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In , Whitman published the first edition of Leaves of Grass , which he continued to revise, rearrange, and enlarge until his death in A revolutionary work that greatly influenced American poetry, it expressed Whitman's love for his country in lusty and controversial free verse that included homoerotic images.

Culture of Eloquence: Oratory and Reform in Antebellum America By James Perrin Warren

While many critics at the time found Leaves crude and vulgar, Emerson found Whitman's poetry to be decidedly American, democratic and plain. Whitman shared Thoreau's abolitionist sentiments, but the two parted company on politics; Whitman had an unbridled faith in democratic government, despite its imperfections. Hawthorne, Melville, and Poe. Nathaniel Hawthorne was fascinated by the dark side of the Puritan mind. His novels, especially the Scarlet Letter and the House of Seven Gables , dealt with revenge, guilt, and pride.

Although he had been involved with Brook Farm and wrote the Blithedale Romance based on his experiences there, Hawthorne did not share the transcendentalists' faith in the perfectibility of man. Herman Melville, unlike many of the writers before the Civil War, did not receive recognition for his work while he was alive.

Culture of Eloquence

His first novels, Typee and Omoo , were set in the South Pacific, where he had visited as a sailor. Edgar Allan Poe focused on literary genres different from those of his contemporaries: See how urbanization started to cause problems in daily life in the northern states. Contrast this with what you'll learn about life in the South, where things were less crowded and more ordered. See how all of the changes led to the rise of slavery. Learn more about this southern institution.

See how slaves helped the South produce the kings of cotton.


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Get an in-depth look at slave trading, resistance to slavery and the white response. Continue your studies with our lesson on the abolitionist movement, which would ultimately help to fuel the country into a civil war. America began creating its own distinct culture in the s. Learn about popular trends in art, literature, and pop culture in the antebellum era. Also, learn how religion and utopian communes changed the way some Americans lived. Inspired by the Second Great Awakening and Transcendentalism, Americans started a number of social reform movements in the antebellum era, including the fight against alcohol and slavery, as well as the fight for public schools, humane prisons and asylums, and women's rights.

In the half-century before the Civil War, America experienced a transportation revolution that improved the way people and goods crossed the nation, opened up new areas for settlement and altered the centers of economic power. In the Antebellum Era, the Northern part of the United States was revolutionized by a series of innovations, triggering a shift from an agricultural to a commercial economy.

These economic changes sharpened the differences between North and South.

Creating the Culture of Reform in Antebellum America (Paperback)

In the antebellum years, American cities grew. Find out why and what it was like to live in New York, Philadelphia and other Northern cities in the middle of the 19th century. While the North was urbanizing and industrializing, the South became more committed to its rural, leisurely lifestyle and its agricultural economy built on slave labor.


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  8. Limited industry did exist, but cotton was king! The United Sates was conceived on the idea of freedom and the rights of all people, but early on, an institution took hold that was the exact opposite of that idea.

    Antebellum America: Literature, Art

    In this lesson, find out the roots of slavery in the States, how it took hold, how slaves lived, and how they resisted the bonds of slavery. The abolitionist movement spanned decades. Although slavery did not end peacefully, great Americans like William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, and Harriet Beecher Stowe were some of the driving forces behind the anti-slavery movement.

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    Not sure what college you want to attend yet? The shape of public discourse today, Garvey argues, was in part determined by the work of antebellum Americans.

    Civil War History

    He begins with the transformation of the New England ministry during and after the disestablishment of the Congregational Church. To maintain the credibility and the authority to which they were accustomed, ministers had to be well-read, rhetorically complex, and sophisticated, much as their congregations were becoming.

    Beecher, by contrast, did not object to the image of a morally motivated woman as a publicly vocal one: It was where those resources were best deployed that they differed. Both William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass focused on the question of sincerity, right from the beginning of their public work of reform.

    Slavery - Crash Course US History #13

    Yet while Garrison moved from colonizationism to immediatism in a shift toward creating the institutional structure of the culture of reform, Douglass came to the issues with a distinct orientation toward publicity, shaped by the racial expectations of his audience.