He is a specialist of the history of Roman Kingdom and Roman Republic, the historiography of the first centuries of Rome and of the Roman monarchical ideology. Biography The son of an officer in the French army, he studied in Dijon, where his family had settled in Appointed a lecturer at the Sorbonne in , he began a thesis on Roman youth during the Republican era, led by Jacques Heurgon. He was, among many others, Xavier Darcos's thesis director. His research focuses particularly on the Christian Latin authors of antiquity third-fifth centuries and medieval extensions Merovingian and Carolingian times.
Claude Nicolet 15 September — 24 December [1][2] was a 20thst century French historian, a specialist of the institutions and political ideas of ancient Rome. He showed anxiety throughout his life to articulate his republican commitmen He has translated and completed in French the works by the Austrian historian Ernst Stein, who was devoted to the history of late antiquity. He was awarded the Medal of the Resistance in Les Vandales et l' He was a professor at the University of Grenoble.
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In and , he uncovered Roman mosaics in the old hospital sector. Senay, and under his direction only from Life Pflaum, who came from a Jewish family of industrialists, at first studied law in Breslau and Heidelberg, afterwards taking a position in his father's company. He was promoted in in Breslau. He also studied under the epigraphist Louis Robert. In , Pflaum wrote a dissertation on the Cursus publicus during the Roman Empire and was to become a member of the Centre national de la recherche scientifique CNRS.
After the French defeat in , he had to give up his position at the CNRS; his thesis could only ap He was assistant of ancient history at the University of Pau between and He was a lecturer and professor at the University of Pau from to and then became Professor of Ancient History at the Bordeaux Montaigne University in He participated in the work Histoire Romaine, Tome I. Through living history and experimental archeology, he became interested in the Roman period and especially with the gladiators, of which he became one of the specialists. In this context, he carried out a thorough research of critical history on the sale of Biens nationaux in France during the Revolution.
This research work was published in by Actes Sud under the William Seston 2 June — 2 October was a 20th-century French historian and epigrapher, a specialist of the history of the Roman Empire. In he participated in the excavation of the Rapidum camp in Djouab in the former Numidia in today Algeria. Called in Montpellier and Toulouse , he became head of the then newly created division of historical antiquities.
He then joined the Sorbonne in before holding the chair of Roman hi Continuing the excavations he conducted at Bulla Regia, he devoted much of his research to Roman Africa and the architecture of Roman baths, topic of his State thesis. He also devoted much of his work to the study of social and cultural mechanisms of ancient history, offering a critical analysis of the concepts of romanization or conquest, from the analysis of social hierarchies rather than cultural hyphenation. Robert Schilling 17 April — 30 October was a 20th-century French historian and Latinist, a specialist in the history of religion in ancient Rome.
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Mobilized until , however, he was unable to make the intended stay. He held this position until , the year of his retirement. In the last part of his life, he John Scheid born in Luxembourg under the first name Jean is a French historian. Biography After his secondary studies in Luxembourg, John Scheid came to France in in order to study history and classical letters first at the University of Strasbourg and then in Paris, where he was a pupil of Hans-Georg Pflaum. He obtained a 3rd cycle thesis scholarship that he led under the direction of Robert Schilling and which he supported in in Strasbourg.
He obtained the necessary French naturalization in January , in time to enroll in the competition of that year. Catherine Virlouvet 13 February is a French historian, a professor of economic and social history of ancient Rome.
A student of Claude Nicolet, she specialized in economic and social history of Rome at the end of the Republic and unde Biography From an ordinary background, which he described as "uncultured", Veyne took up archaeology and history by chance, at the age of eight, when he discovered a piece of an amphora on a Celtic site close to the village of Cavaillon.
He developed a particular interest in Roman civilization since it was the best-known in the environment in which he grew up. The family having moved to Lille, he assiduously studied the Roman collections of the archaeological museum there, where he received guidance from the curator. He maintains that his interest in the Greeks and Romans stems not from any humanist impulse or any specific admiration, but just from his chance discovery as a child. Pierre Wuilleumier 1 January — 20 November was a 20th-century French scholar, normalian, professor of Latin language and literature at the Sorbonne and archaeologist.
From to , he directed two constituencies of Historic Antiquities in the Lyon region.
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Connected with the romantic harbinger Globe, he obtained a small government clerkship. In he was transferred to the council of state as master of requests, which post he held through the revolution of and He died in Paris. His work focused on municipal life of the Roman Empire and profoundly contributed to a renewal of the historical perspectives on this issue. Career After he obtained the agregation of history, he taught at the University of Reims as lecturer and then he was appointed professor at the University of Nantes in and Lille in The Roman monuments of his native town very early attracted Gaston Boissier to the study of ancient history.
He began his literary career by a thesis on the poet Attius and a study on the life and work of Marcus Terentius Varro French scholars of Roman history Revolvy Brain revolvybrain revolvybrain's feedback about Isabelle Cogitore: Pierre Cosme topic Pierre Cosme born is a French historian and academic, specializing in ancient Rome.
