Die Verortung von Grass A Nations´s Battle for Life in der Ethnographie (German Edition)

His early work played a significant role in twentieth-century logical positivism while his later work has been a main methodological influence The entry briefly describes Wittgenstein's philosophy and summarizes his overall influence within social theory Directory of Open Access Journals Sweden. Full Text Available Review of: Reviews a collection of essays based on papers delivered at the Berlin conference celebrating Franz Kugler , a key figure in the disciplinary history of art history and an active player the cultural and intellectual life of Berlin in the mid-nineteenth century.

Ludwig Wittgenstein taught only a couple of Australian philosophers, at Cambridge in the late s, and one of them, Frank "Camo" Jackson Chair, Philosophy, Monash University taught the author epistemology and philosophical psychology in the s. In this article, the author describes how this teaching was central to his subsequent…. On the centenary of the death of Ludwig Boltzmann, Carlo Cercignani examines the immense contributions of the man who pioneered our understanding of the atomic nature of matter.

The man who first gave a convincing explanation of the irreversibility of the macroscopic world and the symmetry of the laws of physics was the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann, who tragically committed suicide years ago this month. One of the key figures in the development of the atomic theory of matter, Boltzmann's fame will be forever linked to two fundamental contributions to science. The first was his interpretation of 'entropy' as a mathematically well-defined measure of the disorder of atoms.

The second was his derivation of what is now known as the Boltzmann equation, which describes the statistical properties of a gas as made up of molecules. The equation, which described for the first time how a probability can evolve with time, allowed Boltzmann to explain why macroscopic phenomena are irreversible. The key point is that while microscopic objects like atoms can behave reversibly, we never see broken coffee cups reforming because it would involve a long series of highly improbable interactions - and not because it is forbidden by the laws of physics.

Higher Franz -Reidemeister torsion. The book is devoted to the theory of topological higher Franz -Reidemeister torsion in K-theory. The author defines the higher Franz -Reidemeister torsion based on Volodin's K-theory and Borel's regulator map. He describes its properties and generalizations and studies the relation between the higher Franz -Reidemeister torsion and other torsions used in K-theory: Whitehead torsion and Ray-Singer torsion.

He also presents methods of computing higher Franz -Reidemeister torsion, illustrates them with numerous examples, and describes various applications of higher Franz -Reidemeister torsion, particularly for the study of homology of mapping class groups. Packed with up-to-date information, the book provides a unique research and reference tool for specialists working in algebraic topology and K-theory. The neutron capture cross section of radioactive isotopes for neutron energies in the keV region will be measured by a time-of-flight TOF experiment.

A highly optimized spherical photon calorimeter will be built and installed at an ultra-short flight path. This new method allows the measurement of neutron capture cross sections on extremely small sample as needed in the case of 85Kr, which will be produced as an isotopically pure radioactive sample. The successful measurement will provide insights into the dynamics of the late stages of stars, an important independent check of the evolution of the Universe and the proof of principle.

By combining Ernst Mach's empiricism, Ludwig Boltzmann's atomism, and the relative frequency interpretation of probability, the Viennese physicist Franz Serafin Exner argued long before quantum mechanics that the basic laws of nature were of indeterministic nature and that the strict deterministic laws found on the macroscopic scale obtained in the limit of very many random events.

The number of single events studied in humanistic disciplines was at best sufficient to ascertain weak regularities. But both science and the humanities were grounded in the law of large numbers, such that the world as a whole was governed by a global tendency towards the most probable state. Exner's unified outlook was not reductionist; rather it resembled the unification intended by Alexander von Humboldt's physical description of the world.

Moreover, to Exner's lights, even culture was a natural product supervening on the various rising and declining peoples that exhibited a continuous ethical progress and the development of an objective scientific world view. By separating the individual microscopic and the ideal macroscopic levels, Exner's indeterminist theory simultaneously opposed the Spenglerian challenge against science and embraced his criticism of civilization and the death of the arts. Dear Colleagues, It is with deep sorrow and regret that we inform you that our colleague and friend Ludwig Tauscher passed away on Sunday 23 November after a heart attack.

Ludwig studied physics at the University of Heidelberg, where he obtained his PhD in Ludwig devoted his entire professional life to teaching and experimental physics. In the early eighties he searched for the production of nucleon-antinucleon bound states at the PS, a subject that was the main motivation for the construction of the LEAR storage ring.

At LEAR he studied neutral meson productio Eesti kunstimuuseum, Kadrioru kunstimuuseum. Dynamical Franz -Keldysh Effect. We introduce and analyze the properties of dynamical Franz -Keldysh effect, i. In the case of a harmonic time dependence, we predict the occurrence of significant fin In the case of a harmonic time dependence, we predict the occurrence of significant fine The current debate on assisted suicide provides the occasion for calling to mind the role of Berthold Kihn as a psychiatrist under National Socialism.

With a historical presentation of a typology of euthanasia, the Academic Psychiatry of Erlangen together with the Medical Ethics would like to sensitize discussions on assisted suicide by drawing attention to the start and end of Kihn's scientific career. Relevant archive material, primary and secondary literature were analyzed and evaluated.

Kihn participated in drafting a "Euthanasia Law". Despite his involvement in the murder of mentally ill, Kihn returned to Erlangen as a "Soviet Zone refugee", where a Denazification Court considered him a "hanger-on". Kihn was reintegrated in the academic faculty of the Friedrich-Alexander-University and headed a private clinic. An appropriate medical historical contextualization can represent an important condition for an adequate medical ethical debate on physician-assisted suicide and the involvement of psychiatrists.

The analysis of Kihn's patterns of thought and argumentation can help sensitize those involved in debates on physician-assisted suicide and highlights the critical role of psychiatry as a discipline in this context. Los dibujos de Franz Kafka. O realismo de Franz Kafka. Taking as a guideline the short story "Auf der Galerie", included in the volume Ein Landarzt, the author attempts at showing how "realism" is materialized in the work of Franz Kafka.

It is stated that the deformation of reality that could be suggested by the work of the author follows an acute perception of the world. Kafka shows, in the body of such masterpieces, things as they are and how they are perceived by the alienated look. Excitonic dynamical Franz -Keldysh effect. The dynamical Franz -Keldysh effect is exposed by exploring near-band-gap absorption in the presence of intense THz electric fields.

It bridges the gap between the de Franz -Keldysh effect and multiphoton absorption and competes with the THz ac Stark effect in shifting the energy of the excitonic A theoretical model which includes the strong THz field nonperturbatively via a nonequilibrium Green functions technique is able to describe the dynamical Franz -Keldysh effect in the presence of excitonic absorption Ludwig Boltzmann - pioneer of atomistics and evolution.

At first a short introduction to Ludwig Boltzmann's life - and work is given. Some theoretical results of his work H-theorem, classical Boltzmann statistics, Boltzmann's kinetic equation are treated in detail. His experimental work is briefly discussed. In addition Boltzmann's philosophical work is characterized. Finally, the influence of Boltzmann's ideas on our time is investigated. Georg Franz Buquoy und "La famosissima Notte". Revision of the Neotropical genus Protoconnus Franz Coleoptera: The Neotropical genus Protoconnus Franz , belonging to the tribe Glandulariini, is revised.

Protoconnus is redefined based on detailed morphological study, and all known species are revised, including 10 originally placed in Protoconnus, one transferred from Euconnus, and 14 described as new. The following species are treated: Costa Rica , P. Costa Rica , and P. Lectotypes are designated for P. Ludwig Leichhardt und Alexander von Humboldt. Es wird das einzige Treffen der beiden Naturwissenschaftler bleiben. Abstract During July a meeting between two men takes place, which seems to have been extraneous, but turns out to be a significant historical incident.

The prospective young scientist expects help and references from famous Alexander von Humboldt. Unfortunately this is going to be the only meeting between the two scientists even though the two Prussians have more in common than their passion for the natural sciences. Way too seldomly have biographical analogy and geographical productivity of the two men been compared. Le jeune scientifique en devenir. It is argued that Ludwig Boltzmann was, along with Newton and Maxwell, one of the three greatest theoretical physicists of classical times.

