The key issue in relation to changing literary representations and news if not import and export tallies over the period between and is the political, military and diplomatic affair of the Peninsula War, British victories at Porto, Talavera, Barrosa and Albuera followed, although the campaign had setbacks and the whole was fervently reported in the press. By , , French troops had been sucked into the Peninsula, and yet only 70, could be spared to confront Wellington; the remainder were pinned down elsewhere by the threat of local insurrections and the actions of guerrillas.
With the French unable to concentrate their forces against the British-Portuguese army, Wellington was able to move on to the offensive and secure victory at Salamanca in July The impression left in British literature is great if now neglected. The British press was hugely engaged in the campaigns of the war, as were contributors to the magazines and miscellanies. Sermons and travel books reflected the war and various collections of letters were published, apparently to popular demand. By contrast, the relative failure of novels to respond is marked.
Three novels only respond to the war — and two of these are historical, written retrospectively in and The novel is anonymous: In three volumes, was published by the celebrated Minerva Press founded by William Lane but now managed by A. The conceit of a novel based on a rediscovered manuscript was old-hack by but given a new twist of contemporaneity by the Peninsula War allusion. The third novel is of more international interest. It proved very popular with a second edition in English the same year, also by the populist publisher Henry Colburn, of New Burlington Street, London, with an American edition published in Philadelphia also in and a further incarnation seven years later in as Tales of Flood and Field.
The review in the Monthly Review [n. If that added to its popularity the Monthly Review is dismissive of the content: He appears throughout his narrative as a mere vulgar campaigner, participating while in the Peninsula in some of the most horrid atrocities of the French soldiers, amongst whom he was originally enlisted, sharing also in their habits of plunder, and extreme licentiousness.
The reviewer goes on to disparage the strange turn of the narrative which includes a voyage to China. Notable also is the contrast between these novels and the earlier more bucolic novels relating to Portugal that appeared in early nineteenth-century London, such as The Exile of Portugal: It is also important to remember that the history of popular fiction in the Romantic period is indeed often associated with the careers of the two entrepreneur-publishers who feature in the Lusophone English novels, William Lane and Henry Colburn.
The prolific output of novels by Lane, and his successor A. At this point we should emphasise an important — and unfortunate — difference between the resources available for this sort of literary, translation and bibliographical research before and after As a result, the most rewarding trawls, for example, of British poetry, drama and novels relating to Portuguese affairs are restricted to the decades before Many early nineteenth-century customs tabulations are also lost — although one rare volume is actually owned by this writer.
We are able, for example, to offer literary and commercial contexts for the popular Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. Vernor was long established at the heart of the City and the city financial and commercial printing operations at least since , while his partnership with Thomas Hood in a major circulating library, brought him a popular and diverse clientele. Hood died in and Vernor apparently sometime before. The publication typifies the range of topical politics, commercial and indeed ethical issues associated wit Portuguese affairs in London — if not in Britain as a whole.
Southey, to be Poet Laureate in ,. It is an object of the first importance to restore the state of Brazil, the most effectual means of accomplishing this would be to establish a [Joint Stock] company, and for such an undertaking the Jews are of all persons the most fit. Southey is also typical in voicing enquiry about South America: But I have before said that Portugal must not be depopulated to people Brazil; make the in- habitants, then, labour in the cultivation of sugar and tobacco, instead of burying them in the mines.
One ship will bring away all the gold and jewels they can dig, but many vessels are necessary for the exportation of these articles of commerce. And he offers a summary: It is a corner of land divided into three parts; the one barren, one belonging to the church, and the remaining part not even producing grain enough for the inhabitants. Salt may be found at Pernambuco, the country will produce wine, and oil may be made from the whale fishery; true, indeed, we should have no snow to cool our drink, but there are ways enough beside of cooling water.
If America is in want of some things which Europe produces, Europe wants more of the productions of America: This betrays a truth: Portugal is an otherwise decent land beset by monks and nuns contributing to its depopulation and of wine contributing to idleness: The final — and hugely important - consideration is of translation. The German but also the French connections are fundamental to an understanding of the later appearances of matters Portuguese in the early nineteenth-century English novel.
Nine of my entries have Portuguese references, a few simply incidentally, but at least six with major concerns. Of these the German link and the interest from military operations are outstanding as partly discussed above. The translation of many popular but now neglected French novels into Portuguese in the early nineteenth century raise several significant research questions, given that many of them quickly and cheaply produced French novels appear to have been translations from English originals. This however, is an introduction only: As the research projects develop, we are able to make connections in the import and export trade.
The lag of nineteenth-century STCs digital projects compared to the earlier century is another difficulty, but newspaper searches are possible, revealing adverts and shipping arrivals. Another potential source are letters to the Royal Literary Fund6 but the translations explored here are mostly from the French to the English, with increasing German source novels and literature from the s.
