental or health impacts. These include unsustainably-harvested wood, toxic wood-preservatives, portland cement -based mixes, paints and other coatings which off-gas volatile organic compounds VOCs , and some plastics, particularly polyvinyl chloride PVC or "vinyl" and those containing harmful plasticizers or hormone-mimicking formulations.
A wall is a usually solid structure that defines and sometimes protects an area. Most commonly, a wall delineates a building and supports its superstructure , separates space in buildings into rooms , or protects or delineates a space in the open air. There are three principal types of structural walls: Cob or cobb is a building material consisting of clay , sand , straw , water, and earth , similar to adobe. Cob is fireproof, resistant to seismic activity, and inexpensive. It can be used to create artistic, sculptural forms and has been revived in recent years by the natural building and sustainability movements.
Cob is an ancient building material, that may have been used for construction since prehistoric timesCob structures can be found in a variety of climates across the globe. Adobe is a type of mudbrick also used today to save energy and is an environmentally safe way to insulate a house. This type of house tends to stay cool in the summer and warm in the winter. Adobe is a natural building material made from sand , clay , and water, with some kind of fibrous or organic material sticks , straw , dung , which is shaped into bricks using frames and dried in the sun.
It is similar to cob and mudbrick. Adobe structures are extremely durable and account for some of the oldest extant buildings on the planet. In hot climates , compared to wooden buildings, adobe buildings offer significant advantages due to their greater thermal mass , but they are known to be particularly susceptible to seismic damage in an event such as an earthquake.
Cordwood construction is a term used for a natural building method in which "cordwood" or short lengths pieces of debarked tree are laid up crosswise with masonry or cob mixtures to build a wall. The cordwood, thus, becomes infill for the walls, usually between posts in a timber frame structure.