It is less generally known that he was also a powerful realist-materialist philosopher and a keen opponent of Ernst Mach's positivism and of the philosophical idealism of Berkeley, Hegel and Schopenhauer. Boltzmann was also opposed to Kant. Moreover, he had a lively interest in biology and especially in Darwinian evolution, and he should be taken as one of the founders of biophysics. Boltzmann discussed the origin of life and of the mind. Finally, he also was a most vigorous, colourful and attractive person.

Ludwig 's angina after severe thrombocytopenic purpura associated with dengue fever. Full Text Available Here, we report a case of Ludwig 's angina, which required surgery because of toothache. The patient had dengue and severe thrombocytopenia as confirmed by clinical and laboratory diagnoses. However, dengue is not included among the predisposing factors for Ludwig 's angina. Ludwig Friedrich Oster, He is survived by his wife Cheryl M.

Oroian and his two children by a previous marriage, Ulrika and Mattias Oster. He had a distinguished career both as a researcher in solar physics and as a science administrator in the National Science Foundation. Ludwig was born on 8 March in Konstanz, Germany and emigrated to the U. He became an Assistant Professor of Physics and Astrophysics at Yale in and five years later he was promoted to Associate Professor. He joined the National Science Foundation in , where he became the Program Manager for the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in the Division of Astronomical Sciences of the Foundation; he remained there until his retirement in His early work, started in Germany and continued at Yale, concerned radiation mechanisms related to solar phenomena.

Full Text Available http: Thus he absorbed numerous elements from popular culture fairy tales, legends, superstitions and merged with the trends of his time, among which the mid eighteenth-century gothic and horror narrative. In Tieck the macabre becomes an expression of questions about the relationship between the subject and on the very notion based on common sense that there would be a single reality and independent from the point of view of who observes or describes.

Tieck aesthetically formulated questions that echoed throughout German romanticism. Northern balance outlasts the celebrated Ludwig case. Conflicts between communities and the environment on the one hand, and industry on the other are discussed against the background of the charges against Wiebo Ludwig , chief of a religious commune at Hythe, Alberta, who stands accused of terrorist attacks against oil and gas installations.

The community is divided in its opinion about Mr. Ludwig ; some line up on his side saying that by doing what he did, he focused attention on flaring, and although the government will never admit it, Ludwig 's actions may have been the most important factor in the government's decision to place restrictions on the practice. Others, many among them critics of the industry, bristle at the mention of Ludwig , pointing to the many benefits that the industry brought to Alberta and accusing Ludwig of upsetting a delicate balance between the farmers and the industry, which existed in a symbiotic relationship ever since oil was first discovered in the province.

The fact remains that the oil industry made many farmers wealthy, and by providing employment, it saved many of the smaller and marginal farms from going under. Despite the Ludwig affair, the pace of industrial expansion has not changed in Peace country. Some 1, new wells, double the total, are being forecast for the area in , and steady employment by oilfield service companies is being reported throughout the region.

O ensino religioso em Franz Rosenzwieg. Franz Brentano e il cognitivismo emotivo. Full Text Available This essay aims to describe the specific nature of the emotional cognitivism sketched out by Franz Brentano. Indeed in a more or less direct way the value-theory he developed has played a key-role both within the ethical-axiological debate at the turn of the 20th century and in contemporary debate. The high intensities of both the proton and the neutron beam allow the investigation of reactions of unstable target isotopes since the needed amount of target material is significantly reduced.

We will present two examplary reactions relevant for the s process and the nucleosynthesis of p nuclei, respectively. Loomingu Raamatukogu ; , ; Liiv, Juhan. Astronomers who worked or graduated at the Munich Observatory include: At present four professors and ten staff astronomers work here. An Interview with Thomas E. His research focuses on developmental issues in cognitive neuropsychology. He is also the author or coauthor of more than a dozen sets of…. Uuest heliplaadist "Beethoven, Ludwig van: Volume celebrating the 60th birthday of Professor Dr.

Franz Fie; Professor Dr. Franz Fiedler zum This report was compiled in honor of Professor Dr. Franz Fiedler on the occasion of his 60th birthday on 7 January Its contributions deal with mesoscale modelling, the propagation of air pollutants, measurements of precipitation using radar, and prediction models. Geburtstags von Herrn Prof. Franz Fiedler am 7. Die Beitraege behandeln mesoskalige Modellierung, Ausbreitung von Luftschadstoffen, Niederschlagsmessung mit Radar und Vorhersagemodelle.

Around Ludwig Prandtl and his colleagues O. These visualizations were achieved by recording the motion of fine particles sprinkled onto the water surface in water channels. The resulting images meet the relevant criteria of properly seeded recordings for particle image velocimetry PIV. Processing these image sequences with mo Methodological solipsism and kaleidoscopic worlds of Ludwig Mauritz Lachmann.

Using the framework of his theory of the fundamental assumptions of the Austrian School individualism, subjectivism, Lachmann did not try to pull them under the base of normative conclusions about the structure of the economic system of society, but rather, an attempt to build a more rigorous theory of the social world order. German economist, recognizing the importance of the concept of subjective value, pay attention to its insufficiency and stressed the need to incorporate to construct a theory of subjectivity expectations that brings his views with the views of John Maynard Keynes.

Following George Shackle Ludwig Lachmann believes that the economy is similar to a kaleidoscope: The author of the paper analyzes the concepts and ideas of Ludwig M. Lachmann, noting both the strengths and weaknesses of his theory. The author shows the importance of the theoretical development of the German economist for modern economics. Sordera, tragedia y muerte de Ludwig van Beethoven.

Deambulaba entre la Iglesia y la taberna. Franz Joseph Gall and music: The faculty and the bump. The traditional story maintains that Franz Joseph Gall's scientific program began with his observations of schoolmates with bulging eyes and good verbal memories. But his search to understand human nature, in particular individual differences in capacities, passions, and tendencies, can.

Management of Ludwig 's angina in pregnancy: Ludwig 's angina is a rapidly spreading cellulitis that may produce upper airway obstruction often leading to death. The present paper reviews the management of Ludwig 's angina in the third trimester of pregnancy. The inherent dangers to the mother and her unborn child are highlighted.

From right to left: Jean-Marie Dufour, who retires on 30 November , after 35 years of service. This article attempts to redeem Franz Brentano's paternity of his Intentionality Theory, which sustains his act-psychology, which postulates, among other thesis, the indissociabitity between idea and action for explaining the specificity of human behavior.

For that, he is considered one of the creators of modern psychology, as emancipated from philosophy. Full Text Available This article attempts to redeem Franz Brentano's paternity of his Intentionality Theory, which sustains his act-psychology, which postulates, among other thesis, the indissociabitity between idea and action for explaining the specificity of human behavior.

Fifty years of mathematical physics selected works of Ludwig Faddeev. This unique volume summarizes with a historical perspective several of the major scientific achievements of Ludwig Faddeev, with a foreword by Nobel Laureate C N Yang. The volume that spans over fifty years of Faddeev's career begins where he started his own scientific research, in the subject of scattering theory and the three-body problem. It then continues to describe Faddeev's contributions to automorphic functions, followed by an extensive account of his many fundamental contributions to quantum field theory including his original article on ghosts with Popov.

Einführung in die Organisations- und Betriebsanthropologie

Faddeev's contributions to soliton theory and integrable models are then described, followed by a survey of his work on quantum groups. The final scientific section is devoted to Faddeev's contemporary research including articles on his long-term interest in constructing knotted solitons and understanding confinement. The volume concludes with his personal view on science and mathematical physics in particular. Ludwig Wittgenstein was born in in Vienna.

