The Ryukyu Kingdom was annexed by Japan in Karate was brought to Japanese archipelago in the early 20th century during a time of migration as Ryukyuans, especially from Okinawa , looked for work in Japan. In Keio University established the first university karate club in mainland Japan and by , major Japanese universities had karate clubs. The martial arts movies of the s and s served to greatly increase the popularity of martial arts around the world, and in English the word karate began to be used in a generic way to refer to all striking-based Oriental martial arts.
Shigeru Egami , Chief Instructor of Shotokan Dojo, opined that "the majority of followers of karate in overseas countries pursue karate only for its fighting techniques On 28 September , karate was featured on a shortlist along with baseball, softball, skateboarding, surfing, and sport climbing to be considered for inclusion in the Summer Olympics.
On 1 June , the International Olympic Committee's executive board announced they were supporting the inclusion of all five sports counting baseball and softball as only one sport for inclusion in the Games. Web Japan sponsored by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs claims there are 50 million karate practitioners worldwide, [14] while the World Karate Federation claims there are million practitioners around the world. Karate began as a common fighting system known as te Okinawan: A large group of Chinese families moved to Okinawa around for the purpose of cultural exchange, where they established the community of Kumemura and shared their knowledge of a wide variety of Chinese arts and sciences, including the Chinese martial arts.
There were few formal styles of te, but rather many practitioners with their own methods. Members of the Okinawan upper classes were sent to China regularly to study various political and practical disciplines. The incorporation of empty-handed Chinese Kung Fu into Okinawan martial arts occurred partly because of these exchanges and partly because of growing legal restrictions on the use of weaponry.
Sakukawa Kanga — had studied pugilism and staff bo fighting in China according to one legend, under the guidance of Kosokun, originator of kusanku kata. In he started teaching a fighting art in the city of Shuri that he called "Tudi Sakukawa," which meant "Sakukawa of China Hand. Itosu adapted two forms he had learned from Matsumura. These are kusanku and chiang nan. In Itosu helped to get karate introduced into Okinawa's public schools.
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These forms were taught to children at the elementary school level. Itosu's influence in karate is broad. The forms he created are common across nearly all styles of karate. Itosu is sometimes referred to as "the Grandfather of Modern Karate. In addition to the three early te styles of karate a fourth Okinawan influence is that of Kanbun Uechi — At the age of 20 he went to Fuzhou in Fujian Province, China, to escape Japanese military conscription.
While there he studied under Shushiwa. He was a leading figure of Chinese Nanpa Shorin-ken style at that time. Gichin Funakoshi, founder of Shotokan karate, is generally credited with having introduced and popularized karate on the main islands of Japan. In addition many Okinawans were actively teaching, and are thus also responsible for the development of karate on the main islands. This was a turbulent period in the history of the region.
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It includes Japan's annexation of the Okinawan island group in , the First Sino-Japanese War — , the Russo-Japanese War — , the annexation of Korea , and the rise of Japanese militarism — Funakoshi also gave Japanese names to many of the kata. These were mostly political changes, rather than changes to the content of the forms, although Funakoshi did introduce some such changes.
In Japan he was influenced by kendo, incorporating some ideas about distancing and timing into his style. He always referred to what he taught as simply karate, but in he built a dojo in Tokyo and the style he left behind is usually called Shotokan after this dojo. Shoto , meaning "pine wave", was Funakoshi's pen name and kan meaning "hall". The modernization and systemization of karate in Japan also included the adoption of the white uniform that consisted of the kimono and the dogi or keikogi —mostly called just karategi —and colored belt ranks.
Both of these innovations were originated and popularized by Jigoro Kano , the founder of judo and one of the men Funakoshi consulted in his efforts to modernize karate. It teaches a curriculum that emphasizes aliveness , physical toughness, and full contact sparring. Because of its emphasis on physical, full-force sparring , Kyokushin is now often called " full contact karate ", or " Knockdown karate " after the name for its competition rules.
Many other karate organizations and styles are descended from the Kyokushin curriculum.
