Military Labour Productivity in the French Army 4. The Racial Structure of the New World, — 5. Life Expectancy at Birth: England, the United States, India and China, — 6. Religious Belief and Observance, Early s and Mids 9.
- Hormones, Heredity, and Race: Spectacular Failure in Interwar Vienna (Studies in Modern Science, Technology, and the Environment).
- .
- .
Patents Granted by Country of Origin of Applicant, — Was it during my first walk along the Bund in Shanghai in ? Was it amid the smog and dust of Chongqing, listening to a local Communist Party official describe a vast mound of rubble as the future financial centre of South-west China? That was in , and somehow it impressed me more than all the synchronized razzamatazz of the Olympic opening ceremony in Beijing.
Or was it at Carnegie Hall in , as I sat mesmerized by the music of Angel Lam, the dazzlingly gifted young Chinese composer who personifies the Orientalization of classical music? The principal question addressed by this book increasingly seems to me the most interesting question a historian of the modern era can ask. Just why, beginning around , did a few small polities on the western end of the Eurasian landmass come to dominate the rest of the world, including the more populous and in many ways more sophisticated societies of Eastern Eurasia?
My subsidiary question is this: The very fact that I want to pose such questions says something about the first decade of the twenty- first century. Born and raised in Scotland, educated at Glasgow Academy and Oxford University, I assumed throughout my twenties and thirties that I would spend my academic career at either Oxford or Cambridge.
And where else could that be but downtown Manhattan? As the new millennium dawned, the New York Stock Exchange was self- evidently the hub of an immense global economic network that was American in design and largely American in ownership. But within just eight months of becoming president, George W. Bush was confronted by an event that emphatically underlined the centrality of Manhattan to the Western-dominated world.
This was target number one for anyone serious about challenging Western predominance. The subsequent events were heady with hubris. The Taliban overthrown in Afghanistan. Saddam Hussein ousted in Iraq. The Toxic Texan riding high in the polls, on track for re-election. The US economy bouncing back thanks to tax cuts. For without the availability to the American consumer of both cheap Chinese labour and cheap Chinese capital, the bubble of the years —7 would not have been so egregious. Nemesis came first in the backstreets of Sadr City and the fields of Helmand, which exposed not only the limits of American military might but also, more importantly, the naivety of neo-conservative visions of a democratic wave in the Greater Middle East.
What had gone wrong? In a series of articles and lectures beginning in mid and culminating in the publication of The Ascent of Money in November — when the financial crisis was at its worst — I argued that all the major components of the international financial system had been disastrously weakened by excessive short- term indebtedness on the balance sheets of banks, grossly mispriced and literally overrated mortgage- backed securities and other structured financial products, excessively lax monetary policy on the part of the Federal Reserve, a politically engineered housing bubble and, finally, the unrestrained selling of bogus insurance policies known as derivatives , offering fake protection against unknowable uncertainties, as opposed to quantifiable risks.
The globalization of financial institutions that were of Western origin had been supposed to usher in a new era of reduced economic volatility. It took historical knowledge to foresee how an old- fashioned liquidity crisis might bring the whole shaky edifice of leveraged financial engineering crashing to the ground. The danger of a second Depression receded after the summer of , though it did not altogether disappear. But the world had nevertheless changed. The breathtaking collapse in global trade caused by the financial crisis, as credit to finance imports and exports suddenly dried up, might have been expected to devastate the big Asian economies, reliant as they were said to be on exports to the West.
Thanks to a highly effective government stimulus programme based on massive credit expansion, however, China suffered only a slow-down in growth. This was a remarkable feat that few experts had anticipated. Despite the manifest difficulties of running a continental economy of 1. The gap between Western and Chinese incomes had begun to open up as long ago as the s and had continued to widen until as recently as the late s, if not later.
But since then it had narrowed with astonishing speed. The financial crisis crystallized the next historical question I wanted to ask. Had that Western edge now gone? Only by working out what exactly it had consisted of could I hope to come up with an answer. What follows is concerned with historical methodology; impatient readers can skip it and go straight to the introduction. I wrote this book because I had formed the strong impression that the people currently living were paying insufficient attention to the dead.
Watching my three children grow up, I had the uneasy feeling that they were learning less history than I had learned at their age, not because they had bad teachers but because they had bad history books and even worse examinations. For roughly thirty years, young people at Western schools and universities have been given the idea of a liberal education, without the substance of historical knowledge.
They have been trained in the formulaic analysis of document excerpts, not in the key skill of reading widely and fast. They have been encouraged to feel empathy with imagined Roman centurions or Holocaust victims, not to write essays about why and how their predicaments arose. The former president of the university where I teach once confessed that, when he had been an undergraduate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, his mother had implored him to take at least one history course. The brilliant young economist replied cockily that he was more interested in the future than in the past.
It is a preference he now knows to be illusory. There is in fact no such thing as the future, singular; only futures, plural. There are multiple interpretations of history, to be sure, none definitive — but there is only one past. And although the past is over, for two reasons it is indispensable to our understanding of what we experience today and what lies ahead of us tomorrow and thereafter.
First, the current world population makes up approximately 7 per cent of all the human beings who have ever lived. The dead outnumber the living, in other words, fourteen to one, and we ignore the accumulated experience of such a huge majority of mankind at our peril. History is not just how we study the past; it is how we study time itself. Historians are not scientists. Because there is no possibility of repeating the single, multi-millennium experiment that constitutes the past.
The sample size of human history is one. This means that their behaviour is even harder to predict than if they were insensate, mindless, gyrating particles. Among the many quirks of the human condition is that people have evolved to learn almost instinctively from their own past experience. So their behaviour is adaptive; it changes over time.
We do not wander randomly but walk in paths, and what we have encountered behind us determines the direction we choose when the paths fork — as they constantly do. So what can historians do? Or — though the two approaches are not mutually exclusive — the historian can commune with the dead by imaginatively reconstructing their experiences in the way described by the great Oxford philosopher R. Collingwood in his Autobiography. These two modes of historical inquiry allow us to turn the surviving relics of the past into history, a body of knowledge and interpretation that retrospectively orders and illuminates the human predicament.
Any serious predictive statement about the possible futures we may experience is based, implicitly or explicitly, on one or both of these historical procedures. His thought process is itself worth reconstructing: We study history in order to see more clearly into the situation in which we are called upon to act. For the problem of why civilizations fall is too important to be left to the purveyors of scissors-and- paste history. For there is more than one tiger hidden in this grass. In dutifully reconstructing past thought, I have tried always to remember a simple truth about the past that the historically inexperienced are prone to forget.