At first sight, although translations were pivotal to novel 6 British Library, Archives of the Royal Literary Fund, More than a tenth of all novel titles first published in Britain between and were translations from Continental novels. Some of these originals were elderly and obscure; almost all until the mid s were from the French. This continued the pattern of the previous two decades. We need to look back because while some novels wee translated within weeks of their first appeared, others resurfaced in other languages many decades later- especially when going through more than one language.
Of these, 84 were from the French, 2 from the Spanish and only 9 from other languages including German7. In the s and s a few more novels were translated from the German, but it was a popular source only during the final decade of the century. From , translations from German exceeded those from other languages for the first time. Even more fundamental is the difficulty in verifying the claims--either by a title-page and preface or by a reviewer--that a novel was derived from a foreign original.
The same is true in reverse: Where a novel does not survive and its advertised title does not admit to being a translation, it is impossible to prove a foreign origination save and even then by no means certainly where a contemporary reviewer or other commentator so alleges8 When a novelist or bookseller took the easy route to producing a new novel by simply translating an obscure French or German romance, proper names were often changed and narratives rearranged.
Not all were as candid as Elizabeth Tomlins who acknowledged in the preface to her Memoirs of a Baroness that her tale was founded on a French original. This did not prevent suspicions being voiced9. Many were originally English. Translation of the novel was not simply a textual import trade.
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Many English novels were quickly translated into German, French, and other languages, and the novel industry involved both literary and commercial exchanges back and forth between Britain and Europe. Of the 1, titles of new English novels published between and , are known to have been translated into French or German before A dozen or more titles were also translated 7 Raven, British Fiction, p.
Tracing the translations of those, French or Spanish or other translations into yet further translations, such as Portuguese, is virgin territory, at least for the lesser, popular novels which forme the great majority of novels in these tallies. Existing analyses are either partial or inaccurate Price, numerous scholars have explored the history of the popular novel in Germany in this period in an attempt to understand its broader literary and social context.
Eva Becker, Michael Hadley, and Manfred Heiderich each offered profiles of novels published in a single year, studying , , and respectively. Given the foreign origins and influences of so much of the material, they have been let down by English bibliographical failings. Translation of English novels of the period into French has been better served by scholarship, but even here existing guides are undergoing revision11 Perhaps — and this is very important — by working backwards that is fro Portuguese novels known to be translations from the French we can establish popular novels whose pedigree was also other then French or Spanish with English or other originals.
Given the profuse publication by the Nobles, Lane, Coburn and Hughes, it might be asked how certain titles many marked by queasy frivolity were selected for translation. The later translation of very obscure English titles might also suggest one other agency: Here was a readily available, exported dictionary of past publishing and critical assessment from London. The main conclusion here is that the book traffic, the imitations and the translations have to be looked at in the European round, not simply in bilateral channels between two countries.
The appearance of German intermediaries in the above account, for example, should be warning enough. Most uncomfortably, Price includes some dates for German translations of English novels which predated by some four or five years their first publication in London. Mylne and Richard Frautschi, eds. Mansell, ; and Alexandre Cioranescu, ed. Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Les Trois Mousquetaires , traduit em Sous forme de livre. Deux notes sur Alexandre Dumas au Portugal. O livro no Brasil.
Literatura e jornalismo em Portugal. Moins que 6 mois: Do romance imoral a obra prima: Waldemar de Castro e Silva Editor, Oxford University Press, Elle se compose de dix-neuf tomes et quatre-vingt-treize fascicules. Il y a une controverse concernant les phases. IV , par Mucio Teixeira. Letras, Belas-Letras, boas letras. Mais nous ne pouvons pas encore affirmer que le positionnement critique de la revue soit celui de son directeur.
Le Naturalisme et ses genres. Dominique Kalifa dir , La civilisation du journal. Domingos, Estudos de sociologia da cultura. Estudos de sociologia da cultura. La civilisation du journal. Rio de Janeiro, Paz e Terra, Revista da Biblioteca Nacional. Librarie Droz, pp. Thus, every written word has a function of authority insofar as it chooses — by proxy, so as to speak — instead of the eye. It is a form of action in which a human being defends something outside the system, autistic by tradition, conservative in terms of survival, which has not felt legitimised by new knowledge.
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Imprensa Nacional, tomo X, , pp. In the wake of this process, and following on from other events at the turn of the eighteenth to the nineteenth century6, and with the hope of re-establishing a new political pact to ensure more pro-eminent functions within Brazil, on 10 February Bahia set in motion its own revolutionary process through a financial and political break, with power based in Rio de Janeiro7.
In , not only Bahia, but throughout Brazil as a whole there were revolts and accelerated political change. The periodicals produced in Brazil abandoned their newsgiving character a Gazette model with those contributing displaying their beliefs, which was a necessary condition for 5 In this context it is important to draw attention to a phenomenon that should not be ignored in the context of the transatlantic circulation of the press: That the press ran, nobody doubted. But the manuscript, with greater ease of diffusion, since it escaped censorship, spread more easily.