As a scholar in Cambdrige University, his philosophical achievements are still major regarding the foundations of mathematics and language. In , he took a job as a porter at London Guys' Hospital then under the Blitz. Grant and Reeve who worked in a dedicated "traumatic shock" under the auspices of the Medical Research Council unit, a unit which then moved to the Royal Victoria Infirmary in Newcastle; Wittgenstein followed them as a technician and improved the preparation of fine pieces of histology fixed by paraffin.

He also invented a new device to record pulse pressure and paradoxical pulse search in laboratory rats. At the end of the war, he returned to Cambridge until and died in Ludwig von Bertalanffy's organismic view on the theory of evolution. Ludwig von Bertalanffy was a key figure in the advancement of theoretical biology. His early considerations already led him to recognize the necessity of considering the organism as a system, as an organization of parts and processes.

He termed the resulting research program organismic biology, which he extended to all basic questions of biology and almost all areas of biology, hence also to the theory of evolution. This article begins by outlining the rather unknown because often written in German research of Bertalanffy in the field of theoretical biology. The basics of the organismic approach are then described. This is followed by Bertalanffy's considerations on the theory of evolution, in which he used methods from theoretical biology and then introduced his own, organismic, view on evolution, leading to the demand for finding laws of evolution.

Finally, his view on the concept of homology is presented. At the end of the nineteenth century, Ludwig Edinger completed the first comparative survey of the microscopic anatomy of vertebrate brains. He is regarded as the founder of the field of comparative neuroanatomy. Modern commentators have misunderstood him to have espoused an anti-Darwinian linear view of brain evolution, harkening to the metaphysics of the scala naturae. This understanding arises, in part, from an increasingly contested view of nineteenth-century morphology in Germany.

Edinger did espouse a progressionist, though not strictly linear, view of forebrain evolution, but his work also provided carefully documented evidence that brain stem structures vary in complexity independently from one another and across species in a manner that is not compatible with linear progress. This led Edinger to reject progressionism for all brain structures other than the forebrain roof, based on reasoning not too dissimilar from those his successors used to dismiss it for the forebrain roof.

Wissenschaftliches Schreiben in der Fremdsprache Deutsch: Franz Anton Mesmer, an introverted personality in medicine and film. Full Text Available This paper focuses on a controversial figure in Medicine: Franz Anton Mesmer, who lived during the 18th century and the early 19th century. A biographical context, supported in different authors, explains his professional heterodoxy and his eventual legacy to Medicine, providing simultaneously a referential framework for the equally debatable film Mesmer and allowing a comparison between the historical truthfulness and the non historical changes made in favour of cinematographic language.

Historical film with well-matched wardrobe, approaches to us a polemic physician considered just a medical pioneer or, in contrast, a mere fake linked with occultism and swindle. Kaiser Franz Joseph I und die Serben — As the political struggle between Russia, Prussia, Italy and Ottoman Empire are depicted with moderation, Serbia is described unidimensional, with an emphasis on the last decade of Emperors rule. In order to remedy this shortcoming, this contribution is focusing on a period between and It is, therefore, possible to refute entrenched notions about constant enmity and hostility between Austria and Serbia.

In this work, an emphasis is put on cooperation between Austria and Serbia from , when Serbs at Emperors request held a number of important political and military positions, whereas Serbian artists took part in the reconstruction of Imperial Vienna. The university of Vienna hosted the oldest institute for slavistic , becoming, therefore, a crossroad of the cultural and social development of the Balkans.

Full Text Available The hypothesis which we assume is that a language cannot transform only one way, but more ways of seeing the world. Therefore, the speakers will not be stuck in a rigid framework of a single belief system. As the modes of discourse are changed, the speakers accomplish, constantly, ideological changes.

What we showed is that between the activities called language games there are more relations of functional analogies or conceptual functionality. Axiomatic unsharp quantum theory From Mackey to Ludwig and Piron. The introduction of some suitable axioms gives rise to a partially ordered structure of quantum Brouwer-Zadeh BZ poset; i. As a marginal result, a standard procedure to construct a lot of unsharp realizations starting from any sharp realization of a fixed observable is given, and the relationship among sharp and corresponding unsharp realizations is studied.

1 "Organisations- und Betriebsanthropologie": Annäherungen und Abgrenzungen

The Source of Ludwig Traube's Priority. Since the midth century, one citation is given historical priority as the first description of spasmodic dysphonia SD: Ludwig Traube's case of the "spastic form of nervous hoarseness. The original German paper was located and translated. Bibliographical and bibliometric methods are used to determine the citation history of this original source over the past years. Although secondary citations in contemporary publications typically credit Traube for establishing the clinical entity SD, his case does not conform to currently accepted diagnostic features.

Citation patterns indicate the source of Traube's priority is publications by Arnold and Luchsinger, midth-century ENT clinicians, particularly their influential textbook used to train US and UK clinicians on voice disorders for several generations.

4/2018 ERIS Journal - Summer 2018

Sometimes secondary citations in medical literature lead to the inadvertent perpetuation of factual misrepresentation. The clinical picture of Traube's original case does not represent what clinicians would recognize as SD today. The rich 19th-century literature on voice disorders is a valuable resource for present day clinicians. Ludwig Edinger, a German neurologist is considered as one of the founders of modern neuroanatomy.

He was conferred the degree of Doctor of Medicine at the University of Strassburg. His observation of small living organisms under a microscope at an early age led him to study medicine. Edinger had many discoveries to his credit. He was the first to describe the ventral and dorsal spinocerebellar tracts, to distinguish between paleo-encephalon and neo-encephalon, and between paleo-cerebellum and neo-cerebellum.

He coined the terms "gnosis" and "praxis," which were later adopted in psychological descriptions of agnosia and apraxia. He identified the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in and was the first to describe the syndrome of thalamic pain. Edinger worked with renowned clinicians and published a large number of papers. Edinger was a rare combination of a profound scientist, a brilliant teacher, a fine artist, and a noted hypnotist. While at the height of his career, he underwent a surgery and died a few hours later. It was his last will that his brain should be dissected in his own institute.

It showed extraordinarily well-developed occipital lobes as well as other unusual features. Franz Boas, geographer, and the problem of disciplinary identity. This paper examines Franz Boas as an aspiring professional geographer during the s: Frustrated by a seeming lack of opportunity for advancement in Germany, Boas explored career opportunities as a geographer in America and launched a series of unsuccessful but meaningful attempts to dominate the intellectual direction of American geography.

Finally, the article reviews the circumstances surrounding Boas's appointment as an anthropologist at Clark University in Through examining Boas's own words and actions, the paper demonstrates that his professional identification with geography was lengthier and stronger than earlier accounts have suggested.

It also critiques the myth of a Baffin Land "conversion" to anthropology, and delineates the circumstances of his shift from German human geography to his Americanist recasting of anthropology after Copyright Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The Austrian composer Franz Peter Schubert , the father of the German lied song , was only 31 years old when he died. During his short life he wrote more than 1, pieces, among them lieder, nine symphonies, 18 overtures, chamber music, 15 operettas and operas, six masses, and innumerable piano pieces. Included among the latter are 21 complete sonatas, eight impromptus, Wanderer-Fantasie, dances and piano duets.

When he was 26 years old he contracted syphilis and was given the conventional treatment at that time, mercury, which caused him a great deal of problems in the years that followed. However, his premature death was probably caused by typhoid fever. Full Text Available Sunday, June 28, , the world will change in the days of a political murder was carried out.

Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire in Sarajevo visit with his wife and both died as a result of an assassination. The background of the assassination in Sarajevo, causes and consequences of the assassination will be discussed in this study. Full Text Available Ludwig angina is a serious infection which is defines as edema, quickly progressing gangrenous sellulitis of soft tissues in neck and flor of the mouth.