Most people in the past either died young or expected to die young, and those who did not were repeatedly bereft of those they loved, who did die young. Consider the case of my favourite poet, the Jacobean master John Donne, who lived to the age of fifty-nine, thirteen years older than I am as I write. In the space of sixteen impecunious years, Anne Donne bore her husband twelve children.
Three of them, Francis, Nicholas and Mary, died before they were ten. Anne herself died after giving birth to the twelfth child, which was stillborn. Study me then, you who shall lovers be At the next world, that is, at the next spring; For I am every dead thing, In whom Love wrought new alchemy. Everyone should read these lines who wants to understand better the human condition in the days when life expectancy was less than half what it is today. The much greater power of death to cut people off in their prime not only made life seem precarious and filled it with grief.
It also meant that most of the people who built the civilizations of the past were young when they made their contributions. Mozart, composer of the most perfect of all operas, Don Giovanni, died when he was just thirty- five. Franz Schubert, composer of the sublime String Quintet in C D , succumbed, probably to syphilis, at the age of just thirty-one. Prolific though they were, what else might they have composed if they had been granted the sixty-three years enjoyed by the stolid Johannes Brahms or the even more exceptional seventy-two years allowed the ponderous Anton Bruckner?
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, who died bedecked with honours at the age of eighty-three. And how different would the art galleries of the world be today if the painstaking Jan Vermeer had lived to be ninety-one and the over-prolific Pablo Picasso had died at thirty-nine, instead of the other way round? Politics, too, is an art — as much a part of our civilization as philosophy, opera, poetry or painting. But the greatest political artist in American history, Abraham Lincoln, served only one full term in the White House, falling victim to an assassin with a petty grudge just six weeks after his second inaugural address.
Because our lives are so very different from the lives of most people in the past, not least in their probable duration, but also in our greater degree of physical comfort, we must exercise our imaginations quite vigorously to understand the men and women of the past. As we have no immediate experience of what other men feel, we can form no idea of the manner in which they are affected, but by conceiving what we ourselves should feel in the like situation.
Though our brother is on the rack, as long as we ourselves are at our ease, our senses will never inform us of what he suffers. They never did, and never can, carry us beyond our own person, and it is by the imagination only that we can form any conception of what are his sensations. It is the impressions of our own senses only, not those of his, which our imaginations copy.
By the imagination, we place ourselves in his situation. This, of course, is precisely what Collingwood says the historian should do, and it is what I want the reader to do as she encounters in these pages the resurrected thoughts of the dead. The key point of the book is to understand what made their civilization expand so spectacularly in its wealth, influence and power. But there can be no understanding without that sympathy which puts us, through an act of imagination, in their situation.
That act will be all the more difficult when we come to resurrect the thoughts of the denizens of other civilizations — the ones the West subjugated or, at least, subordinated to itself. This is not a history of the West but a history of the world, in which Western dominance is the phenomenon to be explained. It is the regular grouping, the frequency with which particular characteristics recur, their ubiquity within a precise area [combined with] … some sort of temporal permanence … Braudel was better at delineating structures than explaining change, however.
These days, it is often said that historians should tell stories; accordingly, this book offers a big story — a meta-narrative of why one civilization transcended the constraints that had bound all previous ones — and a great many smaller tales or micro-histories within it. Nevertheless the revival of the art of narrative is only part of what is needed. The answer needs to be analytical, it needs to be supported by evidence and it needs to be testable by means of the counterfactual question: Or would the world have turned out quite differently, with China on top, or some other civilization?
We should not delude ourselves into thinking that our historical narratives, as commonly constructed, are anything more than retro-fits. To contemporaries, as we shall see, the outcome of Western dominance did not seem the most probable of the futures they could imagine; the scenario of disastrous defeat often loomed larger in the mind of the historical actor than the happy ending vouchsafed to the modern reader. The reality of history as a lived experience is that it is much more like a chess match than a novel, much more like football game than a play. No serious writer would claim that the reign of Western civilization was unblemished.
Yet there are those who would insist that there was nothing whatever good about it. This position is absurd. As is true of all great civilizations, that of the West was Janus-faced: Competition and monopoly; science and superstition; freedom and slavery; curing and killing; hard work and laziness — in each case, the West was father to both the good and the bad. One difficulty is that we cannot always reconstruct the past thoughts of these non-Western peoples, for not all of them existed in civilizations with the means of recording and preserving thought.
In the end, history is primarily the study of civilizations, because without written records the historian is thrown back on spearheads and pot fragments, from which much less can be inferred. It must transcend the multiple disciplinary boundaries erected by academics, with their compulsion to specialize, between economic, social, cultural, intellectual, political, military and international history.
It must cover a great deal of time and space, because civilizations are not small or ephemeral. But a book like this cannot be an encyclopaedia. To those who will complain about what has been omitted, I can do no more than quote the idiosyncratic jazz pianist Thelonious Monk: Many notes and chords have been omitted below. But they have been left out for a reason. Does the selection reflect the biases of a middle-aged Scotsman, the archetypal beneficiary of Western predominance?
But I cherish the hope that the selection will not be disapproved of by the most ardent and eloquent defenders of Western values today, whose ethnic origins are very different from mine — from Amartya Sen to Liu Xiaobo, from Hernando de Soto to the dedicatee of this book. A book that aims to cover years of world history is necessarily a collaborative venture and I owe thanks to many people.
I am grateful to the staff at the following archives, libraries and institutions: The peerless Peter James did more than copy-edit the text. Like four of my last five books, Civilization was from its earliest inception a television series as well as a book. At Channel 4 Ralph Lee has kept me from being abstruse or plain incomprehensible, with assistance from Simon Berthon. Neither series nor book could have been made without the extraordinary team of people assembled by Chimerica Media: A key role was also played in the early phase of the project by Joanna Potts.
With their patience and generosity towards the author, my fellow Chimericans Melanie Fall and Adrian Pennink have ensured that we remain a pretty good advertisement for the triumvirate as a form of government. My friend Chris Wilson once again ensured that I missed no planes. Among the many people who helped us film the series, a number of fixers also helped with the research that went into the book. I am extremely fortunate to have in Andrew Wylie the best literary agent in the world and in Sue Ayton his counterpart in the realm of British television.