There were no commercial channels for their distribution, an essential mechanism for the practice of repressive censorship. The archives of the Quartermaster General of Police, until , provide testimony to this fact. If the manuscript arrived in Brazil, more important than it originating from France, Spain or Portugal is consideration of the flow of information and ideas that it contained, that led to it being circulated, through the multiplication of the word, with or without the use of printing. An in-depth work, carried out by an extensive team of researchers, would give us possibilities to draw the most evident conclusions about this movement of which the files of the Quartermaster General of Police in Portugal, clearly provide evidence.
Independence was thus prepared with a subliminal confrontation with Royal journalism, a confrontation just involving that of ideas, which encouraged writing on both sides. Their eloquence, whether in favour or against, became more notable with the abolition of censorship on 12 July Journalism in actu The news from the periodicals which arrived, from those which were in circulation or were reflected on the pages of metropolitan journalism all bear witness and show an intense interchange.
Various examples can be given of the impact that Brazilian periodical journalism had on Portuguese periodicals, but I have resorted to the Astro da Lusitania8, as the main news source, which provides us not only with information but also informs us about the circulation of the Brazilian press reaching Portugal, at the crucial moment of the change to independence for Brazil.
Born in Viseu, Sinval edited the Astro, the third political newspaper that was published in Lisbon, after the capital had joined the 24 August Revolution on 15 September The Astro da Lusitania lasted until the suspension of guarantees, which preceded the fall of the Constitution in June , with the last issue being published on 15 April of that year.
It was one of the most widely read and credible periodicals of the period, characterised by its opposition to the ultra-liberal exercise of power 9 Astro da Lusitania, Lisboa, na Typ. On the other, the correspondence sent to him, and included in the pages of the Astro confirmed, in essence, the news from the Bahian periodical The most delicate and risky task of a journalist is, without fear of contradiction, writing in the middle of conflicts involving various factions which are stirring up the country where he resides.
However moderately and impartially he writes, he acquires large number of detractors, because the different parties, looking at objects through their preventative microscope, only approve of what flatters the way of thinking of their respective faction. This is exactly the sad alternative in which we find ourselves.
We protest before God and men who, when we take up our pen to write on this sheet, we do it always free of premeditation, because only the spirit of perfect impartiality directs our ideas. Nevertheless, we are slandered, insulted!
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But as nothing but the truth is the goal of our writing From another perspective of the topic addressed here, the importance of conspiratorial activity should be emphasized, as a component that helps the circulation of the press and the supply of copy for the periodical, in which the pamphlet and the anonymous letter appetizing are appetizing supports: However, intrigues and passions were not long in forthcoming Incidentally the same Semanario Civic, No. Who are the factions, the representatives of the nation and those who in Rio wanted to make an attempt on the life of s.
This periodical provided means of circulating information, with anonymous letters, originating from Rio de Janeiro, being the preferred means which it did not hesitate to publish We cannot ignore either, in this systemic circulation of news and communicational activity, other information supplied18 and other data, linked to this circulation and activity, information to which the Astro gave body, such as: Coimbra, University Press, , written by the Marquis of Queluz, writing in the Conimbricense stated: Among other things that draw my attention [are] the repeated protests that Maciel da Costa, the future Minister of the Brazilian empire, made in According to Carvalho, some pages of the Apologia lead one to believe that Maciel was the author of the pamphlet which he had refuted.
Diario extraordinario da Europa, No. Astro da Lusitania, No. In what may be called an environment of paroxysmal communication, at the end of and early , Brazil occupied a predominant place with numerous news reports that metropolitan periodicals received and sent back using different channels It was not by chance that Ferreira de Moura, reflecting on what was happening within the information and communication framework at the global level, and with regard to the transatlantic circulation of periodicals, referred to Brazil in a short brief speech in the Cortes, stating that: Of the Brazilian periodicals that circulated in Portugal, whether through their own circulation, or by reference or quotation, I have provided the list that is possible.
Those dancing, however, take round dresses, gloves and with their headwear styled in a lighter manner, more suitable for that purpose. Gentlemen will also dressed in a courtly manner, however, those who intend to dance will wear white silk stockings, with their uniform unbuttoned, a band on the waistcoat and white gloves. One thing can be stated in relation to the set of journals studied and researched: Given the space limit, I will provide in this compilation brief information about the journals surveyed: Started in , it maintained the Gazette template model.
Unofficial, it defended the requirements of the governmental faction, which obviously provided it with protection. The opposition called it the Iron Age, instead of the Golden Age.. Jornal de Variedades Some authors speak of it, but copies are unknown. It followed the periodical model in the Portuguese language, and was produced in London.