Airway obstruction is the most common cause of death. We present a case who applied to our outpatient clinic with a swelling under jaw and neck and was dignosed a a Ludwig Anjina. Broad spectrum antibiotherapy was given and followed without tracheotomy. He died because of cardiac arrest. This criticism encouraged Einstein in the time he worked on his special relativity. On the other side Broda writes about the influence of Ludwig Boltzman, an atomist, whose scientific work and research prepared the ground for Einsteins work on the quantum-structure of electromagnetic radiation or the discovery of the photoelectric effect.

Theory of the Franz -Keldysh effect in quantum wells. All magnitudes are obtained, neglecting excitonic effects, for electric fields both perpendicular to and in the plane of the layers. We show that for fields parallel to the layers the electrooptic functions turn out to be a superposition of two-dimensional Franz -Keldysh ones. The electrooptic functions for fields perpendicular to the layers show a qualitatively different behaviour from those observed in bulk semiconductors.

But his search to understand human nature, in particular individual differences in capacities, passions, and tendencies, can also be traced to other important observations, one being of a young girl with an exceptional talent for music. Rejecting contemporary notions of cognition, Gall concluded that behavior results from the interaction of a limited set of basic faculties, each with its own processes for perception and memory, each with its own territory in both cerebral or cerebellar cortices.

Gall identified 27 faculties, one being the sense of tone relations or music. The description of the latter is identical in both his Anatomie et Physiologie and Sur les Fonctions du Cerveau et sur Celles de Chacune de ses Parties, where he provided positive and negative evidences and discussed findings from humans and lower animals, for the faculty. The localization of the cortical faculty for talented musicians, he explained, is demonstrated by a "bump" on each side of the skull just above the angle of the eye; hence, the lower forehead of musicians is broader or squarer than in other individuals.

Additionally, differences between singing and nonsinging birds also correlate with cranial features. Gall even brought age, racial, and national differences into the picture. Gluckman entwickelte die kollektive Reputation auf Basis eines gewissen Forschungs- und Schreibstils. Viewing themselves as a group of ecclectic and left-leaning marginals in an upper- middle- class academic discipline, both students and colleagues looked on Gluckman as their intellectual figurehead. Wie das Material aus den afrikanischen Feldforschungen, so wurden auch die ethnographischen Informationen aus den Manchester Shop Floor Studies zwischen Lupton und Frankenberg immer wieder auf Basis der neuesten theoretischen Entwicklungen in der Kultur- und Sozialanthropologie diskutiert und analysiert.

Diese Themen lagen zur damaligen Zeit keineswegs im Zentrum des anthropologischen Mainstreams Kapferer Indeed, it was Gluckman and his associates who largely pioneered issues and themes that in many quarters these days are conceived to be vital to a reconstruction of anthropology as, through and through, the study of modernity. Er betrachtete die soziale Ordnung als organisches System, in dem die einzelnen Institutionen notwendig zur Aufrechterhaltung des Ganzen sind Handelman Obwohl Funktionalist, teilte er nicht das Gesellschaftsbild Malinowskis, der das harmonische Zusammenwirken der Institutionen betonte.

I now abandon altogether the type of organic analogy for a social system with which Radcliffe-Brown worked and which led me to speak of civil war through rituals of rebellion as being necessary to maintain the system. Social systems are not as nearly integrated as organic systems, and the processes working within them are not as cyclical or repetitive as are those in organic systems I think therefore much more in terms of series of social processes These are never perfectly adjusted; and hence processes do not cancel themselves out as in organic systems.

Analysiert wurden einzelne Gesellschaftssegmente, Handlungen und Situationen. Dem liegt die Annahme zugrunde, dass sich in jedem Einzelereignis die Strukturen der ganzen Gesellschaft spiegeln. Wobei sich die relevanten Kontexte der Situation zum Teil erst aus der Beobachtung der Situation selbst ergeben vgl. Auch der psychologische Individualismus von Mayo wurde nicht weiter verfolgt. To treat of our present problem and our data in this way had been fruitful, but we now think that it might be more useful and enlightening if we were to regard workshop social situations, and indeed all social situations, as points of articulation of several role systems.

We would then look at the individuals whose behaviour and relationships define our situations, as bearers of values and expectations typical of such systems. To see things this way would be to avoid the stress on productive roles, and make it possible to analyse the process fully by which certain types of social situation stress certain kinds of role behaviour. Thus the problem to be studied would be couched in terms of the situational relationship of elements within the social context, rather than with performance in an abstracted role system. Das ist ein wesentlicher Unterschied zu Hawthorne, weil dort die Forscher nicht mitgearbeitet, nicht teilgenommen, sondern nur beobachtet haben Cunnison Ziel war, nicht nur teilzunehmen, sondern "Insider" zu werden.

These are not a priori hypotheses. Tom Lupton sah dies keineswegs als irrationale Handlung, denn aus einer "Insiderperspektive", sprich Arbeiterperspektive, ist es eine logische und nachvollziehbare Strategie, das Arbeitsleben aktiv mit zu gestalten. Cunnison untersuchte eine Firma, in der weibliche Arbeitsgruppen um einen Tisch versammelt verschiedene Aufgaben wahrnehmen. Das Spektrum reichte von totaler Anpassung an die Managementvorgaben bis zur versuchten kollektiven Steuerung des Outputs gegen die Vorgaben der Firmenleitung.

Dieser relevante Kontext wurde in den einzelnen Studien ganz unterschiedlich gesehen. Einige Branchen sind hochkapitalisiert und technisiert mit geringer Bedeutung der Arbeitskosten. Andere Industriezweige zeigen gegenteilige Strukturen: Luptons These hat den ethnographischen Test nicht bestanden.

l’usage du mot / notes for soloists / zaroum · Gedichte

Emmett und Morgan Ein besonderes Spezifikum der Manchester School bestand darin, eigenes und fremdes ethnographisches Material immer wieder neu auf verschiedene Theorien hin zu analysieren. Der zweite Ansatz bestand dann darin, die unterschiedlichen Verhaltensmuster zwischen ArbeiterInnen und Management in den untersuchten Fabriken im Kontext der britischen Klassengesellschaft zu analysieren.

Cunnison spricht in diesem Zusammenhang von verschiedenen Stilen der Anpassung accommodation. Wichtiges Ergebnis von Cunnisons Analysen: We argue that, if such acts are not seen as part of a class struggle, investigators, and workers, run the risk of categorising as non- militant, without class consciousness, workers who, when the time is right for them, will indeed know how to act in solidarity.

Diese Position, die Hervorhebung der vielen kleinen Formen des Widerstands, entsprach dem damaligen Zeitgeist. Eine neue Frage tauchte auf: Wie gehen Menschen mit ideologischen Konzepten um. Lupton, Cunnison and above all, perhaps Wilson were, long before it became fashionable, and long before ist vital importance became clear, concerned with class, gender and race on the shop floor. Modes and Consequences of Limiting a Field of Study.

Practice and Ethnographic Praxis in Anthropology. Historicizing the Extended-Case Method. Evens and Don Handelman eds. Practice and Ethnographic Praxis in Anthropology; pp. A social anthropology for Britain? Interactional Foundations and Prospective Dimensions. The Contribution of Max Gluckman. Methods and Myths in Disciplinary History. KommentatorInnen der Geschichte der Organisationsanthropologie sind sich einig: Zwischen und tut sich in diesem Feld wenig.

Ethnographien wurden in den Kontexten von Nationalstaat und Weltsystem[3] analysiert. What if, in reinventing anthropology, anthropologists were to study the colonizers, rather than die colonized, the culture of power rather than the culture of the powerless, the culture of affluence rather than the culture of poverty? In den Jahren bis zeigt sie keine einheitliche Ausrichtung. Baba spricht vielmehr von einer Fragmentierung der "Industrial Anthropology" in drei verschiedene Forschungsbereiche:.

Baba ordnet sie jedoch keiner der oben genannten Forschungsfelder zu: Thomas Rohlen, Edward T. Hall und Alvin Wolfe Baba Halls Theorie wurde vom Feld der internationalen Managementwissenschaften sowie der interkulturellen Kommunikation aufgegriffen. Nationalstaatliche Interessen spielten in diesem Netzwerk keine Rolle.

