They have concluded that the elongated skull, cheek bones, cleft palate, and impacted wisdom tooth suggest that the mummy is the father of Tutankhamun, and thus is Akhenaten.
- Training ohne Geräte: Fit mit dem 3D-System (Trainieren mit dem eigenen Körpergewicht) [E-Book inkl. Code für HD-Videotraining] (German Edition)!
- Heir to an empire.
- History Behind the Heresy.
- Heretic: The Life and Death of Akhenaten by Brijit Reed.
- Luna de miel en Italia (Bianca) (Spanish Edition).
- Heretic: The Life and Death of Akhenaten.
- Report on Human Rights Practices Country of Denmark!
As Amenhotep IV, Akhenaten was married to Nefertiti at the very beginning of his reign, and six daughters were identified from inscriptions. A secondary wife of Akhenaten named Kiya is known from inscriptions. Some have theorized that she gained her importance as the mother of Tutankhamen, Smenkhkare, or both.
It has been proposed that Akhenaten may have taken some of his daughters as sexual consorts, to attempt to father a male heir by them, but this is very debatable. It does seem certain that like his father, Amenhotep III, Akhenaten named at least one daughter as Great Royal Wife , but this does not necessarily indicate she was his sexual consort as the position was also an important ceremonial position. The Amarna Letters , a cache of diplomatic correspondence discovered in modern times at el-Amarna the modern designation of the site of Akhetaten , have provided important evidence about Akhenaten's reign and foreign policy.
This correspondence comprises a priceless collection of incoming messages on clay tablets sent to Akhetaten from various subject rulers through Egyptian military outposts and from the foreign rulers recognized as "Great Kings" of the kingdom of Mitanni , of Babylon, of Assyria, and of Hatti. The governors and kings of Egypt's subject domains also wrote frequently to plead for gold from the pharaoh, and also complained that he had snubbed and cheated them.
Early in his reign, Akhenaten had conflicts with Tushratta , the king of Mitanni, who had courted favor with his father against the Hittites. Tushratta complains in numerous letters that Akhenaten had sent him gold-plated statues rather than statues made of solid gold; the statues formed part of the bride-price which Tushratta received for letting his daughter Tadukhepa marry Amenhotep III and then later marry Akhenaten.
Amarna letter EA 27 preserves a complaint by Tushratta to Akhenaten about the situation:. I will give you ones made also of lapis lazuli.
Book – Heretic: The Life And Death Of Akhenaten | Brijit Reed
I will give you too, along with the statues, much additional gold and [other] goods beyond measure. Your father himself recast the statues [i]n the presence of my messengers, and he made them entirely of pure gold He showed much additional gold, which was beyond measure and which he was sending to me. He said to my messengers, 'See with your own eyes, here the statues, there much gold and goods beyond measure, which I am sending to my brother. But my brother [i. You have sent plated ones of wood. Nor have you sent me the goods that your father was going to send me, but you have reduced [them] greatly.
Yet there is nothing I know of in which I have failed my brother. Any day that I hear the greetings of my brother, that day I make a festive occasion May my brother send me much gold. In my brother's country gold is as plentiful as dust. May my brother cause me no distress. May he send me much gold in order that my brother [with the gold and m]any [good]s may honor me. While Akhenaten was certainly not a close friend of Tushratta, he was evidently concerned at the expanding power of the Hittite Empire under its powerful ruler Suppiluliuma I.
A successful Hittite attack on Mitanni and its ruler Tushratta would have disrupted the entire international balance of power in the Ancient Middle East at a time when Egypt had made peace with Mitanni; this would cause some of Egypt's vassals to switch their allegiances to the Hittites, as time would prove. A group of Egypt's allies who attempted to rebel against the Hittites were captured, and wrote letters begging Akhenaten for troops, but he did not respond to most of their pleas. Evidence suggests that the troubles on the northern frontier led to difficulties in Canaan , particularly in a struggle for power between Labaya of Shechem and Abdi-Heba of Jerusalem , which required the pharaoh to intervene in the area by dispatching Medjay troops northwards.
Akhenaten pointedly refused to save his vassal Rib-Hadda of Byblos — whose kingdom was being besieged by the expanding state of Amurru under Abdi-Ashirta and later Aziru , son of Abdi-Ashirta — despite Rib-Hadda's numerous pleas for help from the pharaoh. Rib-Hadda wrote a total of 60 letters to Akhenaten pleading for aid from the pharaoh. Akhenaten wearied of Rib-Hadda's constant correspondences and once told Rib-Hadda: When Rib-Hadda appealed in vain for aid from Akhenaten and then turned to Aziru, his sworn enemy, to place him back on the throne of his city, Aziru promptly had him dispatched to the king of Sidon, where Rib-Hadda was almost certainly executed.