French scholars of Roman history Revolvy Brain revolvybrain revolvybrain's feedback about Pierre Cosme: French archaeologists Revolvy Brain revolvybrain revolvybrain's feedback about Maurice Euzennat: Jacques Heurgon topic Jacques Heurgon 25 January — 27 October was a French university, normalian, Etruscan scholar and Latinist, professor of Latin language and literature at the Sorbonne.
Etruscan scholars Revolvy Brain revolvybrain revolvybrain's feedback about Jacques Heurgon: Alexandre Grandazzi topic Alexandre Grandazzi born 8 February is a French university professor, a specialist of archaeology and Roman history. French scholars of Roman history Revolvy Brain revolvybrain revolvybrain's feedback about Alexandre Grandazzi: French translators Revolvy Brain revolvybrain revolvybrain's feedback about Pierre Grimal: French scholars of Roman history Revolvy Brain revolvybrain revolvybrain's feedback about Michel Labrousse: Lucien Jerphagnon topic Lucien Jerphagnon 7 September — 16 September was a French scholar, historian and philosopher specialized in Greek and Roman philosophy.
French academics Revolvy Brain revolvybrain revolvybrain's feedback about Lucien Jerphagnon: Louis Leschi topic Louis Leschi 2 December — 7 January was a 20th-century French historian, epigrapher and archaeologist, a specialist of ancient North Africa. French archaeologists Revolvy Brain revolvybrain revolvybrain's feedback about Louis Leschi: Claude Lepelley topic Claude Lepelley 8 February [1] — 31 January [2] was a 20thst-century French historian, a specialist of late Antiquity and North Africa during Antiquity.
French scholars of Roman history Revolvy Brain revolvybrain revolvybrain's feedback about Claude Lepelley: Claude Nicolet topic Claude Nicolet 15 September — 24 December [1][2] was a 20thst century French historian, a specialist of the institutions and political ideas of ancient Rome. French scholars of Roman history Revolvy Brain revolvybrain revolvybrain's feedback about Paul Petit historian: William Seston topic William Seston 2 June — 2 October was a 20th-century French historian and epigrapher, a specialist of the history of the Roman Empire.
Robert Schilling historian topic Robert Schilling 17 April — 30 October was a 20th-century French historian and Latinist, a specialist in the history of religion in ancient Rome. French archaeologists Revolvy Brain revolvybrain revolvybrain's feedback about John Scheid: Catherine Virlouvet topic Catherine Virlouvet 13 February is a French historian, a professor of economic and social history of ancient Rome. French scholars of Roman history Revolvy Brain revolvybrain revolvybrain's feedback about Catherine Virlouvet: Paul Veyne topic Paul Veyne French: In brilliant, sometimes lurid poetry, it recounts an abortive revolt against the tyrant TibPre, mounted by Agrippine, the widow of Germanicus, by Skianus, TibPre's traitorous favorite, and by Livilla, Sbjanus's former mis- tress.
Judged scandalous by contemporary audiences and largely ignored by posterity, Cyrano's tragedy holds an eccentric standing in the corpus of seventeenth-century French tragedy. While the former rationalizes behavior and motivation, thus elucidating the progression of the plot, the latter is highly affective, freighting unconscious thoughts, feelings, and associa- tions. In Cyrano's tragedy, a metaphorically-charged dramatic poetry richly conjoins primary and secondary process thinking4 When such a willful conjunction of mental processes is performed by and through the dramatic text, an equally complex response, produced on both a conscious and an unconscious level, is elicited from the spectatorlreader.
In the present case, such a deeply grounded response will appear congruent with the play's focus, for the common experience of the Oedipal crisis which constitutes human subjectivity will be found to underlie the play's action. On the simplest level of motivation, Livilla, SPjanus, and Agrippine have united to overthrow TibPre, the remote and perverse "father" of their country.
It is crucial to observe, however, that TibPre is no ordinary father figure. Second, the text stresses that TibPre's power is in fact usurped. Since the emperor reigns only through Auguste's arbitrary choice, he is in fact a "false son" of Auguste Third, TibPre is presented as having murdered not merely his own father , but Livil- la's father his own half-brother as well Though Agrippine wrongly blames TibPre for Germanicus's death, the catalogue of imperial crimes furnished in IV,2 establishes that this would- be father is pathologically homicidal.
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In this scene, when TibPre accuses Agrippine of plotting his death and hypocritically refers to his paternal love for her sons, she bitterly accuses him of having poisoned them Nor is TibPre guilty of mere parricide in Agrippine's eyes: Among the emperor's pusillanimous habits is the practice of rule by procuration. Since this passive mode of governance requires an active agent, TibPre has previously shared his power with a ruthless henchman, SPjanus.