Wolfe entwickelte aus dieser Beobachtung die Idee supranationaler Netzwerke. Aus heutiger Sicht erscheinen Wolfes Beobachtungen, wie Baba schreibt, "still [.. AnthropologInnen nutzten dazu marxistische[1] und neomarxistische[2] Theorie Baba ; vgl. Die hier beschriebenen Forschungsinteressen wurden auch nach weiter verfolgt[3]. Gamst und Herbert Applebaum sind zentrale VertreterInnen dieser "industrial ethnology" Gamst bzw. Analog zum klassischen Kulturkonzept der Anthropologie werden sog.

Arbeitskulturen "work cultures" beschrieben. Er versteht unter Arbeitskultur "a system of knowledge, techniques, attitudes, and behaviors appropriate to the performance of work and social interactions in a particular work setting" Baba Gamst sieht sich in der Tradition von W. Sein Ziel sei es, "to uncover and explicate the ways in which people in particular work settings come to understand, account for, take action, and otherwise manage their day-to- day situation" Van Maanen A Case from the Bureaucracy.

An Industrial Ethnology of the Locomotive Engineer. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. Reappraisal and New Directions. Annual Review of Anthropology Production and Reproduction in an Industrial Community. Values and Politics in a Dockland Union. The Politics of Dockland. Perspectives Gained from Studying Up.

Changes in the State of the World and the State of the Arts. Anthropology of Work Review A Study of Benares Sweepers. Manning and John Van Maanen eds. A View From the Street; pp. Administrative Science Quarterly OrganisationsforscherInnen griffen anthropologische Konzepte, Theorien und Methoden auf und setzten sie in ihren Studien um. Sozial- und KulturanthropologInnen meldeten sich dazu kritisch zu Wort.

Kultur- und sozialanthropologische Kritik an der OBA. Sein wohl am meisten zitierte Aufsatz ist "Thick Description: In der Organisations- und Betriebs anthropologie wird Geertz selten aufgegriffen. Ihre Untersuchung ist daher keine experimentelle Wissenschaft, die nach Gesetzen sucht, sondern eine interpretierende, die nach Bedeutungen sucht. Dies bedeutet jedoch nicht, dass man einzelne Verhaltensweisen direkt und kausal kulturellen Teilelementen zuordnen kann.

Kultur muss vielmehr als ein Rahmen verstanden werden, als Kontext, der diesen Verhaltensweisen Sinn verleiht. Hier eine Auswahl dieser Metaphern:. Towards an Anthropology of Complex Organizations. International Studies of Management and Organization Multiple Cultures and Culture Conflicts in Organizations.

Beyond Struggles for Intellectual Dominance. Clegg and Christine Hardy eds. Das Feld der Organisations- und Betriebsanthropologie erlebt seit einen Aufschwung. Die Gliederung orientiert sich an Marietta L. During much of the 20th century, anthropologists were more or less partisans in the continuing struggle between these two classes of employees [managers and workers] that coexist in business organizations. Die Anthropologie habe sich theoretisch und methodologisch weiterentwickelt: Soziale AkteurInnen werden mit ihren komplexen Agenden wahrgenommen.

Etwa zu dem Zeitpunkt wurde das Konzept der Organisationskultur bekannt und AnthropologInnen begannen, sich in die Organisationskultur- Diskussion einzubringen. Die Neuformulierung der Richtlinien[1] bzgl. Die Organisationskultur-Forschung wird einhellig den er und er Jahren zugeordnet. Viele ForscherInnen nehmen eine deutlich management- und kapitalismuskritische Haltung ein. Auch die Studien von G. AnthropologInnen kamen damals unter Druck, so Marietta Baba ; vgl. Es sollten unter anderem die Unterschiede anthropologischer Forschung zu anderen Disziplinen , die sich mit Organisationskultur befassen, gezeigt werden zu einer Diskussion der Unterschiede vgl.

Die us-amerikanische Anthropologin Kathleen L. Gregory schreibt zum Beispiel,. These would include the work itself, the technology, the formal organization structure, the everyday language, not only myths, stories or special jargon. That some researchers select these for special emphasis says more about the culture of the researchers than the researched, for whom all culture is equally taken for granted. Gregorys Hauptargument bezieht sich auf die Nutzung emischer Kategorien, der "native views". Doch damit ist der Zeit etwas vorgegriffen.

franz ludwig pfyffer: Topics by theranchhands.com

Gabriella Coleman und J. English-Lueck , die ihre Forschungsergebnisse u. Als zweites Beispiel nennt Baba The Discovery of Coupled and Decoupled Systems. Anthropological Perspectives on Bureaucracy. Institute for the Study of Human Issues. Ethnographies of High Technology Organizations. Negotiated Capitalism in a Privatized Polish Firm. Michael Burawoy and Katherine Verdery eds. Ethnographics of Change in the Postsocialist World. State University of New York Press. Women, Work, and Pink- Collar Identities. Creating Culture Across Boundaries. Core and Periphery in a Transnational Organizational Culture.

Stockholm Studies in Social Anthropology. Doctoral dissertation, Northwestern University]. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science Dependency and Exploitation in Bolivian Tin Mines. Considerations for the Twenty-First Century; pp. Factory Women in Malaysia. An Ethnography of a Modern Job. The Search for Cheap Labor. Eleanor Leacock and Helen Safa eds. Rothstein and Michael Blim eds. ForscherInnen versprachen sich geeignetere Antworten auf ihre Fragen. Bis dahin hatten - zumindest in den betriebswirtschaftlichen Wissenschaften - quantitativ ausgerichtete Makromodelle dominiert.

Mit "Organisationskultur" traten die sozialen Beziehungen bzw. Die Organisationskulturforschung schloss dabei auch an jene v. Ebers ; Novak ; Parker Von Beginn an und bis heute ist die wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung mit Organisationskultur an keine spezifische theoretische Positionierung gebunden. Die Organisationskulturforschung umfasst drei Forschungsperspektiven, die ihren je eigenen Fragestellungen nachgehen Frost et al.

KommentatorInnen berichten von heftigen Kontroversen zwischen VertreterInnen der verschiedenen Perspektiven. Die Auseinandersetzungen drehten sich um Fragen der Theorie, der Epistemologie, der Forschungsmethodik und der politischen Ausrichtung Frost et al. Welche Perspektive wird dem Forschungsfeld Organisation am besten gerecht?

Alle und keine, meint Joanne Martin Martin fordert einen sog. Was ist das organisationskulturell Spezifische der Firma A? Worin sind sich die Mitglieder der Organisation C einig? Pettigrew , McDonald Etwa zeitgleich mit dem Beginn der Integrationsperspektive[1] in den er Jahren nahm eine Reihe von ForscherInnen eine andere Perspektive auf Organisationskultur ein.

Studien der Differenzierungsperspektive richten ihre Aufmerksamkeit auf Unterschiede, Abweichungen und Unklarheiten. Abweichungen zwischen formalen Richtlinien und informeller Praxis auf. Sie fokussieren Unterschiede zwischen Gruppen innerhalb von Organisationen und sprechen in dem Zusammenhang von sog. Organisationskultur aus dieser Perspektive is "not unitary; it is a nexus where environmental influences intersect, creating a nested, overlapping set of subcultures within a permeable organizational boundary " Martin et al.

Andreas Wittel [3] "Belegschaftskultur im Schatten der Firmenideologie". Studien der Integrationsperspektive[1] verorten Konsens, Konsistenz und Klarheit auf der Ebene der Gesamtorganisation, Studien der Differenzierungsperpektive[2] auf der Ebene sog. Charakteristika der drei Perspektiven der Organisationskulturforschung Abbildung nach Frost et al.

