Because of his membership in the Party, he was dismissed from the Prussian school service, in the same year he first rose to prominence in Braunschweig, where he busied himself as a Nazi propaganda speechmaker. His partly theological publications were moulded by radical religious racism, in the municipal elections in the state of Braunschweig on 1 March , the Nazi party against expectation emerged as the third strongest party behind the SPD and KPD.
After long political quarrels and intrigues, however, Franzen had to step down only a few months owing to favouritism for a fellow party member. Unlike in the City of Braunschweig, by , the National Socialists were already quite politically influential in the Braunschweig Free State.
Klagges first tried to procure for Hitler an associate professorship in the position of Politics. This plan soon leaked out to the public and then failed miserably in the face of opposition from, among others, the plan had to be dropped. Without meaning to, Klagges had given the Nazi Party the very thing that they had wanted to avoid at all cost, their intentions had now made public.
It has an area of 16, square kilometres and 2. Thuringia has been known as the heart of Germany from the late 19th century. It is home to the Rennsteig, Germanys most well-known hiking trail, half of Germanys Winter Olympic gold medals have been won by Thuringian athletes. Johann Sebastian Bach spent the first part of his life and important further stages of his career in Thuringia, goethe and Schiller lived in Weimar and both worked at the University of Jena, which today hosts Thuringias most important science centre.
Other historians argue that the Thuringians were allies of the Huns, came to central Europe together with them, publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus first mentioned the Thuringii around , during that period, the Thuringii were famous for their excellent horses. The Thuringian Realm existed until after , the Landgraviate of Thuringia was the largest state in the region, after the Treaty of Leipzig, Thuringia had its own dynasty again, the Ernestine Wettins.
The coat of arms of Thuringia shows the lion of the Ludowingian Landgraves of 12th-century origin, the eight stars around it represent the eight former states which formed Thuringia. The flag of Thuringia is a bicolor, derived from the white. The coat of arms and flag of Hesse are quite similar to the Thuringian ones, symbols of Thuringia in popular culture are the Bratwurst and the Forest, because a large amount of the territory is forested. Some reordering of the Thuringian states occurred during the German Mediatisation from to , in , after World War I, these small states merged into one state, called Thuringia, only Saxe-Coburg voted to join Bavaria instead.
Weimar became the new capital of Thuringia, the coat of arms of this new state was simpler than those of its predecessors. In he attempted a coup in Munich to seize power, the failed coup resulted in Hitlers imprisonment, during which he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf.
Hitler frequently denounced international capitalism and communism as being part of a Jewish conspiracy, by , the Nazi Party was the largest elected party in the German Reichstag, which led to Hitlers appointment as Chancellor on 30 January Hitler aimed to eliminate Jews from Germany and establish a New Order to counter what he saw as the injustice of the post-World War I international order dominated by Britain, Hitler sought Lebensraum for the German people in Eastern Europe. His aggressive foreign policy is considered to be the cause of the outbreak of World War II in Europe.
He directed large-scale rearmament and on 1 September invaded Poland, resulting in British, in June , Hitler ordered an invasion of the Soviet Union. By the end of German forces and the European Axis powers occupied most of Europe, failure to defeat the Soviets and the entry of the United States into the war forced Germany onto the defensive and it suffered a series of escalating defeats.
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In the final days of the war, during the Battle of Berlin in , Hitler married his long-time lover, on 30 April , less than two days later, the two killed themselves to avoid capture by the Red Army, and their corpses were burned. Hitler and the Nazi regime were also responsible for the killing of an estimated The baptismal register did not show the name of his father, in , Johann Georg Hiedler married Aloiss mother Maria Anna.
Alois was brought up in the family of Hiedlers brother, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler, in , Alois was legitimated and the baptismal register changed by a priest to register Johann Georg Hiedler as Aloiss father. Nazi official Hans Frank suggested that Aloiss mother had been employed as a housekeeper by a Jewish family in Graz, and that the familys year-old son Leopold Frankenberger had fathered Alois.
No Frankenberger was registered in Graz during that period, and no record has been produced of Leopold Frankenbergers existence, Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April in Braunau am Inn, a town in Austria-Hungary, close to the border with the German Empire. Kingdom of Bavaria — The Kingdom of Bavaria was a German state that succeeded the former Electorate of Bavaria in and continued to exist until Since the end of the kingdom and the empire in , on 30 December , the Bavarian line of the Wittelsbachs became extinct, and the succession on the Electorate of Bavaria passed to Charles Theodore, the Elector Palatine.