A number of eminent historians generously read all or part of the manuscript in draft, as did a number of friends as well as former and current students: All surviving errors are my fault alone. My biggest debts, however, are to my colleagues at Harvard. It would take too long to thank every member of the Harvard History Department individually, so let me confine myself to a collective thank-you: But most of all I thank all my students on both sides of the Charles River, particularly those in my General Education class, Societies of the World This book started life in your presence, and greatly benefited from your papers and feedback.
Finally, I offer my deepest thanks to my family, particularly my parents and my oft-neglected children, Felix, Freya and Lachlan, not forgetting their mother Susan and our extended kinship group. In many ways, I have written this book for you, children. It is dedicated, however, to someone who understands better than anyone I know what Western civilization really means — and what it still has to offer the world.
With great deference to him, I thought civilization, from to civilize, better in the sense opposed to barbarity, than civility. James Boswell All definitions of civilization … belong to a conjugation which goes: That only revived with the building of Chartres cathedral, dedicated though not completed in , and was showing signs of fatigue with the Manhattan skyscrapers of his own time. Civilization was the chateaux of the Loire.
It was the palazzi of Florence. It was the Sistine Chapel. Music and literature made their appearances; politics and even economics occasionally peeked in. In fairness to Clark, his series was subtitled A Personal View. In this book I take a broader, more comparative view, and I aim to be more down and dirty than high and mighty. My idea of civilization is as much about sewage pipes as flying buttresses, if not more so, because without efficient public plumbing cities are death-traps, turning rivers and wells into havens for the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
I am, unapologetically, as interested in the price of a work of art as in its cultural value. To my mind, a civilization is much more than just the contents of a few first-rate art galleries. It is a highly complex human organization. Its paintings, statues and buildings may well be its most eye-catching achievements, but they are unintelligible without some understanding of the economic, social and political institutions which devised them, paid for them, executed them — and preserved them for our gaze.
If barbarism had an antonym for Johnson, it was the polite though sometimes also downright rude urban life he enjoyed so much in London. A civilization, as the etymology of the word suggests, revolves around its cities, and in many ways it is cities that are the 3 heroes of this book.
It is as much about forms of land tenure as it is about landscapes. The success of a civilization is measured not just in its aesthetic achievements but also, and surely more importantly, in the duration and quality of life of its citizens. And that quality of life has many dimensions, not all easily quantified. We may be able to estimate the per-capita income of people around the world in the fifteenth century, or their average life expectancy at birth.
But what about their comfort? How many garments did they own? What food could they buy with their wages? Artworks by themselves can offer hints, but they cannot answer such questions. Clearly, however, one city does not make a civilization. A civilization is the single largest unit of human organization, higher though more amorphous than even an empire. Civilizations are partly a practical response by human populations to their environments — the challenges of feeding, watering, sheltering and defending themselves — but they are also cultural in character; often, though not always, religious; often, though not always, communities of 5 language.
They are few, but not far between. Carroll 6 Quigley counted two dozen in the last ten millennia. In the pre-modern world, Adda Bozeman saw just 7 five: Shmuel Eisenstadt counted six by adding Jewish civilization 9 to the club. The striking thing about these interactions is that authentic civilizations seem to remain true unto themselves for very long periods, despite outside influences.
As Fernand Braudel put it: The Forbidden City was under construction in Ming Beijing, while work had begun on reopening and improving the Grand Canal; in the Near East, the Ottomans were closing in on Constantinople, which they would finally capture in The Byzantine Empire was breathing its last. The death of the warlord Timur Tamerlane in had removed the recurrent threat of murderous invading hordes from Central Asia — the antithesis of civilization. A Muslim still ruled in Granada.
The most prosperous parts of Europe were in fact the North Italian city-states: Florence, Genoa, Pisa, Siena and Venice. As for fifteenth-century North America, it was an anarchic wilderness compared with the realms of the Aztecs, Mayas and Incas in Central and South America, with their towering temples and skyscraping roads. By the end of your world tour, the notion that the West might come to dominate the Rest for most of the next half-millennium would have come to seem wildly fanciful.
And yet it happened. For some reason, beginning in the late fifteenth century, the little states of Western Europe, with their bastardized linguistic borrowings from Latin and a little Greek , their religion derived from the teachings of a Jew from Nazareth and their intellectual debts to Oriental mathematics, astronomy and technology, produced a civilization capable not only of conquering the great Oriental empires and subjugating Africa, the Americas and Australasia, but also of converting peoples all over the world to the Western way of life — a conversion achieved ultimately more by the word than by the sword.
Les bons plans croisière
There are those who dispute that, claiming that all civilizations are in some sense equal, and that the West cannot claim superiority over, say, the East of 12 Eurasia. But such relativism is demonstrably absurd. No previous civilization had ever achieved such dominance as the West achieved over the 13 Rest. Average life expectancy in England was nearly twice what it was in India. Higher living standards in the West were also reflected in a better diet, even for agricultural labourers, and taller stature, even for ordinary 15 soldiers and convicts.
Civilization, as we have seen, is about cities.
By this measure, too, the West had come out on top. In , as far as we can work out, the biggest city in the world was Beijing, with a population of between , and , Of the ten largest cities in the world by that time only one — Paris — was European, and its population numbered fewer than , London had perhaps 50, inhabitants.
Yet by there had been an astonishing reversal. With a population of around 6. Nor did Western dominance end with the decline and fall of the European empires. The rise of the United States saw the gap between West and East widen still further. As a result, Western civilization became a kind of template for the way the rest of the world aspired to organize itself.
Prior to , of course, there was a variety of developmental models — or operating systems, to draw a metaphor from computing — that could be adopted by non-Western societies. But the most attractive were all of European origin: The Second World War killed the second in Europe, though it lived on under assumed names in many developing countries. To be sure, there has been much talk in the wake of the global financial crisis about alternative Asian economic models.
But not even the most ardent cultural relativist is recommending a return to the institutions of the Ming dynasty or the Mughals. The current debate between the proponents of free markets and those of state intervention is, at root, a debate between identifiably Western schools of thought: The birthplaces of all three speak for themselves: In practice, most of the world is now integrated into a Western economic system in which, as Smith recommended, the market sets most of the prices and determines the flow of trade and division of labour, but government plays a role closer to the one envisaged by Keynes, intervening to try to smooth the business cycle and reduce income inequality.