Several letters from Egyptian vassals notify the pharaoh that they have followed his instructions:. To the king, my lord, my god, my Sun, the Sun from the sky: Message of Yapahu, the ruler of Gazru , your servant, the dirt at your feet. I indeed prostrate myself at the feet of the king, my lord, my god, my Sun I am indeed guarding the place of the king, my lord, the Sun of the sky, where I am, and all the things the king, my lord, has written me, I am indeed carrying out — everything!
Who am I, a dog, and what is my house When the loyal but unfortunate Rib-Hadda was killed at the instigation of Aziru, [41] Akhenaten sent an angry letter to Aziru containing a barely veiled accusation of outright treachery on the latter's part. Say to Aziru, ruler of Amurru: Thus the king, your lord [Akhenaten], saying: The ruler of Gubla [Byblos], whose brother had cast him away at the gate, said to you, "Take me and get me into the city.
There is much silver, and I will give it to you. Indeed there is an abundance of everything, but not with me [here]. Did you not write to the king, my lord saying, "I am your servant like all the previous mayors [i. Yet you acted delinquently by taking the mayor whose brother had cast him away at the gate, from his city. He [Rib-Hadda] was residing in Sidon and, following your own judgment, you gave him to [some] mayors.
Were you ignorant of the treacherousness of the men? If you really are the king's servant, why did you not denounce him before the king, your lord, saying, "This mayor has written to me saying, 'Take me to yourself and get me into my city'"? And if you did act loyally, still all the things you wrote were not true. In fact, the king has reflected on them as follows, "Everything you have said is not friendly. Now the king has heard as follows, "You are at peace with the ruler of Qidsa.
Kadesh The two of you take food and strong drink together. Why do you act so? Why are you at peace with a ruler whom the king is fighting?
Temples and Taxation
And even if you did act loyally, you considered your own judgment, and his judgment did not count. You have paid no attention to the things that you did earlier. What happened to you among them that you are not on the side of the king, your lord? Consider the people that are training you for their own advantage. They want to throw you into the fire If for any reason whatsoever you prefer to do evil, and if you plot evil, treacherous things, then you, together with your entire family, shall die by the axe of the king.
So perform your service for the king, your lord, and you will live. You yourself know that the king does not fail when he rages against all of Canaan. And when you wrote saying, 'May the king, my Lord, give me leave this year, and then I will go next year to the king, my Lord [i. If this is impossible, I will send my son in my place' — the king, your lord, let you off this year in accordance with what you said. Come yourself, or send your son [now], and you will see the king at whose sight all lands live.
This letter shows that Akhenaten paid close attention to the affairs of his vassals in Canaan and Syria. Akhenaten commanded Aziru to come to Egypt and proceeded to detain him there for at least one year. In the end, Akhenaten was forced to release Aziru back to his homeland when the Hittites advanced southwards into Amki , thereby threatening Egypt's series of Asiatic vassal states, including Amurru.
- Heretic: The Life and Death of Akhenaten - Brijit Reed - Google Книги.
- Rock Creek Park!
- Book – Heretic: The Life And Death Of Akhenaten.
- Surfactants in Personal Care Products and Decorative Cosmetics, Third Edition (Surfactant Science)?
- Akhenaten: Egyptian Pharaoh, Nefertiti's Husband, Tut's Father.
- Navigation menu.
Only the Egyptian border province of Amurru in Syria around the Orontes river was permanently lost to the Hittites when its ruler Aziru defected to the Hittites. Finally, contrary to the conventional view of a ruler who neglected Egypt's international relations, Akhenaten is known to have initiated at least one campaign into Nubia in his regnal Year 12, where his campaign is mentioned in Amada stela CG and on a separate companion stela at Buhen.
The last dated appearance of Akhenaten and the Amarna family is in the tomb of Meryra II , and dates from second month, year 12 of his reign. In December , it was announced that a Year 16 III Akhet day 15 inscription dated explicitly to Akhenaten's reign which mentions, in the same breath, the presence of a living Queen Nefertiti, was found in a limestone quarry at Deir el-Bersha just north of Amarna. Akhenaten planned to relocate Egyptian burials on the east side of the Nile sunrise rather than on the west side sunset to the Royal Wadi in Akhetaten.
His sarcophagus was destroyed but has been reconstructed and now sits outside in the Cairo Museum. Similarly, although it is accepted that Akhenaten himself died in Year 17 of his reign, the question of whether Smenkhkare became co-regent perhaps two or three years earlier or enjoyed a brief independent reign is unclear. The next successor was Neferneferuaten , a female pharaoh who reigned in Egypt for two years and one month.