Complete Shotokan Karate: History, Philosophy, and Practice (Tuttle…
Sport karate places emphasis on exercise and competition. Weapons are an important training activity in some styles of karate. Karate training is commonly divided into kihon basics or fundamentals , kata forms , and kumite sparring. Kihon means basics and these form the base for everything else in the style including stances, strikes, punches, kicks and blocks.
Karate styles place varying importance on kihon. Typically this is training in unison of a technique or a combination of techniques by a group of karateka. Kihon may also be prearranged drills in smaller groups or in pairs.
These postures are based on idealized combat applications. The applications when applied in a demonstration with real opponents is referred to as a Bunkai. The Bunkai shows how every stance and movement is used. Bunkai is a useful tool to understand a kata. To attain a formal rank the karateka must demonstrate competent performance of specific required kata for that level. The Japanese terminology for grades or ranks is commonly used. Requirements for examinations vary among schools. It literally means "meeting of hands.
Levels of physical contact during sparring vary considerably. Full contact karate has several variants. Knockdown karate such as Kyokushin uses full power techniques to bring an opponent to the ground. In kickboxing variants for example K-1 , the preferred win is by knockout. Sparring in armour, bogu kumite , allows full power techniques with some safety.
Sport kumite in many international competition under the World Karate Federation is free or structured with light contact or semi contact and points are awarded by a referee. In structured kumite yakusoku , prearranged , two participants perform a choreographed series of techniques with one striking while the other blocks. The form ends with one devastating technique hito tsuki. In free sparring Jiyu Kumite , the two participants have a free choice of scoring techniques. The allowed techniques and contact level are primarily determined by sport or style organization policy, but might be modified according to the age, rank and sex of the participants.
Depending upon style, take-downs , sweeps and in some rare cases even time-limited grappling on the ground are also allowed. Free sparring is performed in a marked or closed area. The bout runs for a fixed time 2 to 3 minutes. The time can run continuously iri kume or be stopped for referee judgment. In light contact or semi contact kumite, points are awarded based on the criteria: In full contact karate kumite, points are based on the results of the impact, rather than the formal appearance of the scoring technique.
These guidelines apply both in the dojo training hall and in everyday life. Okinawan karate uses supplementary training known as hojo undo. This utilizes simple equipment made of wood and stone. The makiwara is a striking post. The nigiri game is a large jar used for developing grip strength. These supplementary exercises are designed to increase strength , stamina , speed , and muscle coordination. Karate is divided into style organizations.
Tournaments are designed to match members of opposing schools or styles against one another in kata, sparring and weapons demonstration. They are often separated by age, rank and sex with potentially different rules or standards based on these factors. The tournament may be exclusively for members of a particular style closed or one in which any martial artist from any style may participate within the rules of the tournament open. WKF karate competition has two disciplines: Sparring matches are typically divided by weight, age, gender, and experience. The World Union of Karate-do Federations WUKF [34] offers different styles and federations a world body they may join, without having to compromise their style or size.
The WUKF accepts more than one federation or association per country. Sport organizations use different competition rule systems. Full contact karate rules used by Kyokushinkai , Seidokaikan and other organizations. Bogu kumite full contact with protective shielding of targets rules are used in the World Koshiki Karate-Do Federation organization. Karate, although not widely used in mixed martial arts , has been effective for some MMA practitioners.
In Gichin Funakoshi, founder of Shotokan Karate, adopted the Dan system from the judo founder Jigoro Kano [48] using a rank scheme with a limited set of belt colors. Other Okinawan teachers also adopted this practice. The Dan progression continues from 1st Dan Shodan, or 'beginning dan' to the higher dan grades.
Yudansha typically wear a black belt. Requirements of rank differ among styles, organizations, and schools. Speed and power are added at higher grades. Minimum age and time in rank are factors affecting promotion. Testing consists of demonstration of techniques before a panel of examiners. This will vary by school, but testing may include everything learned at that point, or just new information. The demonstration is an application for new rank shinsa and may include kata , bunkai , self-defense, routines, tameshiwari breaking , and kumite sparring.