Near to that of Lisbon, a type of non-compromised unofficial publication. It dealt mainly with the various areas of knowledge and about politics which it limited itself to reporting. Na Typographia Real, Only one issue, with no indication of date and numbering. It appealed to the United Kingdom, according to the values of the new imaginary. O Bem da Ordem Na Typographia Real, , No. Defender of European interests. O Conciliador do Reino Unido Na Imprensa Regia, , No. Reprinted in Rio de Janeiro: Na Typographia Real, 14 November - It called for the election of deputies, quoting in context, Nos.
It used, as its major argument, the Cortes of Lamego, a basic pact of the monarchy. Only one specimen, without any indication of date or numbering. Brazilian nationalistic op-ed periodical. Sabatina Familiar de Amigos do Bem-Comum Na Imprensa Nacional, , No. Op-ed periodical with a bias in literature, apparently suffering from vagueness. Mostly news, unofficial, which did not exclude opinion articles which are emphasized from mid, mainly through correspondents , with the seal of Lisbon. Compilador Constitucional Politico, e Litterario Brasiliense News, opinion, correspondence news sources: Defender of the union; European.
An example of the process of going from an attempt at consensus to rupture, in favour of Brazilian nationalism. O Conciliador Nacional Clearly showing its modernist beginning as an op-ed periodical. Na Typographia de Santos e Souza, , No. Clearly inserted in the new paradigm, the single issue that it was possible to have access to has pp. Politics, Economics, Science, Church Administration, etc.. Da Viuva Serva e Carvalho, , No. Defender of the Brazilian cause, O Diario, due to controversy around it, it suspended publication on 15 December It reappeared on 8 February , and was then substituted by O Constitucional, which followed its convictions.
Na Typographia do Diario, , No. Incendiary and disturbing op-ed periodical, which finished violently on 21 August , after various aggressive acts. This dealt with home medicine for the diseases of the province cf. Using a medical metaphor with political objectives. Remorseless Brazilian nationalistic op-ed periodical. Only one issue, without any indication of date or numbering. O Macaco Brasileiro Na Imprensa de Silva Porto, , No. Defender of the union, with systematic usage of imagery from Classical Antiquity.
Defended the meeting of the Cortes in Brazil and Brazil as the seat of the executive power. Issues with continued reflection, in the same sector as O Constitucional. Brazil to regain its unquestionable sovereignty. A Verdade Constitucional Na Typographia de Santos e Souza, , 16 March - Regular news and op-ed periodical, but with no hesitations concerning the path to follow: Unofficial, European, extreme defender of the Portuguese cause. The Sentinella has been described as reactionary press28, which seems to me to be reductive.
Na Imprensa Nacional, Only one issue exists, in the Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal. Na Typographia Nacional, , No. Op-ed periodical, anti-Masonic and pro-English, it advocated amalgamating with British positions. It seemed to argue for the end of one colonialisation in order to subject Brazil to another one. Indeed, one could say that the power of Communication, the connection between experiences and interpretations, captivates, recreates, recovers, refocuses and reorders the relationships human beings have with ideas, politics, power and their community.
Speaking of the circulation of the press by abstracting away the themes incorporated in it would be the same as speaking of a body without soul, of a reason without conscience. Through political periodical journalistic activity, these Brazilian journalists sought to reanimate a society in which they existed and for which they wrote. In the double sense of circulation and the double shift, which is present in this text, in the new form of journalistic production and the transition to independence, two living worlds and opposing arrival points came face to face. Thus, on the European side, we have: A vision that let itself be overtaken by time, which did not understand the inevitable independence, while bearing in mind the values that the 24 August had established in Portugal.
Between the virtual possibility of continuing to maintain the colony, in comparison with the factual impossibility of this, the European faction did not try to look beyond the borders of Brazil and the limited urban space of Lisbon. Haunted by the process of possible decolonization and an unprecedented crisis in sight on the near horizon, towards the end of the supposed empire, the journalists in favour of keeping Brazil as a dependency of Lisbon, resorted to the possible argumentation that was within their reach, to try and, unsuccessfully, obtain their desired effect.
Independence was just around the corner. Paris, Albin Michel, The feeling of the abominable: This hatred ran deep. The Brazilian periodicals, in favour of total disengagement with Portugal, began publication life in a moderate tone, and with the passing of time there was a refinement of the writing process, which was essentially liberal, but nationalistic. And it does not hold water to accuse them of being absolutist, because politics, which had been utterly foreign to the public, was not out on the street, having left the offices.
In addition to the programme of liberal principles, the tenors of independence continued in the hiatus of waiting, in the undefined spaced between the Cortes and Brazil, to sing the requiem for the colony, irrespective of the wishes of Lisbon and the Portuguese bourgeoisie interested in Brazilian trade and strengthening their new way of producing periodicals. In their inheritance of the Gazette model and their movement towards another mode of production, and another world of life, the Brazilian press, on both sides of the divide, exhibited a form of thinking and action, which was also a mission: One might wonder about its effectiveness and its importance specifically in the political and social sector, which may have been minimal.
