His spine and teeth were damaged from either hard labor or disease, and his wrist appeared to have been fractured sometime before his death.
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The researchers strongly believed that the boy was an abused house servant who died after a short, extremely harsh life. Zachary Taylor suddenly died while serving as the 12th President of the United States on July 9, During his short month presidency, the issue of slavery was threatening to rip the States in two and hostility began to approach breaking point. While doctors at the time reported his death was caused by ailment, these deep national tensions led historian Clara Rising to speculate whether Taylor was actually arsenic poisoned by anti-abolitionists who were angered by his opposition to the extension of slavery to Western states.
In , forensic pathologists exhumed his body in a bid to find out whether this really was a juicy assassination.
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Using scientific methods that were unavailable at the time, they discovered no traces of arsenic or any other poison in Taylor's remains, suggesting it was indeed just a commonplace stomach problem. Helene Rufty, President Taylors great-great-great-great-granddaughter was pretty happy with the findings, saying: People have cried foul play about Napoleon Bonaparte's death ever since he passed away in exile on the lonely island of St.
Although the official autopsy said he had stomach cancer, many pondered whether the former French Emperor had been poisoned by the British, out of fear he might return to Europe with vengeance. They applied modern scientific understanding to interpret the old medical records left by Napoleon's doctors. Richard Swain, who had led the police raid, arrested her and put her in the local jail overnight. PETA was told there could be no legal action against Taub without the monkeys as evidence. Carlson writes that, just as suddenly as they had disappeared, they were returned five days later, this time with Spanish moss in their cages after a holiday in Florida, according to the activists.
After another brief stand-off, the monkeys were returned to Taub. Taub said he had been set up. He said his laboratory had been clean when he left on vacation, but that Pacheco had failed to clean the cages, had neglected the animals, then subjected the laboratory to false reports of cruelty. During Taub's vacation that August, which lasted over two weeks, on seven different days in which the animals were supposed to have been fed and the cage area cleaned, the two caretakers failed to show up for work.
Taub estimated the probability of seven absences in that 2. On three of those absentee days, Pacheco brought people in to look at the monkeys. During the trial in October and November of Taub and Kunz, Taub told the court—as reported by The Baltimore Sun —that the monkeys had been given "gentle" treatment, and had what he called a "remarkable record of health. Responding to the images of the monkeys with open sores and decaying bandages, he said that using salves, ointments, and bandages is more dangerous than leaving the conditions untreated; monkeys feel no pain from the deafferented limbs and learn to ignore them, he said, whereas drawing attention to the wounds with salves or bandages would cause the animals to bite or claw at them.
Bandages might be necessary where the wounds had grown out of control, or where there was massive infection, and it was sometimes better to let the bandages deteriorate, he said. Taub also testified that some of the photographs Pacheco took had been staged for dramatic effect. He said employees had used brooms and mops on the floor, and had emptied the waste trays nearly every day.
He said the monkeys had been given fresh fruit twice a week, and that he disagreed with the veterinarians who testified for the prosecution that the female monkey, Sarah, was underweight. OPRR found that the lab's animal care failed in significant ways, and concluded that it was grossly unsanitary. According to Peter Carlson, every aspect of the case was disputed by experts on both sides during the first trial in October The prosecution said that Taub's lab was filthy and unhealthy, and federal inspection reports and witnesses supported the charge.
Taub said the lab was no dirtier than any other, and he also produced federal inspection reports and witnesses to support his position. Veterinarians speaking for the prosecution said Taub's failure to bandage the monkeys' wounds was a threat to their health; veterinarians for the defense, including two who had worked with monkeys whose limbs had been deafferented, said bandaging them would cause the animals to attack the limbs. Carlson writes that the prosecution produced 70 photographs of dirty conditions and injured monkeys, while researchers who had worked in the lab testified for the defense that they had never seen the lab looking like that.