Before the death of Charles Theodore the Austrians had again occupied the country, Maximilian IV Joseph, the new elector, succeeded to a difficult inheritance. Accordingly, Maximilian proclaimed himself king on 1 January , the King still served as an Elector until Bavaria seceded from the Holy Roman Empire on 1 August The Duchy of Berg was ceded to Napoleon only in , the new kingdom faced challenges from the outset of its creation, relying on the support of Napoleonic France.
In the same year, Maximilian promulgated Bavarias first written constitution, over the next five years, it was amended numerous times in accordance with Paris wishes. During the French invasion of Russia in about 30, Bavarian soldiers were killed in action, on 14 October, Bavaria made a formal declaration of war against Napoleonic France. The treaty was passionately backed by the Crown Prince Ludwig and by Marshal von Wrede, finally in , the Rhenish Palatinate was taken from France in exchange for most of Salzburg which was then ceded to Austria.
It was the second largest and second most powerful state south of the Main, in Germany as a whole, it ranked third behind Prussia and Austria. On 1 February , Montgelas had been dismissed, and Bavaria had entered on a new era of constitutional reform, on 26 May , Bavarias second constitution was proclaimed. The Landtag would have two houses, a house comprising the aristocracy and noblemen, including the high-class hereditary landowners, government officials.
The second house, a house, would include representatives of small landowners, the towns. The rights of Protestants were safeguarded in the constitution with articles supporting the equality of all religions, the initial constitution almost proved disastrous for the monarchy, with controversies such as the army having to swear allegiance to the new constitution. Within the Kingdom of Bavaria, the Palatinate enjoyed a legal and administrative position. German Empire — The German Empire was the historical German nation state that existed from the unification of Germany in to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in , when Germany became a federal republic.
The German Empire consisted of 26 constituent territories, with most being ruled by royal families and this included four kingdoms, six grand duchies, five duchies, seven principalities, three free Hanseatic cities, and one imperial territory.
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Although Prussia became one of kingdoms in the new realm, it contained most of its population and territory. Its influence also helped define modern German culture, after , the states of Germany had rapidly become industrialized, with particular strengths in coal, iron, chemicals, and railways. In , it had a population of 41 million people, and by , a heavily rural collection of states in , now united Germany became predominantly urban. During its 47 years of existence, the German Empire operated as an industrial, technological, Germany became a great power, boasting a rapidly growing rail network, the worlds strongest army, and a fast-growing industrial base.
In the First World War, German plans to capture Paris quickly in autumn failed, the Allied naval blockade caused severe shortages of food. Germany was repeatedly forced to send troops to bolster Austria and Turkey on other fronts, however, Germany had great success on the Eastern Front, it occupied large Eastern territories following the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. German declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare in early was designed to strangle the British, it failed, but the declaration—along with the Zimmermann Telegram—did bring the United States into the war.
Meanwhile, German civilians and soldiers had become war-weary and radicalised by the Russian Revolution and this failed, and by October the armies were in retreat, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire had collapsed, Bulgaria had surrendered and the German people had lost faith in their political system. The Empire collapsed in the November Revolution as the Emperor and all the ruling monarchs abdicated, and a republic took over.
The German Confederation had been created by an act of the Congress of Vienna on 8 June as a result of the Napoleonic Wars, German nationalism rapidly shifted from its liberal and democratic character in , called Pan-Germanism, to Prussian prime minister Otto von Bismarcks pragmatic Realpolitik. He envisioned a conservative, Prussian-dominated Germany, the war resulted in the Confederation being partially replaced by a North German Confederation in , comprising the 22 states north of the Main.
The new constitution and the title Emperor came into effect on 1 January , during the Siege of Paris on 18 January , William accepted to be proclaimed Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles. The second German Constitution was adopted by the Reichstag on 14 April and proclaimed by the Emperor on 16 April, the political system remained the same. The empire had a parliament called the Reichstag, which was elected by universal male suffrage, however, the original constituencies drawn in were never redrawn to reflect the growth of urban areas.
Nuremberg — Nuremberg is a city on the river Pegnitz and the Rhine—Main—Danube Canal in the German state of Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Franconia, about kilometres north of Munich. It is the second-largest city in Bavaria, and the largest in Franconia, the population as of February , is ,, which makes it Germanys fourteenth-largest city. The European Metropolitan Area Nuremberg has ca. From to , the city expanded and rose dramatically in importance due to its location on key trade routes, Nuremberg is often referred to as having been the unofficial capital of the Holy Roman Empire, particularly because Imperial Diet and courts met at Nuremberg Castle.
The Diets of Nuremberg were an important part of the structure of the empire. The increasing demand of the court and the increasing importance of the city attracted increased trade. Nuremberg soon became, with Augsburg, one of the two great trade centers on the route from Italy to Northern Europe.
