All the sites studied were rural communities with similar ecological characteristics: Climatic characteristics were very similar for all study sites Table 1. CT, climate type; T , annual mean temperature in degrees; P , annual precipitation in mm. F, numbers of female individuals; M, number of male individuals; J, number of juvenile individuals.
For codes of sites see Table 1. The number of wandering males found close to but not inside each sampling area is not considered in this figure. Individual spiders were collected manually throughout the entire area. Despite differences in study area size, most tarantulas were found in their burrows, which were concentrated in particular areas such as gardens or football fields, as observed in previous studies Machkour-M'Rabet et al. In Veracruz and Campeche states, we also collected males found walking close to the sampling area less than 1 km. We also recorded morphological data for these males as they were considered characteristic of the corresponding localities.
Males and females were sexed by the tibial apophysis of leg I and the palp embolus in males, and by the females spermathecae. Collected individuals were measured and classified as adults males and females or juveniles based on sexual characters. The specimens were collected and measured in the field during the night between A small stick was used to remove the spiders from their burrows and handle them carefully by hand. Measurements were taken in millimeters using a digital vernier Truper. The individuals were weighed W to the nearest 0. Once all the data had been recorded, each spider was released in front of the entrance to its burrow.
The G -test was used to compare the number of males, females, and juveniles collected among sites. Morphological measurements for males and females recorded at the sites were compared using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U -test. In Veracruz and Campeche state, walking males that were found close to but outside the sampling area were considered for means of analysis, representative of males from within the study area. To compare morphological measurements of females between sites, a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test was carried out, followed by a post hoc comparison of mean rank.
All statistical analyses were performed using Statistica v7.
We collected a total of B. In Campeche and Veracruz we found 6 and 11 males, respectively, outside the sampling area on the village perimeter. The number of individuals observed presents a high degree of variation according to location. In Veracruz, 10 females were observed at the Paso de Milpa site.
Sixty-seven tarantulas were observed at the 11 de Mayo site in the state of Campeche Fig. The number of collected individuals at each site varied considerably Fig. Males and females were compared in populations with a sufficient number of individuals of each sex, fixed at a minimum of 6. Only the sites in Campeche and Veracruz met this minimum number.
- Sizzle And Burn: Number 3 in series (Arcane Society).
- ¡A comer tarántula! (no en Camboya, sino en México)?
- Google SketchUp for Interiors: A conceptual guide for modeling interior spaces?
Male and female spiders presented significant differences in size in Campeche Fig. Males were significantly larger than females with longer legs tibias from the I and IV legs, and patella from the IV leg and prosoma. This was not the case in Veracruz, especially with respect to the females and males found in Paso de Milpa. At this site, males were significantly larger than females in two measurements: Males were significantly lighter than females males: In this area no differences between sexes were observed for other morphological characters: For abbreviations of morphological measurements see Table 2.
Comparing males found in different geographical areas, no significant differences were observed between Campeche and Veracruz: Due to the low number of female individuals observed at most sites, we could only compare females from 4 of them: Despite the low number of individuals, differences in size between females from the area with a high number of individuals 11 de Mayo and areas with few individuals the remaining localities , demonstrate a significant difference between 11 de Mayo and the other sites.
Leg and prosoma size is significantly lower in female tarantulas from Campeche when compared to the other 3 sites. Despite their geographical distance, the morphology of tarantulas from populations with low number of individuals appears to be similar Table 2. Letters following means represent intergroup differences post hoc test for each morphometric measurement.
Some studies of tarantulas show different aspects of sexual dimorphism. For example, Shillington , reported the significance of life history sexual dimorphism for Aphonopelma anax Chamberlin, Araneae: Mature male tarantulas lead a very active life that revolves around searching for females for reproduction. This implies higher energy demands, leading to a higher resting metabolic rate RMR than females. Shillington observed that males of A. This study presents, for the first time, clear evidence of sexual size dimorphism in tibia length for Brachypelma.
For many species of tarantula, sexually mature males abandon their burrow and actively search for females to mate with over a large geographical area Shillington, , which makes it more difficult to find males than females.
Restaurante La Tarantula - Picture of Restaurante La Tarantula, Barcelona
This capacity of males increases their reproductive success and gene dispersal. A recent genetic study of B. As the males cover long distances while seeking a mate Shillington, ; Machkour-M'Rabet et al. Therefore, the evolutionary process may favor longer legs in males. Male size may also be an adaptation for protection against females that may not predate organisms of an equivalent or larger size, given the risk of injuries.