This daily activity is experienced intently. The journalists did not only write to defend their position in the courts of the people representing public opinion, but as someone who thinks of power, without being able to possess it, in a subsequent logic of aims to be attained. En plus, la violence du royaume de D. Europe in , Londres: Paris, Librairie Plon, La France des larmes: La civilisation Du Journal: Cia das Letras, Ed Ouro Sobre Azul, The French Revolution of Princeton University Press, A vida de D.
La Monarchie de Juillet. Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris pendant la Monarchie de Juillet , Col. Nouvelle Histoire de Paris, Diffusion Hachette, Almeida, Fernando Mendes de, Jornal do Brasil: Fernando Mendes de Almeida. Anonyme correspondant de Paris , ob. Brazil and Portugal on the pages of Revista Brasileira 2nd phase Mateus Pereira e Mauro Franco Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto 1 T he aim of this text is to try to perceive how the Revista Brasileira had connected and disconnected the civilization and the Brazilian editorial market, in the direction of a world said as more civilized.
In order to think about the use of this concept on the pages of the chosen periodic we decided to analyze the positions and disputes between Brazil and Portugal aiming to understand the role that each nation occupied or should occupy into a future perspective2. By this way of thinking, the disputes performed by the Brazilian publishing market will have a highlighted spot. Central element in a modern regime of historicity, it has evoked a moment about future and progress. Our view intend to articulate the relations between edition and politics. I The periodic edited initially, from to , was recaptured by Nicolau Midosi in and on his second phase he joined 10 volumes at all, 8 of them printed by The National Typography Typografia Nacional and that had an average of 20 articles and pages each.
On languages domain cannot be fulfilled but on a inferior responsibility the people that, similar to the Brazilian, however still on spirits fight, have not reached, because they are too young or just because they are helpless regarding certain favorable conditions to the progress, the high level scope that some nations have reached, sometimes regarding the first line of humanity, that makes themselves proud, and at the same time due to their heritage that represents a long period of development and civilizations. Summing up the editor chooses to make a magazine and not a book known at the time as more superior than a magazine , having this as its main propagation mean, regarding a limitation that followed some terms: The Brazilian people — and it is not without sorrow that we say it — that should perform in a period that is not far enough a important role in the world scenery, are not prepared to consume a book yet, a substantial element of the strong and well characterized organizations.
Despite having Midosi as editor in a note about the political publication, the five of them sign the publications. Tomo I, , page. Bold of the authors. The magazine, the rational transition from the paper to the book, or before, the bound that tied both genders of publication, is the most natural way to give our people the knowledge necessary to advance into a superior level, into the large system of lights.
The dissatisfaction with the conditions of a regular readership was intensified by the critics to the government legislation regarding the customs taxes on the distribution of the books and papers. The wanted national production, free from foreign interferences, and that should permit the constitution of a intellectual field, was obstructed by the stimulus given to the import of foreign books.
The following fragments belong to an essay signed by F. The current taxes, on paper and its applications, regarding its subsection Printed Compositions, designates only a tax of rs the kilo, for foreign edited and printed books, while the clean paper used just to write and print, is expedited on a tax superior than rs. Do not deserve the Brazilian writers and prospectus that the Law unveils up its future concerns, which are also from the nation that they ennoble?
The question is simple. If they have to be, before the world, the civilization touchstone of its country, it is nothing but fair, that their concerns be kept against the privileged rivalry, one that cannot be fought against. The corporations of the languages men in Brazil, if existed, do not have an exclusive profession, because the result of it would be their misery and the misery of their families.
Every teaching place, schools, academies, public or private ones, have foreign compendia. Boldo of the authors. On the limited pages of a periodic addressed to the natural sciences, it is Luis Couty who tries to push projects in order to emancipate the Brazilian intellectual production in this Field. Therefore, it is needed to enhance that the Brazilian civilization place would not come by coping, but through the pursuit of our own authenticities, as Silvio Romero sums up: The protectionism, as we have seen, is one of them.
The other one, as we are going to see, is to attack the legitimacy of literature and the Portuguese authors. II Portugal, on the speeches presented in the Revista Brasileira, remained at the edge of prosperity when comparing with the developed civilizations, it happened in a way that its identity in relation to the other European countries was just a matter of geography, having nothing to teach to countries like Brazil.
The confrontation with the Portuguese civilization was also present in the dilemma of the constitution of an own national language with new elements different from the Portuguese ones, and, most of all, in a dispute between Portuguese authors and Brazilian authors, that used to came to Brazil to sell their essays, disturbing the propagation of national ones. Os Estudos Experimentais no Brasil.