In , the Jews of the town were accused of having desecrated the host, behind the massacre of was also the desire to combine the northern and southern parts of the city, which were divided by the Pegnitz. The Jews of the German lands suffered many massacres during the plague years, in , Nurembergs Jews were subjected to a pogrom.
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They were burned at the stake or expelled, and a marketplace was built over the former Jewish quarter, the plague returned to the city in ,,,,, and Charles was the patron of the Frauenkirche, built between and , where the Imperial court worshipped during its stays in Nuremberg. Charles IV conferred upon the city the right to conclude alliances independently, frequent fights took place with the burgraves without, however, inflicting lasting damage upon the city. Through these and other acquisitions the city accumulated considerable territory, the Hussite Wars, recurrence of the Black Death in , and the First Margrave War led to a severe fall in population in the midth century.
During the Middle Ages, Nurembergs literary culture was rich, varied, the cultural flowering of Nuremberg, in the 15th and 16th centuries, made it the centre of the German Renaissance. In , Nuremberg accepted the Protestant Reformation, and in , during the revolution against Charles V, Nuremberg tried to purchase its neutrality, but the city was attacked without a declaration of war and was forced into a disadvantageous peace.
The state of affairs in the early 16th century, increased trade routes elsewhere, frequent quartering of Imperial, Swedish and League soldiers, the financial costs of the war and the cessation of trade caused irreparable damage to the city and a near-halving of the population. In , the city, occupied by the forces of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, was besieged by the army of Imperial general Albrecht von Wallenstein, the city declined after the war and recovered its importance only in the 19th century, when it grew as an industrial centre.
Pseudo-scientific racism theories were central to Nazism, the Nazis propagated the idea of a peoples community. Their aim was to unite racially desirable Germans as national comrades, while excluding those deemed either to be political dissidents, to maintain the supposed purity and strength of the Aryan race, the Nazis sought to exterminate Jews, Romani, and the physically and mentally handicapped. They imposed exclusionary segregation on homosexuals, Africans, Jehovahs Witnesses, the partys leader since , Adolf Hitler, was appointed Chancellor of Germany by President Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January Hitler rapidly established a regime known as the Third Reich.
The term Nazi derives from the name given in German to a party member Nationalsozialist and was coined in response to the German term Sozi, members of the party referred to themselves as Nationalsozialisten, rarely as Nazis. The term Parteigenosse was commonly used among Nazis, with the feminine form Parteigenossin used when it was appropriate, the term was in use before the rise of the party as a colloquial and derogatory word for a backward peasant, characterising an awkward and clumsy person.
It derived from Ignaz, being a version of Ignatius, a common name in Bavaria. Opponents seized on this and shortened the name in intentional association to the long-time existing Sozi to the dismissive Nazi. In , when Adolf Hitler assumed power of the German government, usage of the designation Nazi diminished in Germany, the use of Nazi Germany, and Nazi regime, was popularised by anti-Nazis and German exiles abroad.
- Fritz Sauckel.
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Thereafter, the spread into other languages and eventually was brought back to Germany after the Second World War. The party grew out of political groups with a nationalist orientation that formed in the last years of World War I. On 7 March , Anton Drexler, an avid German nationalist, Drexler saw the situation of political violence and instability in Germany as the result of the new Weimar Republic being out-of-touch with the masses, especially the lower classes.
He was General Plenipotentiary for Labour Deployment from until the end of the war. Sauckel was educated at local schools and left early when his mother fell ill.
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He joined the merchant marine of Norway and Sweden at age fifteen, first on a Norwegian three-masted schooner , and later on Swedish and German vessels. He went on to sail throughout the world, rising to the rank of "Vollmatrose". At the outbreak of World War I , he was on a German vessel en route to Australia when the vessel was captured.
He was subsequently interned in France from August until November He returned to Germany, found factory work in Schweinfurt , and studied engineering in Ilmenau from to In he married Elisabeth Wetzel and went on to be a father of ten children. He remained a party member over its dissolution and publicly rejoined in Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. July Learn how and when to remove this template message. Das Personen Lexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach ? United States Government Printing Office.
Online edition , Internet Archive. Der Spiegel in German 14 - 13 September. The Nazi Elite in Allied Hands, Retrieved May 20, Nazis on Trial TV ".
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Major defendants at the Nuremberg trials. Remains discovered in Berlin in and conclusively identified in ; confirmed to have committed suicide on 2 May 2 Committed suicide on 15 October before sentence could be carried out 3 Found unfit to stand trial 4 Committed suicide on 25 October Ministers-President of the Free State of Thuringia. Fritz Sauckel Willy Marschler. Retrieved from " https: Views Read Edit View history. In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote. This page was last edited on 12 December , at By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.