At the Campeche site females are numerous and smaller than in other populations.
Servicios Personalizados
In addition, they are smaller than males found within the same population. Zodariidae , an ant-eating spider. In addition to variations in resource availability, the quality of prey can also influence intraspecific variation in body size Amarello et al. However, in Campeche where females are smaller, male size does not appear to be affected. Data were collected at sites with human presence that are frequently inhabited by B. Procyonidae Hirsch, , since wild mammals do not normally venture into human settlements. The Pepsi wasps Pepsis spp.
The number of individuals per population may explain the morphological differences between females from different populations and, between males and females in the Campeche population. Using the characteristics from these initial studies, it was easy to find B. However, the number of tarantulas varied considerably with more individuals found at the Campeche site.
Although, the causes are still unknown, the high number of tarantulas in 11 de Mayo site may indicate that ecological factors are particularly favorable for these spiders in this particular area, although female tarantulas were smaller than those found in other geographical areas. The latter may be associated with a high degree of intraspecific competition, with large numbers of individuals competing for the same resources.
The number of spiders collected is a good indicator of the abundance of tarantulas at each locality. The high number of tarantulas observed in Campeche State and the low number of B. Furthermore, large populations of this tarantula in Campeche need to be provided special protection as they represent important centers of dispersal and resilience for this species.
Moreover, the population from Campeche, close to the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, had more individuals than the remaining populations. This may be a result of its proximity to a large protected area, and further research may help us understand the importance of these areas for the conservation of the Mexican redrump Tarantula. We would like to thank the people from the villages visited during sampling for granting us access to their land and for their hospitality during our stay.
Thanks to the reviewers and to the associate editor of the Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad for the suggestions and comments that improved our work. Thanks to Claudia Vilchis-Nestor for the information on the Cozumel population of Brachypelma vagans.
The research was financed by Conacyt project This study was conducted according to relevant national and international guidelines. Potential environmental influences on variation in body size and sexual size dimorphism among Arizona populations of the western diamond-backed rattlesnake Crotalus atrox. Journal of Arid Environments. Geographic variation and the evolution of reproductive allocation in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Acrididae follows the converse to Bergmann's rule although male morphological variability increases with latitude.
Bulletin of Entomological Research. Blanckenhorn and Demont, W.
Menu de navigation
Bergmann and converse Bergmann latitudinal clines in arthropods: Integrative and Comparative Biology. When Rensch meets Bergmann: Cazier and Mortenson, M. Bionomical observations on tarantula-hawks and their prey Hymenoptera: Annals of the Entomological Society of America. Chamberlin and Ivie, R. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. A component of the longevity equation in the male Mygalomorphae, Brachypelma albopilosa.
The descent of man and selection in relation to sex.
¡A comer tarántula! (no en Camboya, sino en México)
Princeton University Press; Are cannibalism and tarantula predation, factors of the spatial distribution of the wolf spider Lycosa subfusca Araneae Lycosidae?. Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Full Cast and Crew. Inspector Tellini investigates serial crimes where victims are paralyzed while having their bellies ripped open with a sharp knife, much in the same way tarantulas are killed by the black Marcello Danon story , Lucile Laks screenplay. Share this Rating Title: Black Belly of the Tarantula 6.
Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Learn more More Like This. Seven Blood-Stained Orchids The Case of the Bloody Iris Short Night of Glass Dolls An American journalist in Prague searches for his girlfriend who has suddenly disappeared. The Case of the Scorpion's Tail Death Walks on High Heels Who Saw Her Die? What Have You Done to Solange?
Death Walks at Midnight The Strange Vice of Mrs. Edit Cast Cast overview, first billed only: Inspector Tellini Claudine Auger Maria Zani Rossella Falk Franca Valentino Silvano Tranquilli Paolo Zani Annabella Incontrera Mirta Ricci Ezio Marano Anna Tellini Giancarlo Prete Maria's friend Eugene Walter Ginetto, the waiter as Walter Eugene Nino Vingelli Inspector Di Giacomo Daniele Dublino Edit Storyline Inspector Tellini investigates serial crimes where victims are paralyzed while having their bellies ripped open with a sharp knife, much in the same way tarantulas are killed by the black wasp.
With needles dipped in deadly venom the victims are paralyzed - so they must lie awake and watch themselves die! Da Ma Produzione , P. Mono Mono Westrex Recording System. Edit Did You Know?