Control and Commitment in a High-Tech Corporation. A Struggle for Intellectual Dominance. Theory and Method; pp. Developing Organizational Culture in the Short Run. A Glimpse of an Occupational Subculture. An Integration of Three Different Views. Journal of Management Studies Konzept einer postmodernen Organisationskultur. An Analysis of the Tenerife Air Disaster. Die Antwort fanden sie bei sog. Darunter verstanden sie bspw. Sie kamen zum Schluss, dass Organisationskultur ein Erfolgsfaktor[1] sei, den es zu managen gilt.

Aus anthropologischer Sicht wurde Kritik an der Managementliteratur der er Jahre laut, insbesondere an der Art und Weise, wie "Kultur" darin verwendet wird. Das Ziel sei das gleiche wie schon bei Frederick Taylor: Die Internationalisierung vieler us-amerikanischer Konzerne brachte mit sich, dass diese Unternehmen in verschiedenen Nationen operierten. ForscherInnen wie PraktikerInnen versuchten die Auswirkungen zu verstehen, die dies auf das Management der Unternehmen hatte. Der Kalte Krieg stellte den politischen Kontext dar. Vergleichende Managementforschung sollte einen Beitrag auch dazu leisten Sackmann et al.

Kultur definiert Hofstede als "kollektive Programmierung des Geistes" , als "mentale Software". Zu einer Darstellung dieser und anderer Kritikpunkte an Hofstede vgl. McSweeney ; Hofstedes Replik erschien kurz darauf Hofstede Trompenaars a; b entwickelte ein Modell aus sieben Werte-Kontinuen. Seine Daten hatte er durch eine schriftliche Befragung gewonnen. Hofstedes Untersuchung war demnach auf die Erhebung arbeitsbezogener Werte ausgerichtet. Nach zwei Erhebungsrunden und standen Hofstede mehr als An Emerging Profession and its Packaging of Knowledge. Stockholm Stockholm Studies in Social Anthopology, Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management.

Journal of International Business Studies A Triumph of Faith — or a Failure of Analysis. Human Relations 55 1. Theorie und Praxis der Interkulturellen Managementforschung: Wie man kulturelle Unterschiede im Wirtschaftsleben versteht. Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business. In diesem Abschnitt werden beispielhaft einige wenige Einblicke in ein Forschungsfeld der Organisationsanthropologie geboten, das in den letzten 20 Jahren insbesondere in der angewandten Kultur- und Sozialanthropologie an Bedeutung gewinnt: Im Bereich der Organisationsanthropologie wird meist sehr grob in Profit- und Non- Profitorganisationen einerseits und in Regierungs- und Nicht- Regierungsorganisationen andererseits unterschieden.

Alle diese Organisationen haben eines gemeinsam: Und genau diese Beziehungen zwischen "KlientInnen" und Organisationen sind in den letzten Jahrzehnten Gegenstand zahlreicher anthropologischer Untersuchungen geworden. Und er fordert dazu auf, sich jedenfalls eine Meinung dazu zu bilden, denn:. Through funding of graduate training projects and provision of postgraduation jobs, bureaucracies have significant effects on career trajectories and orientations to knowledge. We usually work for bureaucracies, including universities, hospitals, and devlopment agencies.

Finally, although anthropologists are on the whole romantic populists and rebels against routinization, we are by no means immune to the cultural effects of the bureaucratization of society. Sie sind nicht nur - wie Max Weber sie idealtypisch herausgearbeitet hat - Mittel zum Zweck in rational agierenden modernen Gesellschaften, sondern sie bringen selbst Macht hervor. Klare Regeln , nach denen zu verfahren ist und die entsprechende Ausbildung und Fachschulung der Personen, die diese Regeln anzuwenden haben. At best, street-level bureaucrats invent benign modes of mass processing that more or less permit them to deal with the public fairly, appropriately, and successfully.

At worst, they give in to favoritism, stereotyping, and routinizing - all of which serve private or agency purposes. This is the central contradiction of social services. This is more than simply a tension between costs and benefits. It is critical to reassure mass publics that their elemental needs will be taken care of if they are not met privately and to rationalize service inadequacies by deflecting responsibility away from government.

Hier ein paar Beispiele zur Illustration:. Sie muss ganz explizit das konkrete Handeln mit einbeziehen. Nur dadurch lassen sich die dahinter liegenden Mechanismen in vollem Umfang erkennen. Die Auseinandersetzung mit der Organisation, in die Sie als Studierende neu eingetreten sind, kann daher durchaus von praktischem und nicht nur von theoretischem Nutzen sein.

Sein Ziel ist, den " Homo academicus , diesen Klassifizierer unter Klassifizierenden, den eigenen Wertungen zu unterwerfen" Bourdieu Sozialer Raum der Eliten nach Bourdieu. Qualitative wie quantitative Daten wurden gesammelt und analysiert. Bourdieu , Anhang 1: Bourdieus Modelle der sozialen Welt sind sehr umfassend.

In den obersten Positionen wird nicht mehr geforscht, sondern es wird die soziale Position eingesetzt, um Forschungsmittel zu lukrieren und ForscherInnen zu rekrutieren. Am anderen Pol, den Bourdieu den intellektuellen Pol nennt, stehen die Natur- und die Geisteswissenschaften. Auch im humanwissenschaftlichen Bereich besteht der zentrale Gegensatz zwischen wissenschaftlicher Macht und der Macht der Wissenschaftsverwalter , wobei letztere nicht an der Person , sondern an der Position Dekan, Rektor, etc.

Die innerhalb dieser Struktur eingenommene Position bildet die Grundlage der Strategien, die darauf abzielen, durch Modifikation bzw. Auf der Ebene der Akteure, die sich auf derselben Karrierestufe befinden, stellt sich ihre wissenschaftliche Arbeit als Wettlauf, als Konkurrenzsituation dar Bourdieu Um die wichtigsten Professoren scharen sich so die Kandidaten mit den im Feld wirksamsten sozialen Eigenschaften: Die Professoren betreuen nicht ein bestimmtes Thema bei Dissertation oder Habilitation , sie betreuen eine Karriere.

Daraus ergaben sich konkrete Forschungsfragen:. Diese Fragen werden zudem vor einem konkreten politikrelevanten Hintergrund gestellt. Die Ausgangsbasis bildete eine intensive Literatur- und Quellenrecherche zur Situation von Frauen in der Wissenschaft im deutschsprachigen Raum. Privater Wohnraum einer "freien Wissenschafterin" nach Abgabe der Habilitation. Dazu wurden in beiden Studienrichtungen jeweils drei DissertantInnenseminare ein Semester lang teilnehmend beobachtet.

Es gibt kaum Professorinnen, deren Herkunft das ArbeiterInnenmileu ist. Forschung und Lehre , sowie der Zugang von JungwissenschafterInnen zu einer wissenschaftlichen Laufbahn sind im Vergleich Physik - Kultur- und Sozialanthropologie sehr unterschiedlich. Entscheidend ist also, wer in eine solche Forschungsgruppe kommt, und das ist immer die alleinige Auswahlentscheidung der TeamleiterInnen. Sie sind in der Regel verpflichtet, auch einen Teil ihrer Arbeitszeit in die Lehre zu investieren.

Lehre wird von den Internen sowohl in der Physik als auch in der Kultur- und Sozialanthropologie wesentlich schlechter bewertet als Forschung. Lehre ist im Gegensatz zur Forschung nicht nur minder bewertet sondern auch - wenn sie extern erfolgt - schlecht bezahlt. Es fragt sich, ob es hier um Aspekte geht, die lehrspezifisch sind, oder ist es ein Bereich, in dem Systemisierung erfolgt?

Der Begriff Mentor bezieht sich auf eine Figur der griechischen Mythologie. Zentrale Werte und Normen der Organisation werden in vielen Alltagsinteraktionen weitergegeben. Informelles Mentoring tendiert zur Selbstverschleierung. Die Ergebnisse der Studie wurden als Grundlage verwendet, um dem informellen Mentoring ein formelles Mentoringprogramm entgegenzusetzen. Aus der Analyse der vorhandenen Literatur wird deutlich: Das von Schliesselberger und Strasser untersuchte konkrete Fallbeispiel hat folgendes gezeigt:. Freiheit der Wissenschaften und ihrer Lehre Art. Aufgrund dieser Situation hat sich Abraham folgende Frage gestellt:.