Tomo II, , page Tomo V, , page Pacheco Junior, for example, regarding what had written a Portuguese writer, raises some questions that are important to understand the disputes between Brazil and Portugal on the pages of the Revista Brasileira: Are the phonetic modifications which contain the highest difference between Brazil and Portugal, enough to consider the Brazilian Portuguese a dialect?
Carlos de Laet in a comment about the Cancioneiro Alegre by Camilo Castelo Branco replied the critics made by a Portuguese writer to the Brazilian production: Castello Branco has, as most of his compatriots, some bias regarding the literature and the lifestyle of Brazilians. In the intellectual-political life Brazil besides preceding them, had also developed itself at the moment that left the Portuguese authors behind.
Therefore, Brazil had already surpassed the Portuguese civilization in the direction of a civilization development, as England and France were now the models to be followed. Tomo I, , page Tomo II, , page. The Brazilian people, whose final product is mestizo — in which characteristics from Portuguese, Black and Indigenous were identified — get the status of an entity such as the Portuguese, the French or the America. By this moment the Brazilian has singularities that are inside a bigger scenery, the civilization one.
It is about the modern complex of being different and belonging. Narrar o passado, projetar o futuro: Before its insignificant movement of , we had had the success of ; before having them a constitution, kind of liberal, we had already had ours; before getting themselves free from D. Miguel, we had the abdication of D. In a word, they had nothing that could be equated to our revolutionary spirit of this century. Our people, from and now on, will prefer reading French and English authors to the Portuguese ones.
Once again in a study about intellectual production, specifically on the number of books that were part of the libraries of a country, Portugal was taken as a reference of how the ways to civilization were not closed to Brazil regarding the development of knowledge fields. The bibliography, branch of literary history in which so many and so valued subsidies are destined to work as an erudition science, not if practiced in Brazil but exceptionally, and only after many years will possible be in this empire what is already — a reality — in many countries of the ancient world.
It seems to be this fact that used to instigate the Brazilians. Portugal has only one positive advantage over Brazil that brings great profit to its writers: To this empire there is a gap: The decay idea, common all over Europe, as said before, was a Constant in Portugal. At least, since the second half of the XIX century this issue was discussed by the Portuguese authors. Thus my conclusion is that, there is no superiority of Portugal over Brazil; both countries have the privilege of producing epigones; both can live tied to the mediocrity that differ them.
Portugal has only a shadow that has no equal one: Referring to the others, they have among us their pairs. Because some of the writers from Portugal need to sell their books in Brazil, and, by this way, they undervalue our intellectual products; we should not imitate them considerably regarding this attitude. The author asks if the Brazilian authors had a small production because they were in lack of talent or inspiration. The cause, the only real cause, is the rivalry that the foreign writers, specially the Portuguese, had brought into Brazil.
Tomo VIII, , page. Tomo VIII, , page Sur sa couverture saumon, on lisait, en lettre capitale, le titre de la Revue. Ou alors pour leur formation personnelle, comme L. Leur souscripteurs ont beaucoup diminuer par rapport au XIXe. Nous sommes heureux de les en remercier. Annuaire des Deux Mondes. Su testigo presencial es otra vez el general Gomes Freire de Andrade. No menciona las plazas, las catedrales, las casas, ni las anchas calles, menos en un solo caso.
No intenta alabar a los jesuitas desde luego. Los indios no tienen ni siquiera suficiente dinero ni tiempo para proveerse de ropa. Esto es, la nada por excelencia para la historia. Pombal pinta una variedad de misa negra. No se les puede confiar en los jesuitas, nos afirma Pombal, ni en cuestiones espirituales. Pero en gran parte sus acusaciones dependen de su habilidad de hacer creer que los indios nada pueden sin los padres y por lo tanto los religiosos tienen que haber estado involucrados.
Ofrece este ejemplo de la falta de virtudes entre los indios: Aunque no se ven en la batalla la presencia de los padres se puede sentir y razonar, porque sin los padres, los indios no hacen nada. Parece que logra bastante. Los que saben algo de Pombal no se arriesgan a pensar que tal apertura y libertad se convirtiera en libertinaje. Se ve que Pombal, cuando pinta en matices oscuros el gobierno de los jesuitas, sugiere que el buen gobierno consta de lo opuesto. Por eso, manumite a los esclavos africanos dentro de Portugal para evitar su traslado del Brasil donde se necesitan para el trabajo duro en ese clima agobiante.
Pombal apunta varias ocasiones cuando los indios no cumplieron su deber ante los blancos. Cuando se trata de un catolicismo bastardo y supersticioso que requiere la ciega obediencia, seguramente lo que le vino a la mente de Pombal tiene por fuerza que ser el caso del padre jesuita Gabriel Malagrida. Dado que en el siglo XVIII Portugal contaba con un religioso por cada quince habitantes, la influencia del clero debe de haberle parecido casi insuperable.