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The judge—District Court Judge Stanley Klavan—found Taub guilty of six counts of cruelty to animals for failing to provide adequate veterinary care in respect of six of the monkeys, and acquitted him of the other 11 charges against him. The laboratory assistant, John Kunz, was acquitted of all 17 charges.
Taub managed to secure a second trial in June After three weeks at the Montgomery County Circuit Court, a jury acquitted him of five of the convictions, and upheld the sixth charge of inadequate veterinary care of Nero, whose wounds were such that an NIH veterinarian later amputated his deafferented arm. The sixth charge was set aside on appeal, when the court ruled that Maryland's Prevention of Cruelty to Animals law did not apply to federally funded laboratories. After the monkeys were returned to Taub's custody, they were transferred to an NIH facility.
They were moved by the NIH to the Delta Primate Center in June , where animal rights activists, who had been able to visit and groom the animals at the previous center, were told they could no longer see them. A lawsuit filed by PETA and others sought to block euthanasia and transfer the animals to a facility under their control.
The NIH had said in that no further invasive research would be conducted on the monkeys, but in fact further experiments were performed on them in NIH presented the experiments in the lawsuit for custody of the animals in It proposed to perform deep surgical anesthesia during all procedures followed by euthanasia. After euthanasia, tissue examination would continue.
Under anesthesia, electrodes were placed in his brain and hundreds of recordings taken. The Laboratory Primate Newsletter said it revealed an "unprecedented degree of reorganization of the sensory cortex.
An 8—millimeter-wide area that would normally receive input from the hand was found to have completely filled in with input from the face. The monkeys were subsequently euthanized. Based in part on his work with the Silver Spring monkeys, Taub went on to develop novel physical therapy techniques to help stroke victims, and those with other forms of brain injury, regain the use of affected limbs.
The American Stroke Association regards Taub's therapy, known as constraint-induced movement therapy CI , as "at the forefront of a revolution" in the treatment of stroke survivors. The affected limb is then used intensively for three to six hours each day for at least two weeks.
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As a result of engaging in repetitive movements with the affected limb, the brain grows new neural pathways that control the limb's use, as a result of which stroke victims who were seriously disabled for many years have reportedly regained the use of limbs that were almost completely paralysed.
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Animal testing Alternatives to animal testing Animal testing regulations History of animal testing History of model organisms IACUC Laboratory animal sources Pain and suffering in lab animals Testing cosmetics on animals Toxicology testing Vivisection. Invertebrates Frogs primates Rabbits Rodents. Animal testing Animal rights Animal welfare. Oxford University Press, , pp. The Brain That Changes Itself. Viking Penguin, , p. Doidge calls them the most famous lab animals in history. Oxford University Press, , p.
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In Defense of Animals. Basil Blackwell, , pp. Also see Boffey, Philip M. The National Institutes of Health initially said that Taub's laboratory was "grossly unsanitary" and suspended his funding, a decision that was later reversed; see Dajer, T. Schwartz, Jeffrey and Begley, Sharon. The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force.
Lantern Books, , p. Retrieved 24 April National Press Books, , pp. Also see Pacheco, Alex and Francione, Anna. NIH research protocol for Silver Spring monkeys: The Washington Post , February 24, Also see Laboratory Primate Newsletter , volume 28, issue 2, April A case of scientific misconduct Part I " , February 24, Oxford University Press, National Press Books, Review of The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force , curledup. Pacheco, Alex and Francione, Anna. Bioethics of Laboratory Animal Research. University of Alabama at Birmingham.
Edward Taub" , Department of Psychology, accessed December 7, Further reading [ edit ] Francione, G. Animals, property, and the law. Implications for rehabilitation medicine". Behavioral Psychology in Rehabilitation Medicine: A new behavioral medicine approach to physical medicine". Clinical Applied Psychophysiology pp. The role of shaping," Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , 61, , Maturational Windows and Adult Cortical Plasticity.