As for non-economic institutions, there is no debate worth having. All over the world, universities are converging on Western norms. Most people now accept the great scientific truths revealed by Newton, Darwin and Einstein and, even if they do not, they still reach eagerly for the products of Western pharmacology at the first symptom of influenza or bronchitis.
Only a few societies continue to resist the encroachment of Western patterns of marketing and consumption, as well as the Western lifestyle itself. More and more human beings eat a Western diet, wear Western clothes and live in Western housing. Even the peculiarly Western way of work — five or six days a week from 9 until 5, with two or three weeks of holiday — is becoming a kind of universal standard.
Even the atheism pioneered in the West is making impressive headway. Burgers, Bunsen burners, Band-Aids, baseball caps and Bibles: It is as much as a political ideology as a religion that a militant Islam seeks to resist the advance of the late twentieth-century Western norms of gender equality 18 and sexual freedom.
It is a statement of the obvious. The challenge is to explain how it happened. What was it about the civilization of Western Europe after the fifteenth century that allowed it to trump the outwardly superior empires of the Orient? Clearly, it was something more than the beauty of the Sistine Chapel. The facile, if not tautological, answer to the question is that the West dominated the Rest because of 19 imperialism. There are still many people today who can work themselves up into a state of high moral indignation over the misdeeds of the European empires.
It is also clear that different forms of colonization — settlement versus extraction — had very different long-term 20 impacts. But empire is not a historically sufficient explanation of Western predominance. There were empires long before the imperialism denounced by the Marxist-Leninists. Indeed, the sixteenth century saw a number of Asian empires increase significantly in their power and extent. The Reformation unleashed more than a century of European wars of religion. A sixteenth-century traveller could hardly have failed to notice the contrast.
Ming China, too, seemed serene and secure behind the Great Wall. Few European visitors to the court of the Wanli Emperor — can have anticipated the fall of his dynasty less than three decades after his death. True, the sixteenth century was a time of hectic European activity overseas. But to the great Oriental empires the Portuguese and Dutch seafarers seemed the very opposite of bearers of civilization; they were merely the latest barbarians to menace the Middle Kingdom, if anything more loathsome — and certainly more malodorous — than the pirates of Japan.
And what else attracted Europeans to Asia but the superior quality of Indian textiles and Chinese porcelain? The material gap between North and South America was not firmly established until well into the nineteenth century, and most of Africa was not subjugated by Europeans beyond a few coastal strips until the early twentieth. If Western ascendancy cannot therefore be explained in the tired old terms of imperialism, was it simply — as some scholars maintain — a matter of good luck? Was it the geography or the climate of the western end of Eurasia that made the great divergence happen?
Were the Europeans just fortunate to stumble across the islands of the Caribbean, so ideally suited to the cultivation of calorie-rich sugar? Can it really be that England became the first industrial nation mainly because bad sanitation and disease kept life exceptionally short for the majority of people, giving the rich and enterprising minority a 23 better chance to pass on their genes?
The immortal English lexicographer Samuel Johnson rejected all such contingent explanations for Western ascendancy. In his History of Rasselas: Prince of Abissinia , published in , he has Rasselas ask: By what means … are the Europeans thus powerful? To which the philosopher Imlac replies: They are more powerful, Sir, than we, because they are wiser; knowledge will always predominate over ignorance, as man governs the other animals.
But why their knowledge is more than ours, I know not what reason can be given, but the unsearchable will 24 of the Supreme Being. Knowledge is indeed power if it provides superior ways of sailing ships, digging up minerals, firing guns and curing sickness. But is it in fact the case that Europeans were more knowledgeable than other people?
Perhaps by they were; scientific innovation for around two and a half centuries after 25 was almost exclusively Western in origin. As we shall see, Chinese technology, Indian mathematics and Arab astronomy had been far ahead for centuries. Was it therefore a more nebulous cultural difference that equipped Europeans to leap ahead of their Oriental counterparts? That was the argument made by the German sociologist Max Weber.
It comes in many variants — medieval English individualism, humanism and the Protestant ethic — and it has been sought everywhere from the wills of English farmers to the account books of Mediterranean merchants and the rules of etiquette of royal courts. Yet even he allowed that something more was required for that mode of operation to flourish: The key, it becomes ever more apparent, lies with institutions.
Institutions are, of course, in some sense the products of culture. But, because they formalize a set of norms, institutions are often the things that keep a culture honest, determining how far it is conducive to good behaviour rather than bad. The results were very striking and the lesson crystal clear. If you take the same people, with more or less the same culture, and impose communist institutions on one group and capitalist institutions on another, almost immediately there will be a divergence in the way they behave.
Many historians today would agree that there were few really profound differences between the eastern and western ends of Eurasia in the s. But there was one crucial institutional difference. In China a monolithic empire had been consolidated, while Europe remained politically fragmented. The answer was that, in the plains of Eastern Eurasia, monolithic Oriental empires stifled innovation, while in mountainous, river-divided Western Eurasia, multiple monarchies and city-states engaged in 29 creative competition and communication.
It is an appealing answer. And yet it cannot be a sufficient one. Look only at the two series of engravings entitled Miseries of War, published by the Lorraine artist Jacques Callot in the s as if to warn the rest of the world of the dangers of religious conflict. Political fragmentation often has that effect. If you doubt it, ask the inhabitants of the former Yugoslavia. Competition is certainly a part of the story of Western ascendancy, as we shall see in Chapter 1 — but only a part. In this book I want to show that what distinguished the West from the Rest — the mainsprings of global power — were six identifiably novel complexes of institutions and associated ideas and behaviours.
For the sake of simplicity, I summarize them under six headings: The consumer society 6. Now, before you indignantly write to me objecting that I have missed out some crucial aspect of Western ascendancy, such as capitalism or freedom or democracy or for that matter guns, germs and steel , please read the following brief definitions: Competition — a decentralization of both political and economic life, which created the launch-pad for both nation-states and capitalism 2.
Science — a way of studying, understanding and ultimately changing the natural world, which gave the West among other things a major military advantage over the Rest 3.
Property rights — the rule of law as a means of protecting private owners and peacefully resolving disputes between them, which formed the basis for the most stable form of representative government 4. The consumer society — a mode of material living in which the production and purchase of clothing and other consumer goods play a central economic role, and without which the Industrial Revolution would have been unsustainable 6. The work ethic — a moral framework and mode of activity derivable from among other sources Protestant Christianity, which provides the glue for the dynamic and potentially unstable society created by apps 1 to 5 Make no mistake: In the s, for example, a combination of fiscal and monetary crisis, climate change and epidemic disease unleashed rebellion and the final crisis of the Ming dynasty.