A pesar de guardar el secreto de su identidad, se puede percibir las luchas que ha llevado a cabo Pombal con sus antagonistas papistas en Portugal en sus quejas acerca de los jesuitas en el Nuevo Mundo. Ahora adoran a sus santos padres y les cortan la cabeza a los europeos. Los jesuitas abusan de los indios. Los jesuitas, muchos de los cuales son extranjeros, no son leales a los monarcas.
No hay quien controle a los jesuitas. It is powerfully but simply written, and containing withal that saving grace of humor which has, from the beginning of the world, been a stumbling-block to fools. Guillermo Furlong Cardiff agrega: Ofrece sus expertos que impugnan las declaraciones de los expertos de Pombal. Los dos documentos intentan recontar y explicar los hechos ocurridos entre y , y los dos emplean el trasfondo de la vida de las misiones para acreditar su punto de vista. Son una de las primeras autoridades que ofrece en contra de las autoridades, muchas de ellas portuguesas, que ofrece para hacer la defensa.
Libelista, el Relacionista y el Sr. Varias veces vuelve al tema.
O Marquez de Pombal (folheto para poucos)
El jesuita explica la historia del odio del indio hacia los portugueses. Antes de desmentir lo dicho por Pombal, Cardiel examina muchas otras acusaciones hechas a los jesuitas anteriormente. Incluye en su defensa otros mitos populares: Presenta al lector una frase capaz de callar muchas discusiones acerca del tema. Cita al padre Xarque y a Antonio Ruiz de Montoya. Hay otra denuncia que Cardiel no contesta. Y trabajaron al mismo tiempo en Madrid y Lisboa por alienar con el mismo fin de las dichas Cortes la buena inteligencia en que siempre se conservaban: Hace una lista de los que han estado en los pueblos.
Ofrece los ejemplos de los obispos, militares, comerciantes, comisarios y plenipotenciarios. Las otras once son vocablos castellanos. Si no se puede confiar de los traductores, todas las acusaciones hacia los padres se derrumban. Hay que afirmar que el deseo de Cardiel es el de defender a los suyos, tanto a sus feligreses como a los colegas misioneros.
Y aunque no las cita, trata de desmentir las frases escritas por Pombal que tratan de impugnar los motivos de los ignacianos. Primero, Cardiel sugiere que la obediencia es algo que se busca en muchas organizaciones. Cardiel incluye su propia lista de las costumbres que guardan en las misiones.
- Erhalt un, Herr, bei deinem Wort BWV 1103 - Organ;
- Ana Stela Almeida Cunha | Sobola! | Página 4.
- Way Of The Asshole.
- O Marquez de Pombal (Folheto Para Poucos) (Portuguese, Paperback).
- Assalto a sorpresa. La scuola dei pirati. Vol. 6 (Italian Edition)?
Hay retrato del rey en todas las misiones. Los padres hacen que sus feligreses repitan expresiones de lealtad y agradecimiento al rey. Cardiel recurre otra vez a la experiencia militar superior de Antonio Veraz cuando cita: Fe, los Pampas y otros tienen jesuitas que les aconsejen esto?
A la segunda dijo que no se puede extirpar los idiomas de entre los grupos que los quieren mucho. Sin citar de nuevo las acusaciones hechas por Pombal a los misioneros, Cardiel especifica la vida y el trabajo de los misioneros. Se dificulta la tarea del autor por tener que comprobar un negativo.
Por lo tanto el jesuita sustituye una nueva imagen. Este prejuicio cultural en el que se asocia y se confunde lo religioso con lo cultural es un rasgo que no deja de aparece en los trabajos misioneros. La insularidad de las misiones es un punto que ha empleado su adversario eficazmente para levantar sospechas. Viven como si estuvieran en colegios: Por lo tanto Cardiel describe el gobierno de los jesuitas y las autoridades que rigen su vida diaria. Es por eso que cada religioso recibe cierta cantidad de productos como anzuelos, tijeras, etc.
Menta el sacrificio supremo hecho por algunos jesuitas en su deseo de evangelizar al no- cristiano. Todo es como es. El sistema existe y Cardiel no plantea nuevas metas ni expansiones para los habitantes. Para Cardiel, las misiones son. Nolite tangere christos meos et in Prophetis meis nolite malignari Pr. Ni siquiera se enriquecen los que salen de las misiones y van a trabajar a las ciudades de Corrientes o de Buenos Aires.
En la cubierta del barco aparece un viajero, de espaldas al lector, mirando hacia la costa de la no muy redonda isla. Una imagen tan evocadora abre la mente a mil ideas, infinitas posibilidades. En lugar de lo estable insiste en movimiento. Ni siquiera apunta el tiempo malgastado por los soldados que salieron para hacer las demarcaciones para reunirse en las conferencias.