Ziel war eine linguistische Analyse von interkulturellen Interaktionen. Diagnose, gesundheitlicher Zustand, Vorkommnisse wie Ausscheidungen, Medikation etc. Diese Reihenfolge wird im Regelfall auch eingehalten. Im Bezug auf die Redezeitverteilung sind keine Unterschiede zwischen den beteiligten Kulturen und auch nicht zwischen den Geschlechtern festzustellen. Wird von "wir" gesprochen, war damit entweder das aktuell im Dienst befindliche Pflegeteam oder die Station als Subeinheit gemeint.

Diese sind jedenfalls "die anderen". Die wesentliche Unterscheidung ist in "Klasse-" und "Nicht-Klasse"-PatientInnen, der versicherungsrechtliche Status wird jedenfalls betont. Eine weitere Klassifizierung der PatientInnen erfolgt nach den Krankheiten, die den Aufenthaltsgrund auf der Station bilden. Das Projekt ist wegen der Kombination Anthropologin und Top- Manager auch in Hinblick auf die professionelle Verantwortung von OrganisationsanthropologInnen relevant sowie auch in Bezug auf die Frage von Publikationsrechten bei angewandter Auftragsforschung.

Spezifische Probleme der Region San Diego: Ungewollter Nebeneffekt dieser Entwicklungen und politischen Rahmenbedingungen war ein starkes Absinken der Arbeitsmoral beim Personal. Es kam zu einem Aufruhr in diesem Spital und zu einer massiven Forderung nach gewerkschaftlicher Organisation. Aufgabe der Anthropologin war, diese Beratungssitzungen teilnehmend zu beobachten und zu evaluieren. Die Forderungen des Personals wurden somit anonym erhoben und waren keine Einzelmeinungen mehr. Childrens Hospital San Diego. It is the sickening sound of tires screeching — the scream or, perhaps worse, the silence, that follows.

It is the way your heart seems to suddenly stop beating when the sound of the ambulance is coming to your street. On February 24, , eight families shared these frightening, life-changing moments. Geschlechterkontrakte, Institution und die Verteilung des Wissens. Exploring the Symbolic Roots of Western Bureaucracy. Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services. Classic, Contemporary, and Critical Readings; pp.

Zur Entwicklung von Studium und Beruf in der Ethnologie. An Ethnography of a Clap Clinic. Roberta Schaller-Steidl and Barbara Neuwirth eds. Konzepte, Strukturen, Praktiken; pp. Stuck in Customs, Lizenz: Herstellung optoelektronischer Elemente, ShenZhen, China, Gemeinsam ist den Studien ihre qualitative Vorgehensweise. Die Themenstellungen spiegeln die Breite und Facetten aktueller organisationsanthropologischer Forschung.

Was geschieht in einem ehemaligen sozialistischen Staatsbetrieb, der privatisiert und von einem US-Konzern gekauft wurde? Welche Wirkung hat dies auf das Selbstbild der ArbeiterInnen? Einer der Orte, an dem dieses Subjekt geformt werden sollte, war der Arbeitsplatz. Negotiated capitalism in a privatized Polish firm.

Aus Sicht der polnischen Regierung sollten die Privatisierungen Finanzmittel und westliches Know How in die ehemaligen Staatsbetriebe bringen. Im Vertriebsbereich wurde neues Personal aufgenommen. Dunn wurde von ArbeitskollegInnen zum Abendessen eingeladen, schloss Freundschaften auch mit deren FreundInnen und erweiterte so das Feld, in dem sie sich bewegte. Diese Forschungsstunden beschreibt Dunn so:. Because most of the shop floor workers were women, our conversations went on around children demanding to be heard, husbands demanding dinner, and pots on the stove demanding attention. Much of my research time was spent giving piggybacks, playing Barbie, peeling potatoes, and making dumplings.

No matter what was going on, the television was always blaring away. The quiet conversations over cups of coffee that I had envisioned rarely took place. Instead, I built rapport with my informants and understood their daily activities by participating in their tasks. Then, set against a dynamic background of color and noise, a young kid dressed like a Los Angeles gang member appeared, wearing fashionably baggy clothes and spray painting graffiti.

Suddenly there was a rupture: In den Worten des Marketingchefs von Alima-Gerber: Nobody identifies with it. When I was young, we often lacked beets! And they are asking for fruit! Fruit is good for decorating tables. Das polnische Publikum bog sich vor Lachen, berichtet Dunn. Es war vertraut mit der Dichotomie, die in der Frugo-Werbung benutzt wurde, um das Produkt und seine KonsumentInnen von allem Sozialistischen abzugrenzen und als kapitalistisch zu definieren.

Sie assoziierten die ArbeiterInnen mit "Sozialismus" und nutzten sie als Andere "Others" , um sich selbst als "kapitalistisch, dynamisch, modern, jung, flexibel" zu definieren. Aus sozialistischer Zeit seien sie es gewohnt, flexibel und vielseitig einsetzbar zu sein. Alima habe damals hunderte verschiedene Produkte hergestellt: Denn Nischenmarketing bedeutet in der Produktion kleine Mengen herzustellen und die Anlagen immer wieder rasch zu reinigen und neu einzurichten.

Dazu bedarf es kompetenter und gut aufeinander eingespielter ArbeiterInnen. Dunn beschreibt dies am Beispiel[1] der Division 4 von Alima-Gerber. These are universal people - they can do any job in the factory" eine Vorarbeiterin, zitiert in Dunn This was achieved by creatively transforming cases of service users as emergency cases and thus exercising rights based social work Ife, Other social work scholars who theoretically conceptualize social workers as engaging in resistance to neoliberalism through their professional discretion have reached similar conclusions.

They see social workers who resist and reinterpret procedures as quiet challengers White, However, Carey and Foster disagree with the meaning of this behaviour. However, this is not reflected in this study. Further, many participants mentioned taking part in demonstrations against SAP policies, thereby supporting an explicitly political justification for their actions. How possible this is in other contexts, as austerity progresses along with tight bureaucratic policies,remains to be seen. Lipsky, ; Evans, Harris, Breakdown of both informal and formal modes of elderly care Another theme that was identified by the majority of participants was the breakdown of both informal and formal modes of service delivery and provision of care.

Even middle-class families that traditionally hired private caretakers most often immigrant women to care for ill or recovering family members no longer have the necessary resources, increasing the length of hospital stays for service users. Hospital social workers were traditionally able to mobilize an extended family network to take care of family members in need, but this has become more difficult. This, combined with the decrease in care at the community level,has changed the workload of social workers. For example, one participant reported: But the available places in the community for elderly care have been decreased.

The economic pressures faced by Greek families make it extremely difficult to fulfil traditional social expectations of caring for their parents. Neoliberal policies have placed the responsibility of the state in the hands of individuals, but families are unable to meet these responsibilities. In Greece, elder care in middle-income families has traditionally been provided by female immigrants who worked as home care workers.

This enhanced the status of middle class Greek women as it enabled them to avoid the constraints of kinship care. However, decreased income has now made this impossible Bettio et al. This has affected not only them but also the dependents in their home countries to whom they were often sending remittances. This care burden will become even more evident during the next few decades as Greece ages, with Greece having one of the highest shares of people over 65, higher than the EU average Eurostat, b.

This is consistent with previous research findings that social workers in Greece now provide first-aid type service Georgoussi et al. Participants in the present study echoed the demoralization and alienation that characterized frontline social workers recently interviewed in England Jones, , For example, one participant stated: It takes me 15 minutes to access my documents in the computer. And this misery keeps getting worse. Few are the cases that you see well. To that end,they turn to the only resource that they have left: Similarly, relationship based social work, entailing the use of the self, has been conceptualized as the basis for any important social work intervention Ruch, Turney, Ward, This conceptualization seems to emerge out of an acknowledged shared interest or shared austerity reality as it has been argued elsewhere Pentaraki, a between social workers and service users.