This is done by listening and being receptive to criticism. He considered courtesy of prime importance. He said that "Karate is properly applied only in those rare situations in which one really must either down another or be downed by him. He stated that Karate practitioners must "never be easily drawn into a fight. It is clear that those who misuse what they have learned bring dishonor upon themselves. He promoted the character trait of personal conviction.
In "time of grave public crisis, one must have the courage Thus the word "karate" was originally a way of expressing "martial art from China. Sino-Japanese relations have never been very good, and especially at the time of the Japanese invasion of Manchuria , referring to the Chinese origins of karate was considered politically incorrect. But in , the masters of the various styles of Okinawan karate conferred to decide a new name for their art. It is used in many martial arts that survived Japan's transition from feudal culture to modern times.
It implies that these arts are not just fighting systems but contain spiritual elements when promoted as disciplines. Examples include aikido , judo , kyudo , and kendo. It is "The Way of the Empty Hand". Karate has grown in popularity in Africa, particularly in South Africa and Ghana.
Karate began in Canada in the s and s as Japanese people immigrated to the country. Karate was practised quietly without a large amount of organization. Masaru Shintani , at the age of 13, began to study Shorin-Ryu karate in the Japanese camp under Kitigawa. In Otsuka invited Shintani to join his organization Wado Kai, and in he asked Shintani to officially call his style Wado. In Canada during this same time, karate was also introduced by Masami Tsuruoka who had studied in Japan in the s under Tsuyoshi Chitose.
In the late s Shintani moved to Ontario and began teaching karate and judo at the Japanese Cultural Centre in Hamilton. In , Otsuka publicly promoted Shintani to hachidan 8th dan and privately gave him a kudan certificate 9th dan , which was revealed by Shintani in Shintani and Otsuka visited each other in Japan and Canada several times, the last time in two years prior to Otsuka's death. Shintani died 7 May France Shotokan Karate was created in by Tsutomu Ohshima. Hiroshi Shirai , one of the original instructors sent by the JKA to Europe along with Kase, Enoeda and Kanazawa, moved to Italy in and quickly established a Shotokan enclave that spawned several instructors who in their turn soon spread the style all over the country.
Beginner to Black Belt. Dynamic Movement Martial Science. The Essence of Karate. To get the free app, enter mobile phone number. See all free Kindle reading apps. I'd like to read this book on Kindle Don't have a Kindle? Tuttle Publishing 1 November Language: Be the first to review this item Amazon Bestsellers Rank: Share your thoughts with other customers. Write a product review. Most helpful customer reviews on Amazon. This book was written by a high ranking instructor in the International Shotokan Karate Federation. A good book that will probably teach you a good deal about Shotokan Karate.
It includes many pictures and in-depth treatises on philosophy, history and the actual practice of Shotokan Karate. It was okey I have seen better shotokan books. Adequate work on karate that offers little insight above that of the classics written by Funakoshi, Nakayama, Ohshima, Egami, etc.
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Complete Shotokan Karate by Robin L. Rielly is the most complete reference for the Shotokan practitioner and a must have for the Karate-ka in general. In fact, this volume is two texts in one. But if what you are looking for is a book for the beginner to learn the fundamentals I would suggest getting Hidetaka Nishiyama and Richard C. The first part is indispensable for the Karate-ka. It gives a very detailed that is to the extent possible history of Karate-do, including its possible origins in India and Greece, as well as its arrival in Japan and introduction into the US.
It then supplements this information with genealogical trees for the development of the four major styles of Karate-do Shotokan-ryu, Goju-ryu, Wado-ryu, and Shinto-ryu. It also outlines the origins of Isshin-ryu, Kyokushinkai, and Kobayashi-ryu. It then describes the feudal legacy of the Samurai and its influence on Karate-do. Many Karate-do maxims are analysis in this light giving the Karate-ka a more solid grounding in the philosophical aspects of the art.
In the second part of the book whole sections are devoted to the thorough explanation of etiquette, Kumite, and Kata. This is the part of the book that is geared soley to the Shotokan practitioner.