Tutankhamun was believed to be a younger brother of Smenkhkare and a son of Akhenaten, and possibly Kiya although one scholar has suggested that Tutankhamun may have been a son of Smenkhkare instead. DNA tests in indicated Tutankhamun was indeed the son of Akhenaten.
The so-called Coregency Stela , found in a tomb in Amarna possibly shows his queen Nefertiti as his coregent, ruling alongside him, but this is not certain as the names have been removed and recarved to show Ankhesenpaaten and Neferneferuaten. With Akhenaten's death, the Aten cult he had founded fell out of favor: Tutankhaten changed his name to Tutankhamun in Year 2 of his reign BC and abandoned the city of Akhetaten, which eventually fell into ruin. His successors Ay and Horemheb disassembled temples Akhenaten had built, including the temple at Thebes, using them as a source of easily available building materials and decorations for their own temples.
Finally, Akhenaten, Neferneferuaten, Smenkhkare, Tutankhamun, and Ay were excised from the official lists of pharaohs, which instead reported that Amenhotep III was immediately succeeded by Horemheb. This is thought to be part of an attempt by Horemheb to delete all trace of Atenism and the pharaohs associated with it from the historical record. The Inscription of Mes document which dates to Ramesside times refers to Akhenaten himself as "the enemy of Akhetaton" as Egyptians had fully rejected his revolution by this time and the crisis which it sparked.
Regardless of whether or not Akhenaten wanted people to love him, recent research shows that the people who built his new city, out in the desert, paid a steep price.
Akhenaten: mad, bad, or brilliant?
Recent research published in the journal Antiquity shows that the common people at Amarna suffered from nutritional deficiencies and a high juvenile mortality rate, even by the standards of the time. The children had stunted growth, and many of the bones were porous due to nutritional deficiency, probably because the commoners lived on a diet of mostly bread and beer, archaeologist Anna Stevens told LiveScience in an interview at the time the research was published.
Researchers also found that more than three-quarters of the adults had degenerative joint disease, likely from hauling heavy loads, and about two-thirds of these adults had at least one broken bone as reported in the LiveScience story. It has been speculated that she may have fallen out of favor with Akhenaten, or that her name was changed so that she became a co-ruler of Egypt.
However, a recent discovery challenges all of this. Within a few years of his death which occurred around B. A boy king, he had originally been named Tutankhaten, in honor of the Aten, but his name was changed to honor Amun, the god whom his father had tried to have wiped out. The message was clear, Akhenaten, through his radical religious changes, had turned his back on the gods and so offended them. Tutankhamun and his successors would restore things to how they had been before.
Owen Jarus writes about archaeology and all things about humans' past for Live Science. Owen has a bachelor of arts degree from the University of Toronto and a journalism degree from Ryerson University. He enjoys reading about new research and is always looking for a new historical tale. Live Science History Reference: Aug 18, Harmeet rated it really liked it.
A mini-book, originally written as a play. This makes the book short, visual and covering a wide time span of events. Religion appears to be have played a prominent role in ancient Egypt. Book is about Akenaten, a king that that is famous for his decision to promote a favourite god Aten, or Sun over all others. I love stories about ancient Egypt, but this one left me hanging.
I wanted more of what happened in the end. It was a good story and was very good in detail. Feb 05, Marcele rated it liked it Shelves: It was an okay historical fiction, but the way the author chose to cut the passage of time and edit the text is annoying. Margaret rated it it was ok Jan 21, Luna Maris rated it it was ok Nov 25, Alyse rated it it was ok Aug 12, Diana Cowling rated it liked it Mar 30, Rebecca rated it liked it Jun 04, Richard Regan rated it liked it Oct 09, Gabrielle rated it it was amazing Dec 30, Louis rated it it was amazing Dec 27, Schwartz rated it liked it May 05, Susan Ross rated it really liked it Sep 17, Ryan Licari rated it really liked it Apr 01, Takro rated it liked it Aug 13, Hope rated it liked it Apr 15, Emily rated it liked it Sep 21, LeeAnn Fowler rated it it was ok Jan 20, Mary rated it really liked it Sep 20, Miranda Reynolds fick rated it it was amazing Jul 14, Kevin H rated it liked it Apr 14, Fiona rated it did not like it May 31, Laura Haynes rated it liked it Aug 30, Sevanjie Dedigama rated it it was amazing Mar 01, Anne Tudor rated it liked it Nov 05, Donna rated it did not like it Feb 27, Dawn DuBois rated it it was ok Jul 12,