At the opening of the play, however, this equally "false" son has determined to grab for exclusive possession of the crown. Nor, like TibPre, does SPjanus balk at infanticide: As the roles of both TibPre and Sejanus amply illustrate, patricide and infanticide are common by-products of paternity in Cyrano's tragedy. The tragedy's female roles are also linked by real and fantasized parricide.
Le Roman d'Agrippine
In her first meeting with Sejanus I,4 , Livilla demands Agrippine's death in payment for parricidal crimes she has committed to further his career In V,3, however, where she explains to TibPre her complicity in the plot to assassinate him, Livilla underplays her jealousy of Agrippine.
She voices instead a metaphysical revolt against "la nature et la loy" as symbolized by the emperor's person. Maternity has been a partial means to this end, since it has allowed Livilla to eliminate almost all of TibPre's progeny Dark resemblances appear between the psychopathic Livilla and the no- ble Agrippine, who voices the highest Roman ideals of loyalty and courage.
Agrippine's role incarnates most radically the themes of revolt against patriarchal authority and impotent defeat which ultimately appear at the heart of Cyrano's tragic vision. Eager but unable to wreak vengeance upon TibPre, Livilla, and Skjanus, whom she holds responsible for Germanicus's death, and who in addition have killed all her children but one, Agrippine gives vent to bloody fantasies of murder. Strangest among these is her declaration that should marriage to Sejanus prove indispensable to her revenge, subsequent pregnancies would drive her to infanticide The text thus underscores the fact that motherhood appears to both Livilla and Agrippine as a woman's ultimate weapon.
To convert maternity, like paternity earlier, from life-giving to death-dealing potential speaks elo- quently of Cyrano's own well-known ambivalence toward parental figures. So as to emphasize the deeper import of his conspirators' revolt, Cyrano does more than transcribe the patriarchal nature of Roman society: In IV,2, when Agrippine rebukes TibPre for calling himself the son of Auguste, TibPre stresses the orderly transfer of power from the older ruler to the younger male of his preference, and Agrippine's own resulting enslavement The rise and fall of Sejanus warns, however, that the patriarch who exploits and murders may find himself a victim.
Agrippine will view Sejanus's death as a just punish- ment for his decimation of Roman families More interesting still is the ironic use of the epithet "PPre de la Patrie" applied to the condemned Skjanus in V, But this interpretation cannot explain why all the conspir- ators against TibPre, even the vicious Livilla, are similarly motivated, share a common fate, and are ennobled by their revolt against the emperor.
The tragedy opens with Agrippine's recreation of Germanicus's last mil- itary campaigns. The elimination of Germanicus appears to Agrippine as a sort of cosmological purge: References to the myth of the Titans dot her lengthy anamnesis: As the play's action unfolds, the spectatorlreader retrospectively grasps that Agrippine's allegory of Germanicus's exploits as a demigod's struggle, prematurely cut short by death, against Titanic odds offers a foreshortened version of the tragedy's overall structure. Cosmological indeterminacy results from such a dynamic, for Germani- cus triumphs only to succumb in turn.
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Moreover, the blood shed by Ger- manicus in his African campaign is seen by Agrippine as a new source of life and universal reconciliation To draw out the deeper ramifications of the myth of the Titans which Cyrano's text thus exploits dialectically, it is useful to disengage the myth's own dynamic and the cosmogony which it conveys. Their fate was marked by two salient features: Uranus attempted to sequester his children deep in the earth sym- bolic castration , but was himself castrated by Cronus. In the myth's second phase, Cronus was vanquished by his son Zeus, who in turn rescued his siblings whom Cronus had swallowed a second symbolic castration.
When the Titans laid siege to Olympus to regain their lost power, they were defeated and cast in chains into the bowels of the earth a third symbolic castration. According to Karl Abraham, the story of Uranus duplicates the conflict between father and son found in the story of Oedipus, and in both, the rivalry is sexual in nature Dreams Revolt against paternal authority is the necessary component of progress: Murderous parents are matched by mur- derous children; there are no clear victors, for while the Titans may be interred, they cannot be destroyed.
Although Agrippine erroneously blames TibPre for Germanicus's death and makes him the target of her conspiracy, one may safely surmise that if TibPre did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him. The Titanic revolt against his authority is the unifying principle of the tragedy's action, as TibPre himself states A dialectic between fertility and sterility, creation and destruction, potency and impotence actually infuses both the play's roles and its imagery. Urging Agrippine to stir revolt among Germanicus's veterans, Sejanus presents a horrific vision of their physical sacrifice to Roman glory: Obedience to authority spawns self-destruction, while revolt, even when triumphant, spells death.
To grasp the fatal implications of even a successful conspiracy is to realize the full meaning of Tibere's initial lines in the play: Cyrano's figure genders power as female, and TibPre's reaction to Livilla's disclosure that Skjanus has plotted against him reinforces this association: The theme of castration is in fact omnipresent in the tragedy's text. It surfaces again in the motif of the wound, as when Livilla tells Sbjanus why Agrippine must die: To view Agrippine's grief as a wound which death must surgically close seems at first far-fetched.