This had nothing to do with the West. The critical point is that the differential between the West and the Rest was institutional. Western Europe overtook China partly because in the West there was more competition in both the political and the economic spheres. Austria, Prussia and latterly even Russia became more effective administratively and militarily because the network that produced the Scientific Revolution arose in the Christian but not in the Muslim world. European empires were able to penetrate Africa not just because they had the Maxim gun; they also devised vaccines against tropical diseases to which Africans were just as vulnerable.
In the same way, the earlier industrialization of the West reflected institutional advantages: Even after industrial technology was almost universally available, the differential between the West and the Rest persisted; indeed, it grew wider. With wholly standardized cotton-spinning and weaving machinery, the European or North American worker was still able to work more productively, and his capitalist employer to accumulate wealth more 32 rapidly, than their Oriental counterparts.
Fugitive Captured After Three Months year-old prisoner Edwin Paula who had been on the run since February was recaptured earlier today when Police conducted an operation at an apartment complex in the Salvapan area of Belmopan. Paula was found in the company of a year-old woman. Both persons were detained. Paula was charged along with three other men with three counts of robbery and murder in connection with the shooting death of Salvadoran national Isabel Antonio Balona.
User Login
Paula was also charged with nine counts of aggravated assault for the robbery of students at the dormitory at the University of Belize last year. Upon our arrival at the scene the Customs boatman, year-old, Frank Robinson and year-old, Customs clerk, Camira Brown were already transported to the hospital with Robinson in a critical condition.
Both vehicles were headed west from Belize City and according to the sand truck driver, he was heading to mile seven when Robinson made a sudden u-turn and so the impact was unavoidable. Robinson was pronounced dead at 3: No plea was taken because the offence is indictable. Pott was released on a bail of seven thousand dollars. According to the allegation, a 16 year old girl, who is a sister of the alleged rape victim, a 17 year old, reported that at about 4 a.
The 16 year old said her sister was drunk and asleep. As a result of the report, an altercation ensued between the family of the alleged rape victim and the family of the alleged perpetrator. Tillett pled not guilty to the charges. He was offered a bail of our thousand dollars and his case was adjourned until July The complainant, Edelma Ruiz, reported to the police that on Tuesday, May 27, her house, located on Cemetery Road, was burglarized and several household items were stolen.
The items amounted to just over four thousand dollars in value. The police investigated the matter and later the same day they reported that they found Tillett with a bag that contained all of the stolen items. According to the company this is thirty two days before the scheduled closing date. The Series 6 Debentures will yield a fixed interest rate of 6.
The cost of each debenture was one hundred dollars. The proceeds are being utilized in whole or in part to refinance the According to the BEL official, the Company is in the process of allocating the debentures based on subscriptions received and will advise subscribers of the status of their subscriptions by June 6. Elvin Penner appeared in court today before Magistrate Aretha Ford for the second day for disclosure of evidence for the Prosecution of Elvin Penner.
Paula, who was on remand for murder, escaped on February 3rd while he and other inmates were being transported from the Central Prison in a police van. When the van reached the pedestrian ramp in Cotton Tree Village, Paula somehow [ The incident happened around 2: According to reports, Alvarez has not been in Belize very long. Sources say he arrived in the village of Los Tambos some two [ Goldson Highway and the replacement of the Haulover Bridge. We understand that this is to be done by August of this year, in time for the new school year.
On Wednesday evening, there was a meeting hosted by [ We have reported that the association says that the proposed transfer is being spearheaded by Dr. There are two things that are cute in life and Arthur Saldivar is definitely not one of them. If he thought his stunt of bringing coins to pay legal fees of 9 thousand dollars which he owes to Senior Counsel Rodwell Williams was cute, then he is learning the hard way that he needs to forget the small change and bring the big money whine refer to article: Arthur and Vernon pay up!
On Tuesday May 27, Arthur, trying to be the clown that he is and probably being the mastermind of a similar stunt with Trevor Vernon, decided to try to make a mockery of a court judgment by paying the legal fees he owes in small change. Well no sooner had his minions arrived at the law offices of S. Williams than they and his two cans were sent through the door.
The payment of two thousand dollars in small change was not received by the office staff at the law firm. More than that, for Saldivar to have settled the debt, he would have had to pay the entire amount in full as the court had ordered. Two thousand dollars is hardly settlement. As a result, she is now before the Public Service Commission to answer to an inquiry as to why she misrepresented, misled and misused public monies in her capacity of regional manager.
Of important note is that Guerra has denied all claims that she acted inappropriately with those funds, and that she is innocent of wrong doing. Peter Allen contacted the Auditor General on August 26, , requesting that she look into the public spending at the Central Health Region for the year of because he had received credible allegations that public funds were being misused. An audit team was assembled 4 days later, and they started to audit the Central Health Region. What they found was that there were a series of transactions which Melinda Guerra, the Manager, the Former Finance Officer, Judith Swift, and the current Finance Officer, Ena Codrington, were connected to which were dubious in nature.
The first 4 transactions involved reimbursements of Melinda Guerra for out-of-pocket expenses which she incurred in her official capacity as Manager. Edmund Castro but failed. While he made half the payment in shillings, the court had ordered that he pay in full but he did not do so. Since Tuesday, Barrow made an application to the Supreme Court for a writ of execution and it was granted him.
With the crow footing, none of those assets marked can be disposed of by Vernon since these will be sold off in the event that he does not pay the full amount. Denys Barrow turned up short. The bill arose after Vernon, maliciously, frivolously and vexatiously took a matter to the Supreme Court where he claimed that Hon. Edmund Castro abused his authority when he assisted constituents of the Belize Rural North Constituency. After submissions by S. Denys Barrow, Vernon and his attorney were sent packing but not before the judge ordered that Vernon pay legal fees. To ensure that the court not be taken lightly again, the court ordered that Vernon pay Hon.
Immediately upon hearing the judgment, Vernon jumped on Facebook and began to beg for help and seek sympathy for his misdeed. Needless to say, no one took pity on him as everyone knew that he was just another PUP hack trying to create mischief. Of the plus women, 25 will represent each constituency. The number 25 is symbolic because NOW has been in existence since May 27, , 25 years ago. A highlight of the event is that 38 women from all over the country who are foundation members of NOW will be honoured for their tenacity and vision to have seen the need for such an organization to support and complement the work of the United Democratic Party while advancing the cause of women.