Su planteo no menciona tales detalles porque no le importan. En San Tiago donde le dicen que habitan 1. Todos llevaban casacas encarnadas, galoneadas, los caballos apelados y los aderezos llenos de cascabeles. Se niegan a calzarse ni a vestirse a lo europeo, a menos que se trate de un rito de la iglesia. Son incapaces del celibato. The observable fact of assimilation was part of a long-term Indian strategy of survival.
They could have retained rigidly segregated communities, as under the Jesuits, but as we have seen, such isolation failed to prepare the Indians for life without the fathers. The only other choice open to them was gradual assimilation, precisely that offered by the pueblos. Thus, the pueblos must be regarded as an instrument of transition affecting the whole of society. Tercera, dar censura a sus doctrinas morales y otras. Cuarta, reforma de universidades y colegios. Octava, quitar el abuso de las censuras The sanguine hopes that the Indians, and most especially those of the Jesuit missions, would be peacefully assimilated and europeanized was proving to be disastrously misplaced.
At any rate he had shown no animosity toward the Society before he was arrested in and accused of being a Jesuit sympathizer. This work praised the progressive measures of the prime minister of Portugal as well as the bride; the poet had now placed himself squarely against his Jesuit past.
LA CIRCULATION TRANSATLANTIQUE DES IMPRIMÉS - CONNEXIONS | Marcia Abreu - theranchhands.com
Without wasting time, the poet published O Uraguai, whose text was probably almost complete. The Sir Richard F. Huntington Library manuscript HM Berkeley, Los Angeles, Londres: University of California Press, 9. Surely he must have turned in his grave! No negamos que surgieron otros problemas por causas ajenas a las visiones de estos hombres: No lo negamos porque no viene al caso.
Obligando en fin los destacamentos que huyeran los dichos comisarios a retirarse a Colonia y a Montevideo. Uno de ellos dice que en la Aldea de San Miguel aun hay hasta quince piezas. Antonio el viejo por Sta. No traduce sino que resume. Lorenzo, dos leguas distante. Que entraron al pueblo felizmente, sin ser sentidos, adonde encontraron ainda bastantes familias y tres PP. Esto es, en suma, lo que dice desde el folio 23 hasta Juan, se acabaron de manifestar por la residencia que la tropas hicieron en las mismas aldeas todas las ideas de los PP. Sin embargo, nada ha bastado.
Por lo que toca a los referidos indios se explica aquel diario en la manera siguiente: IX Que si [En caso de que] viniere alguna cosa extraordinaria, Vg. El primero de los referidos medios fue el de procurar incitar a los oficiales de aquellas tropas para que se sublevaran contra su general como lo tiene avisado el 7 de julio de No deben ser portugueses, porque si vieran algunos de los portugueses, no les va a ir bien.
Por estas cosas juzgamos que la venida de los dichos no es para el servicio de Dios.
O marquez de Pombal celebrado por um grupo de distinctos escriptores liberaes
Nosotros no hemos faltado en nada al Servicio de Nuestro Buen Rey. Siempre, siempre que nos ha ocupado, con toda la voluntad hemos cumplido sus mandatos. Y con todo esto nos dicen que dejemos nuestras tierras, nuestras labranzas, nuestras estancias, y en fin todo el terreno entero. Este orden no es de Dios, sino del demonio.
Nuestro Rey siempre anda por el camino de Dios y no del demonio. Nuestro bueno Rey nunca nos ha querido tiranizar, ni perjudicarnos, atendiendo a nuestra desgracia. Veinte Pueblos nos hemos juntado para salir al encuentro. Si es el de Buenos Aires o el de Montevideo o los dos juntos.
De nuestro Pueblo no hay novedad alguna que nos participe. Y esto sin faltar. Si es que fueran ciertos, no se asemejaban a tu carta. En nosotros ya no hay confianza. No le dieron camino. Se fue solo al Pueblo de Candelaria.
Esto es lo que han hecho los de San Luis. Quisieron quebrar el Sagrario y lo impidieron. Por esto no entran en estos Pueblos.
UBC Theses and Dissertations
Y quien quiso hacer esto fue el Regidor llamado Miguel Yabatti. Esto es lo que se ha hecho: Compendio Compendio de la historia del Paraguay, Rafael Evangelista y Simone Pallone. Actualizado 10 agosto The Crossroad Publishing Company, Ediciones del Sol, The History of Portugal. Westport, CT and London: El continente de siete colores: Ciudad de Dios y Ciudad del sol: A Concise History of Portugal. Estudio preliminar de Ernesto J. Compendio de la historia del Paraguay, Imprenta del estado, Las misiones del Paraguay. Academia Nacional de la Historia, University of Texas UP, The Church and the Age of Reason Modern Library Edition, Los jesuitas y la cultura rioplatense.
Garcia y Edward F. University of California Press, Instituto Colorado de Cultura, Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America. University of Pennsylvania Press, The Formation of Mexican National Consciousness, University of Chicago UP, A Study in the Colonial History of Paraguay. Memoria de un exilio: