The Hadza are hunter-gatherers in Tanzania, a nation in East Africa. Apicella chose them for her experiment because they had not been exposed to Western culture and standards of beauty. She showed people from both groups two images and asked which was more attractive. One image was an average of five British faces or five Hadza faces. The other was an average of 20 British faces or 20 Hadza faces.
People of both cultures preferred the face that was more average — that is, compiled from 20 faces instead of five. The British participants found both Hadza and British faces beautiful. The Hadza, in contrast, preferred only Hadza faces. Her findings show how biology and the environment work together to shape our values. But people must first experience other faces to learn what an average face should look like.
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These researchers at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tenn. The pair asked young adults to view pictures of men, women, Barbie dolls and Transformer toy faces. Women are usually better at recognizing faces than are men. But men who had played with Transformer toys as kids were better than women at identifying Transformer faces. That childhood exposure to Transformers stuck with the men, improving their performance, they report in the December Vision Research.
They also tend to be healthier than asymmetrical people. Genes provide the instructions for how a cell is to perform. All people have the same number of genes. But people with more average faces tend to have a greater diversity in the genes they are born with. And that, research has shown, can lead to a stronger immune system and better health.
For example, Molly Morris found that young female swordtail fish prefer symmetrical males. Morris is a behavioral ecologist at Ohio University in Athens. A behavioral ecologist studies the evolutionary basis of animal behaviors. Swordtail fish have dark vertical bars on their sides. Small, young females prefer males with the same number of bars on both sides, Morris says. That love of symmetry matches findings in other species, including zebra finches and lizards, she notes. But the symmetry rule has some limits — at least in the fish that Morris studies.
Larger, older swordtail females prefer asymmetrical males. Morris wondered if this might have to do with how the males had grown.
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So she and her team tested fish. They fed some males high-quality food and others low-quality food. Certain males grew faster on high-quality food. And those fast-growing males ended up with uneven bars on their sides. Asymmetry may show that a male has put his energy into rapid growth, Morris says. For example, a fish living near lots of predators would be more likely to survive if it grew faster. It would also be better off if it could grow even when food is scarce. So females that live in one of these types of environments should prefer asymmetrical males, Morris explains.
Those males would carry the best genes for their environment, and would later pass them on to their young. Research on birds also shows that female birds prefer good-looking guys. For example, among satin bowerbirds, females prefer males whose feathers reflect more ultraviolet UV light. Researchers at Auburn University in Alabama caught male bowerbirds and took blood samples. Males with blood parasites had feathers reflecting less UV light than healthy males. They were using that information to find healthy males to father their young.
Adeline Loyau is a behavioral ecologist who has seen similar things in peacocks. These are the vivid circles at the ends of their tail feathers. She knew peahens prefer males with more eyespots. They also prefer males that show off their tails more. Her work has now shown that healthier peacocks have more eyespots in their tails. These birds also splay their flashy tails more frequently to the females.
Loyau then gave some males an injection that made their immune systems leap into action. It was as if they were sick. These peacocks displayed their tails less than the healthy guys did. But that was only true if they had fewer eyespots. Females are better off avoiding sick mates, she explains. A female bird, she adds, also looks for good genes in the guy who will father her young. For example, it may help us find healthy mates. Langlois and her team in Texas studied this question using a technique called EEG.
EEGs measure electrical activity in the brain using a net of small electrodes placed on the outside of the head. The scientists recruited college students for their brain study. Each student looked at a series of faces while wearing the electrode net. Human faces fell into one of three groups: Some chimpanzee faces were put in the mix too. The EEG recorded brain activity as each student viewed the pictures. The researchers then searched the EEGs for patterns of electrical activity.
Those patterns offered signs of what the brain was doing.
I've been ugly and beautiful and the difference is depressing
That makes sense, the researchers now say, because people are more familiar with human faces. The team also found that brains processed very attractive faces faster than unattractive ones. And they processed average faces even faster. Subjects also rated the averaged faces as most attractive. In sum, looks may go far more than skin deep after all. They also can affect how people interact. Scientists discovered long ago that people show favor to those with a pretty face. Attractive people are more likely to get jobs. They make more money than their less attractive coworkers.
We even tend to think attractive people are smarter and friendlier than less attractive people. And they found it. The scientists then chose the six photos with the lowest ratings and six with the highest. They chose another six photos that had ratings closest to the average or mean score. After each quick view, the students had to answer a question about the person in that last picture.
For example, how likely was she to be popular, friendly, helpful, kind or smart? Medium attractive people got similar rankings to highly attractive people for everything except sociability. Griffin and Langlois then repeated the experiment with children aged seven to nine.
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They got the same results. It can be hard to stop ourselves from stereotyping others. That can keep us from discriminating against people who are unattractive — or simply uneven. This technique charts a series of brainwaves. A graph of the measured brainwaves is called an electroencephalogram, which also is abbreviated EEG.
Most commonly used is the arithmetic mean, obtained by adding the data and dividing by the number of data points. Classic examples of parasites include ticks, fleas and tapeworms. To do this, some perform research using animals. Scientists and mental-health professionals who work in this field are known as psychologists. For example, the letter X looks the same whether reflected in a mirror or turned upside down — two different kinds of symmetry.
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