Lisel Alamilla while President, Diane Haylock will present a way forward for the organization. Protest for Professor Brendan Bain The terminated Professor from the University of the West Indies, Brendan Bain, continues to be a controversial topic within Belize and Jamaica, which has caused the university to come under sustained criticism and denunciation. The training program was a component of the San Jose Multipurpose Center sub project. Twenty trainees attended sessions every Saturday from 8 a. The lessons were both theoretical and practical, focusing on an in-depth understanding of Microsoft Suite such as Microsoft Word, Internet Explorer, Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Publisher.
Trainees received lessons on onscreen components and formatting; browsers, search engines; spreadsheet columns and rows, creating workbooks as well as using formulas to make calculations. Capital Energy to court claiming that these two had violated environmental law which protect the Sartsoon Temash National Park as well as they violated the Maya's customary land rights to these lands.
At the time both parties claimed that the judgment was in their favor, on one hand the GOB and U. Capital explained that the company could drill in the national park since the permits to do so were not struck down and were deemed legal. For its part SATIIM claimed that the judge had told the government that before any exploration is done permission needed to be sought from the Maya people. Well those positions were maintained up until a couple of weeks ago when the order was to have been perfected.
In perfecting the order, attorneys generally reach common ground on interpreting the judge's ruling and the order is thereafter perfected. That was not the case on this matter and the Judge, Michelle Arana, perfected the order since consensus could not be reached. The perfection of the order maintained that U. Capital was not in breach of any of the laws. She went on to explain that Government now needs to engage in good faith attempts to seek consent from the Mayas.
The government has commenced with that exercise and it is being well received. From January to March of , crude oil extraction fell by 23 percent from , barrels in to , barrels as the Spanish Lookout wells are bottoming out. Production in the agricultural sector fell significantly. Earnings from sugarcane, citrus and banana fell by 30 percent. The Citrus Greening Disease has a lot to do with the strong decline in the industry but disagreements between farmers and the company also played a significant part in low citrus products output.
Because of disagreements between farmers and the company, the crop season which was scheduled to start in mid November was delayed until January. Banana production fell only slightly because of unfavourable weather conditions at the beginning of the year. Sadie had no idea that the outcome of her proposal writing efforts would result in a permanent home for twenty-five times as many girls and boys in similar situations to those of the four mothers who first sought her help more than three decades earlier.
Sadie started the institution in in the borrowed spaces of the YWCA. After they ran out of space at the YWCA they moved first to the Catholic Extension building and then to a leased space on Dean Street in before a permanent space was secured for the now Sadie Vernon High School at the end of that decade. Gabourel is the son of recent fire victim, Orseline Wallace Gabourel, who was trapped inside her Cleghorn Street home as the structure was destroyed by fire last week.
The hit caused Grant to fall to the sidewalk and Gabourel kicked her several times to the stomach before he got into the vehicle and sped off. Sometime around 9 p. The argument became heated and developed into a fist fight. However, the brawl continued and moved from in front of the shop to a nearby area up the street.
During the brawl, the Rosalez brothers inflicted major injuries upon Eder and Marcelo Alcoser. Man in stable condition after being shot in Cayo A few minutes after midnight on Monday of this week, information was received of a male person being transported to the San Ignacio Town Hospital with gunshot wounds. Elson Arnold from Unitedville Village had been shot on the lower left side of his back. He was later transported to the Karl Heusner Memorial Hospital where he underwent surgery to retrieve gunshot pellets from his back.
In court, both Polanco and Willoughby were unrepresented.
Côté-Croisière - toutes les escales
They both pleaded not guilty to the charge but due to the nature of the offense, bail was denied and both were remanded to the Belize Central Prison until July 14, In a report to police, Jason Lamb reported that on Sunday, May 25, , at 5: Police investigation led to the arrest and charge of year-old Oscar Hernandez. Hernandez had been incarcerated for more than a year after he was denied bail due to the uncertainty of his immigration status in Belize.
According to a police report, police visited the corner of Partridge and Lavender Streets at 5: Officers observed three stab wounds to the upper right side of his back and transported the body to the Karl Heusner Memorial Hospital where it was pronounced dead. They say that the person who owed him was not honouring his debt and Hernandez was frustrated. He reports that on his return from a nights outing, the motorcycle was nowhere to be seen. Moody was accused of the January 15, shooting of Moss on Raccoon Street. Moss, a resident of Freedom Street, was conversing with a friend on a verandah on Raccoon Street when a lone gunman came from behind the house and fired several shots in their direction.
Moss was hit three times to the body and was rushed by ambulance to the Karl Heusner Memorial Hospital for treatment. Albert Moody was charged later that same month for the shooting. No reason was given for the withdrawal. Reid was charged for the death of year-old Santana resident, Maurice Dennison Young.
Due to the nature of the offense no plea was taken and Reid was remanded to custody at the Belize Central Prison until July On Tuesday, May 20, , at about 6: Young had a cut wound to the neck and was dressed in a blue long jeans pants and a pair of shoes. Police visited Banak Street at 1: The body had one gunshot wound to the right upper shoulder and one to the right upper back. According to police investigation, Thompson was driving his car in an alley beside La Popular Bakery heading towards Banak Street when he was ambushed by unknown person s who fired two gunshots at him which caused the fatal injuries.
Two 9mm Aguila Brand expended shells were retrieved from the area and the body was transported to the Belize City Morgue. Belize had representation in the following events and by the following athletes in the Jr. Martin De Porres School, and St. The schools competing are Wesley Upper School, St. Martin De Porres, St. In the first game of the tourney, St. Agnes Primary School defeated Pancotto Primary School in three sets by the score of , and Agnes Primary School in three sets by the score of , and For Roaring Creek United, the only goal of the game was scored by Ricky Tamai via a penalty kick in the 33rd minute of play.
The competition then continued on Sunday May 25, , with three more games on the schedule. The goals for Belize District Stars were scored by Brian Martinez in the 24th minutes of play, Carlos Lino in the 83rd minutes of play and Dalton Cayetano in the 4th minute of play. For Pomona United, their goals were scored by Jevon Aranda in the 33rd minute of play and Elroy Smith in the 92nd minute of play.
