It should be made clear for the user in the introduction or in the user guide. The user who dedicates to these studies is the language student, the translator, or the researcher who makes uses of the dictionary with, usually, clear and didactic objectives. In that sense, there is a Metalexicography interested in school issues, which is commonly called Pedagogical Lexicography PL. In the definition given by Hernandez , p. It may be understood, based on the argument that the pedagogical lexicography is unequivocally related to the making of dictionaries for learners or for the language learning.
Expressões idiomáticas: falsos amigos do espanhol e do português – Bc. et Bc. Petra Lukešová
As for the use of dictionaries as didactic materials to help language learning, it is common to argue about which one is better, monolingual or bilingual. This researcher states it is possible to find good results in studies by means of using that reference material. Among counter arguments to the bilingual dictionary as a didactic tool, there are arguments that highlight the semantic differences between languages, the impossibility to delimit lexical meanings of a language by means of the equivalent indication and the danger of interference.
Many linguists assume the idea that the value of each element of a language defines itself by the place it occupies in the interior of the system of that language, as for its relations with other elements of it. From that concept on, one concludes that the meaning of a lexical item in a language can be explained only by means of other elements from the same language, and it is not possible to be thoroughly clarified by translation equivalents.
The above discussion arises controversy among several scholars and the authors' reflections on the theme corroborates the importance of this issue. Therefore, the goal of designing didactic materials fit to language learners, once their needs are different from the monolingual dictionary users.
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Phraseology is an area of studies whose object of reflection are phraseologisms or phraseological units. It studies phraseological phenomena and holds sociocultural aspects that are always present in one specific community. Zuluaga contributed enormously to the understanding of characterizing aspects of the phraseologisms. One employs here the term in the two mentioned meanings. Welker claims that the first studies of Phraseology arose in Russian territory, in the decade of 40's from the XX century, with Vinogradov and Isasenko 5.
Out of Russian territory, Phraseology establishes as science around the years 70's and 80's in the same century. From him, the first monograph about the topic according Welker seems to be the one from Makkai whose doctoral dissertation points out the idioms idiomatic expressions. Other studies by Welker on phraseologisms is Rothkegel's , which investigates an automatic or computational analysis of the phraseological units. The German scholar Burger intensified the phraseological research and published papers on idioms.
Another very relevant contribution is Zuluaga's who made an outline on phraseological research which went from Paul to Burger. Nowadays, the studies involving phraseological phenomena are in full expansion and the interest for delimiting and learning the phraseological units is visible. The chart below shows some definitions on Phraseology proposed by researchers who are bringing great development to that area of studying.
On the presented definitions, one may verify the occurring of words such as groupings, associations, closeness, idiomatisms, expression, locution, combinations, among others, that point out meaningful traces present in the Phraseology. Particular combinations characterize these linguistic phenomena. Definitions help in the study of phraseologisms whose compositions are object of investigation in the area and often, theoretical discordances. One aspect that holds some divergence is the one related to the category choices idioms, collocations that should or not be included in Phraseology.
For the purpose of this study, this researcher agrees with the classifications for phraseological units proposed by the following authors: According to Corpas Pastor , in order to recognize phraseological units is necessary to observe the following characteristics:. Expressions which characterize themselves for presenting syntactic or semantic particularities they cannot be used in passive voice, in the first case and the keyword of the phraseological unit resists to changes, in the second ;.
Expressions that characterize themselves by the possibility of variation in some of their integrating elements; they contain already lexicalized variants in the language, or occasional modifications in context. One peculiarity of some phraseological units excepting proverbs is that they do not constitute complete statement and, generally, function as elements of the sentence.
Catalog Record: Novos dicionários de expressões | Hathi Trust Digital Library
Phraseological units can be classified according to Welker , p. Some variations were also found in the analysis of PUz components, which can be affirmed, with Welker , their criteria of fixedness is casual and requires more reflections. As one may notice, there are many aspects to be investigated when it comes to expose PUz nature. What it is possible to expect in the medium term is the enlargement of reference materials that contemplates phraseologisms and the search for other translations that may respond for cultural aspects of the PUz nature.
Dictionaries usually have potential to help the student to learn new expressions and to elaborate texts in the English language. They can explain aspects of using an idiom with certain deepness. The studies carried out by Budny on phraseological units with zoonyms demonstrated that some phraseologisms receive diversified equivalences in bilingual school dictionaries. Such fact may constitute an obstacle for these dictionary users, mainly if they are in classroom context, developing production activities where all of them are working in the same source-text, at the same time.
Naturally, on the one hand, one may illustrate the ambiguity of equivalences when one finds different versions for the same meaning unit and that constitutes a situation of hesitation for the user of the dictionary. On the other hand, the translations when one finds them not always seem to correspond to the stylistic and informal effect one expects of them. It is translated in its figurative or popular meaning in the four researched dictionaries, as silly ass; stupid; fool; ass; ignorant.
In the case one translated the following interjection: Then, one would have the following possibilities: There is the necessity to keep the stylistic aspect of informality. One may also emphasize the co text should help in the correspondence that better fits the interjection translation. Even though those translations at any given time may be legitimate, they may not be appropriate when the intention is to find the colorfulness of the idiomatic and cultural emphasis of the phraseologism. In the search for that PUz in one dictionary of idioms in Portuguese 8 , this researcher found the following definition: One can point out many cases of PUz, which have been translated by formal correspondents and should not be applied in contexts of informality and expressiveness of the phraseologisms.
From there comes the necessity for more studies in the area of zoonymic phraseologisms for better translation representation in dictionaries. PUz are scarce in bilingual dictionaries. Similarly, there is not much theoretical reference on the theme. One of the challenges to face is the scarcity of phraseological studies in the direction Portuguese- English. What one can abundantly find in the area are reference materials and dictionaries in the direction English-Portuguese, which are the most described and translated in the current lexicography HARTMANN, As far as production is concerned, it is relevant the dictionary presents marks related to the existing linguistic community variants.
This paper presented not only relevant aspects on the studies of phraseological units with zoonyms in bilingual school dictionaries, but also attempted to contribute for the lexicographical studies in Brazil.
Expressões idiomáticas: falsos amigos do espanhol e do português
These studies aimed at strengthening their use and gathering theoretical knowledge on the theme, demonstrating the comparison of equivalences, with distinct traces and register of occurrences in bilingual school dictionaries. Common sense says that the occurrence of phraseological units with zoonyms is vast, and it constitutes one cause to deserve deeper studies and categorizations that may contribute for the advance of Pedagogical Lexicography in Brazil.
Some years ago, the search for meanings of a word having as base an obstinate analysis was speculated, handily conducted in many written text pages. Currently, one cannot affirm the ways have changed radically, but present technological tools 11 encourage ways for the search of cultural information 12 to help better phraseological units with zoonyms translations. Obra original de Oxford University Press, Tradition and innovation in modern English dictionaries.
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- Expressões idiomáticas: falsos amigos do espanhol e do português – Bc. et Bc. Petra Lukešová;
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