Hundreds of residents turned out to attend the meeting at the Octavia Waight Center Convention Hall; where financial prudence in the credit union movement was a mainstay. Today the SMCU is a strong financial institution, which was incorporated in to improve the economic standing of its members. In a report to the gathering, President Dr.
The ride started at 6: Arthur and Vernon Pay up! Known as the serial caller, Saldivar is often heard on the radio pushing his different points of view, which tend to have a self-serving motive. On that particular day, he made comments about the Prime Minister and suggested to the public that the Prime Minister was a corrupt politician. In response, Prime Minister Barrow sued him in the Supreme Court, and instead of defending himself against the lawsuit, Saldivar chose to ignore the case.
An increase in excise tax is considered one of the most cost effective tobacco control measures. Facts on Harmonyville Subdivision The Ministry of Natural Resources and Agriculture takes this opportunity to share the following facts on the Harmonyville Subdivision: In Cabinet approved the acquisition of 1, Cabinet subsequently approved the subdivision design for the development that includes over one acre plots, open areas parks, cemetery, and school and the buffer strip reserve along the highway.
Cabinet further approved for the distribution of lots to be done based on the recommendation of BGYEA. In , the Department of Lands and Surveys facilitated the urgent acceptance and processing of applications from BGYEA members by accommodating for an unusual opening of our offices on three consecutive weekends and also by the deployment of additional staff to further facilitate.
The Caye Caulker Chronicles is actively seeking journalists and reporters. We will pay for articles by the piece, so this can be a side job. We are looking for journalists and reporters with cameras, as submitted articles must be accompanied by photos. If you are interested in becoming a reporter, please email us at info CayeCaulkerChronicles. Patrick Jones Youth Enhancement Services opens craft center Youth Enhancement Services YES today opened the new home for their craft center, where young women will work toward becoming self-sufficient with their own handiwork.
Now, they want to expand their work into a means of making money. Charges for accused house breaker A Belize City man has been charged for burglary and handling stolen goods. Tillett told the court that he was handed the bag of goods by a young man who came to him asking him to hold it for him.
Tillett said he sent the young man on an errand but police showed up at the same time, searched the bag and found the stolen items inside. Meanwhile, the accused rapist, identified as 25 year old Jeffrey Pott of Victoria Street, was read his charge today before Magistrate Dale Cayetano. He is accused of forcing himself on the teenager at her home around 4 in the morning of May 2, A younger sister of the victim told police that she woke up around that time and saw a man she identified as Pott lying on top of her sister, who was reportedly intoxicated and sleeping. Today it hosted the first of a series of consultations with stakeholders in Belize City.
He said that they have met most of their targets, including increasing public awareness, but there remain some challenges, including getting financing to address key issues. Customs Department employee killed in traffic accident A mid-afternoon traffic accident today on the George Price Highway has claimed the life of one man. The victim has been identified as Frank Robinson, an employee of the Customs Department. According to reports, Robinson and a female employee of the Customs Department were west-bound in a DMax pickup truck when the incident happened.
Reports are that the pickup truck made a U-turn into the path of a dump truck that was following. Henderson beat out 57 semi-finalists and ten finalists to emerge winner in the competition which was announced last year. I want to thank my husband Roland Delsol Jr. Alphonsus Choir for their choral input. Top 5 attractions in Belize Belize is probably not the number one location on your list of countries you must visit.
Sitting just on the Central American east coast, Belize benefits from Caribbean temperatures and beaches on the Caribbean Sea. More than that it offers a wide range of stunning attractions which tap into the ancient history of the region as well as being immensely enjoyable.
A private villa in Belize will give you the luxury you deserve for your holiday as you explore our top five attractions. Cahal Pech is still actively being excavated by Dr. Awe and his archaeological students, and they've made some great discoveries. Jaime Awe and archaeologists colleagues did some excavations at the summit of the grand temple in Plaza B of the site His name, most impressively, was on a ring made out of the remains of a deer antler.
Sixty four years we waited and with lucky strokes of the pick axe and the faithful trowel and faithful and ambitious archaeologists, a royal tomb, for the world to know that a living god walked here. All song writers and artists are invited to attend. In related news, the National Theme Competition deadline for submissions has been extended until May 30th. The Pandy Show, based in Cayo, is the longest running show in Belize. Thanks for the positive entertainment, and Congratulations, Pandy! Here's to another 44! The Company opened the offer on May 5, and was scheduled to close on June 30, With the offer now fully subscribed the Company has closed the offer today, May 29, My friend landed shortly before us.
Well, actually three planes landed within minutes of each other creating a bit of a long wait to get through immigration and customs especially when you really had to pee! I got stamped and met Lindsay on the other side. We ended waiting about an hour or so until the bus showed up. The express bus left around 1: We chatted with a Belizean local from the Southern part of the country about Southern Belize and the Belizean culture. Finally the bus arrived. The border crossing was rather simple once we figured what our Spanish-speaking driver told us to do. Walk through Belize Immigration.
Walk to customs and get passport stamp. Walk across river-bridge to Guatemala. Find bus driver and bus. Caye Caulker to Placencia Snorkelling stops, rum at midday, a deserted island Goffs Caye , an army sleepover Another company called Raggamuffins were much better known and more expensive but we couldn't get a space on their party boat, which as things turned out, was a brilliant thing!
Not only were we keeping things local but we were about to experience a once in a life time trip with a wonderful captain and his first mate who brought the seas alive for us. The winds were strong today and so both sails were up and we cruised along at a good place. The sun was shining and the rum flowing, so all 8 of us quickly relaxed and got to know each other.
Papa Jo was our all knowing, gentle and seriously amazing 72 year old captain and Raul was our quirky, rum drinking and hilarious first mate. Papa Jo is prepping Raul to take over as captain one day so he can finally hang up his sailing shoes and retire, but we reckon he'll stay on the seas until it is time to go If you want the real Caribbean experience this is the place to go.
The waters are full of marine life, everywhere you look there are creatures swimming about and exploring. You might even see a Manatee… I saw three.
Search Results
The King of Cahal Pech: The ancient Maya organised and managed space extravagantly well. To prove it, Dr. Jaime Awe did an excavation on a small building in the Southeastern corner of the B Plaza and dug as far as 30 feet in depth. This translates to approximately 13 construction phases note that there were at least 2 more construction phases over this very building discussed here but we lost them due to looting damage. Superimposition is rampant at this site. There are buildings below the plaza floor you will walk on that date from before the birth of Christ. In fact, the age of the site is only challenged by the great City of Lamanai Submerged Crocodile , of Northern Belize.
A Week to 10 days in Belize — What to Do? Belize is a perfect destination for North American travelers during the winter months for a ton of reasons: Its warm for starters, just off shore lies the 2nd largest reef system in the world along with a bunch of beautiful islands, on the other side of the country is full of rain forest, and they even speak English! There is something for everyone beaches, jungle, relaxation, and plenty of adventure.
It many only be a few hours away on a plane, but once you are there you will feel worlds away. In adopting an active position of opposing the decriminalization of anal sex between two consenting male adults in private, Prof. Follow along with the kids as they start their morning chores on the farm. There is always a lot to do on the homestead here in Oregon. Starting out with feeding the animals and milking the goats is their normal routine.
Part 1 shows them preparing the goats for milking. Part 2 shows the actual milking.
The La Mancha named "Cindie" is a wonderful doe who give a little more than one gallon of raw milk per day. Her milk was delicious! The kids have always loved goats milk. Some goats milk is much stronger than others. A lot depends on the breed and also on what the goats eat. Many people say you should pasteurize all milk that doesn't come from a store. We never pasteurized the goats milk. We always drank raw milk. There is little better than cold, sweet goats milk! Unless it is Ice Cream made from fresh goats milk!
We used goats milk in a lot of different things such as cheese making, ice cream, cooking and so much more. We miss our goats and our farm! Brownie died unexpectedly from an undetermined cause. She was fine one day, a bit listless the next day and pretty much done for by the third day. We believe she died from an ectopic pregnancy as the timing would have been right for that and she did not respond to any treatment at all.
In this video you can see that we have Geese, Turkeys, Chickens with their chicks, goats, honeybees and more. The chicken game in San Pedro, Belize , 2min. Divers with whale sharks. Belize Blue Hole , 3min. Diving the Blue Hole in Belize Video: Caye Caulker Belize Trip, , 26min. Yeah, its kinda boring. But you see the stinkin island for crying out loud and the music's good so deal with it. I'll make a better see also: And it wont take me a year to edit.
Shark Ray Alley , 10min. Coral reef Ambergris Caye, Belize. Top quality service with a wide variety of yachts. Tigersharks wins first game in playoffs With a win in the first of three playoff matches, the San Pedro Tigersharks are eying the big prize. Having won all home games in the season, the Tigersharks were ready to defend their home-court. But the visiting start-up squad came under sustained attack from the home team as the Tigersharks took control of the game from the onset. A couple of shots by the Edward brothers and Pratt were enough to give the Tigersharks a big lead to end the first quarter with a score of But the underdogs were not prepared to give up to the mighty Tigersharks.
A change in strategy saw Williams and Jones making an impressive appearance for the Bandits, and the duo slashed the lead and headed to halftime with a score of 39 to 30, still in favor of islanders. The family day entailed activities that incorporated parents and in particular, fostering the union of children and their fathers. On the agenda was a lot of games, dances, musical performance and most importantly, family bonding.
According to Vice Principal, Patricia Lopez the family day is an event whereby the students can show appreciation to their parents for the education they are being provided with. As part of the activities, students and teachers focused particularly in honoring the fathers, as they are often under underappreciated. He is 65 year old Honorable Marcial Mes, a two term Minister of government. The traffic accident occurred around 1: Mes was pronounced dead on arrival.
- Renseignements utiles.
- Recherchez votre croisière?
- A Compass Error?
- Croisières de France (CDF).
- Recherchez votre croisiere.
Caal is listed in a serious condition and is undergoing treatment. Mes was a successful two-term Parliamentarian who served as a Junior Minister and later as a Minister in the Said Musa administration of to In January of , Mes was briefly suspended from his duties as the Minister of State in the Ministry of National Development, due to a charge of a hit-and-run accident but the case did not go to court and Mes was restored to his post.
It seems to belong to a visitor on the island. If you or someone you know perhaps a guest at your hotel is looking for a phone, this may be the one. Kindly call and describe the phone to claim it. But there is great concern as these children were seen jumping from rooftop to rooftop from buildings in downtown San Pedro, Ambergris Caye.
They were tempting fate and putting their lives at risk. There is no doubt that these kids were prompted to do this due to curiosity. Curiosity is the mother of inventions. Curiosity is also what prompts young people to investigate and ask many questions and learn many things. But curiosity also killed the cat. Indeed this kind of curiosity you are witnessing can lead to serious consequences.
Kids are known to have caused big fires due to their curiosity in experimenting with matches, lighters, and other such objects. Since the beginning of the season they have won the last four regattas in Corozal, Buttonwood Bay, Belize City and now Placencia. Their next regatta will be in their hometown island of Ambergris Caye, followed by one at St. The San Pedro Regatta is scheduled for July 5th and 6th. The children practice very hard and their discipline in the sports is proof of their success.
Nobody likes being rejected so we tend to try and do fewer things that you think would get us rejected. This is a problem because it stops us from doing certain things we want to do. People can get rejected from many things like a job, asking for help, a date, or the scariest — someone you like. So how do we get over this fear? I have recently stumbled upon a game that is called Rejection Therapy where the point is to try and get rejected once a day. There is a challenge posted on the website for people to try and do this for days; I am taking up these challenges.
I highly recommend trying this because it is a good way to get over your fear of rejection. It will also challenge your brain because you will have to think of a new way to get rejected each day. Drinks will be on sale! Come out and sing, dance, laugh and support the work of the BIWG!! These flights will be on Tuesdays and Saturdays, and will be in addition to the current daily flight. More importantly, these two new frequencies, will allow for the first time, our European visitors to connect southbound same day to Belize in Cancun.
Did you forgot your binoculars? A little further east, near Les Escoumins, you will find a series of telescopes on the deck of the Marine Environment Discovery Centre , overlooking the St. And why not take advantage of the idyllic environment of the islands of the St. Lawrence to watch whales in complete peace and quiet? Downstream, where the estuary becomes the Gulf of St. You have sea legs and are determined to go out to meet cetaceans? A sea tour probably sounds good to you. If you want to go whale watching in the Saguenay—St. Lawrence Marine Park but your itinerary takes you on the south shore of the St.
Dress warmly and be ready to breathe deeply the fresh air of the open sea! Essipit Cruises also offer excursions from Les Bergeronnes aboard Zodiac boats with a passenger capacity piloted by an experienced naturalist captain, to get a closer look at the various species of whales found in the Saguenay—St.