The participants in this study utilize the self as one of the few resources left. As one of the participants put it: Thus, you [emotionally] support the service user. Things are very constrained. Greece has become completely bankrupt; both the health care and the welfare system, too, which are bankrupted even more. This statement also reflects demoralization as to the legitimacy of this type of social work, as well as burn-out resulting from overextending emotionally.

This mutual support seems to enable them to continue working, supporting the service users any way they can despite the difficulties and also mitigates the wider pressures. This understanding challenges the dominant discourse that there is no alternative Pentaraki, Such work could further explore if and how their grievances have been articulated for political purposes and if their shared concerns are enough to motivate them to political action Polletta, Jasper, Changing socio-economic conditions have placed new challenges on medical social work practitioners: The findings of this study concur with previous findings documenting how social services and health care have been undermined by SAP in countries of the global south among others see Nayar, ; Kawewe, Dibie, ; Handa, King, ; Laird, ; Hossen,Westhues, This undermining of the welfare state and the health care mirrors the experience of other Western countries, such as Canada and Finland, which have experienced reduced hospital stays, service privatization, and user fees, to the detriment of both professionals and service users Heinonen et al.

Instead of the conditions in the countries of the global south converging with the conditions of global north and thus improve Articles. This approach is informed by the international definition of social work produced by the IASSW and IFSW, moving beyond an individualistic approach to problems by acknowledging that individuals are continuously affected by their environments. The majority of the participants in this study seem to adhere to this politicized definition of social work; however, it is unclear how they will use this definition in the evolving Greek context. Hence, they practice rights based social work despite the constraints of the policy framework.

When social workers are left with depleted resources the public trust of social services can be undermined. To offset this and protect their professional dignity the participants use their self as the only resource left. Limitations and future research The small, non-representative sample on which study findings were based makes generalization limited although the small size has less of an impact than it otherwise might, as at the time of the interviews all public hospitals were centrally administered. Given the lack of longitudinal comparison studies, it would be helpful to ask for more quantifiable information from participants, such as the number of service users per social worker in the past in comparison to those at the time of interviewing.

However, despite the intensification of austerity measures, the last government improved access to public hospital services. This needs to be researched in future. Despite these limitations, this study offered useful insights on the delivery of social services under SAPs characterized by stringent austerity. It is anticipated that these findings will stimulate public debateonethicallimitstoausterity. However, despite these recommendations, the health care budgets in many countries have been decreased, indicating that the social model of European Union is seriously undermined Hermann, Social work professional associations, informed by the social justice mandate of the global definition of social work, along with other progressive organizations have to flag-up the misery caused by neoliberalism and at the same time to organize to stop it.

However, austerity is part of an ideological project Pentaraki, ; IFSW, and as such has to be challenged and counteracted with the social work values and principles of social justice and human rights for all. The Legal Tender of Gender: Social Service Workers and Restructuring. Australian Social Work, 59 1 , 20— Change in Care Regimes and Female Migration: Journal of European Social Policy, 16 3 ,— Growth Forecast Errors and Fiscal Multipliers.

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Statistics Explained-Population Structure and Ageing [online]. The British Journal of Social Work, 34 6 , — Social Workers in Greece: European Journal of Social Work, 6 1 , 65— The Challenge of Ethical Activism]. Social Work for Social Justice. International Social Work, 52 4 , — World Development, 31 7 , — Social Work in Public Health, 27 3 , — Surface and Depth in Social Work Practice.

Human Rights and Social Work: American Behavioral Scientist, 52 3 , — Globalisation, Global Justice and Social Work. Voices from the Front Line: State Social Workers and New Labour. British Journal of Social Work, 31, — Localised Globalities and Social Work: Implications for Social Welfare in Zimbabwe. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 27 4 , 79— Health Effects of Financial Crisis: The Lancet, , — Rethinking Critical Theory and Qualitative Research. Handbook of Qualitative Research. African Social Services in Peril: Journal of Social Work, 8 4 , — Street-Level Bureaucracy, 30th Annual Edition.: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Service.

Social Work and New Social Order: Social Work and Society, 3 1 , 93— Insecurity, Recession and Welfare Deregulation. International Journal of Anthropology, 27 3 , — Social Work in Health Care, 30 2 , 1— Neoliberalism and Its Consequences: Global Social Policy, 8 2 , — Croatian Medical Journal, 39 3 , — How Does Greece Compare [online].

Journal of Social Work, 8 2 , — Familistic Welfare Capitalism in Crisis: Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy, 29 3 , — Women, Migration and Domestic Work. European Journal of Social Work, 1— British Journal of Social Work, 47 4 , — European Journal of Social Work, 18 1 , — CriticalSocialPolicy, 33 4 ,— Coping with Permanent Austerity: Welfare State Restructuring in Affluent Democracies. Collective Identity and Social Movements.

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• Not Just Roommates: Cohabitation after the Sexual Revolution.

Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21, 95— Maternal and New Born Health [online]. The Case of Ourense, Spain. Professional Practice in Modernised Social Work. International Conference on Primary Health Care [online]. This post involves teaching and assessing social work students. The phase one results demonstrate that young people who smoke are mainly stimulated by stress 14 of the 40 participants.

Keywords young people, smoking, stress, addiction, boredom, poverty 1 Contact: Although smoking prevalence in the UK is just UK legislation is briefly presented here. Order increased the age of children purchasing tobacco products to 18 years this was previously at age 16 in the Children and Young Persons Protection from Tobacco Act The Health Act brought about enforcement of smoke free public places such as restaurants and public houses, and smoke free workplaces.

The Children and Families Act HM Government, has been an important breakthrough in UK legislation, ruling that it is an offence for children to be subjected to passive smoking in cars, highlighting the passive effect on children from adults smoking. Tobacco packaging guidance was introduced in the UK in May , meaning that all cigarette packaging by law needs to be neutral and contain health warnings.

This proposal included the removal of tobacco products from display, and for young people to prove their age prior to purchase. This fine-grained local level data has been useful in helping local authorities and health providers in England assess local needs and target interventions towards the most vulnerable and have been instrumental in identifying poorer parts of the geographical area of Essex for this research.

These six areas are listed here with information regarding their IMD status: The suburb of Jaywick in Tendring has the overall lowest score of all the 32, districts of England. The social constructivist view acknowledges that the reality of those studied manifest in personal constructs, in this case, that of the reasons for smoking behaviours.

These constructs are therefore central to understanding the meaning attributed to actions and world views. Social constructionism is concerned with analysing the processes that people use to make sense of and describe the world including themselves in which they live Gergen, Understanding how meaning and knowledge are made in this constructivist way also involves acknowledging the influence of the different layers of social political, family, community and friendship structures. These layers of influence affect the world view of the people living in an area, and therefore affect their interpretation of reality.

The ecological perspective of the many layers of impact from direct social relations to public and community forces is one proposed by Bronfenbrenner This perspective can shift the balance from introspection of social problems to the macro view of what the socio-cultural and economic impacts are. Health issues such as smoking can then be viewed holistically in terms of the functionality smoking offers to those coming from higher deprivation groups Amos et al. This would involve the social worker in exploring new ways for SU to function and cope without the need to smoke. They are often subjected to longer working hours and less favourable working conditions.

This in turn impacts on stress and health. This type of unequal pressure does not happen to individuals only, but communities and groups can suffer from the effects of poorer working conditions and poorer Articles. On youth he noted that: Poverty linked with health damaging behaviours are repeated throughout cities in the UK and across the world Dahlgren, Whitehead, , ; Wilkinson, Marmot, ; Wilkinson, Pickett, In an exploration on smoking and socioeconomic status in England, Hiscock et al.

People who start to smoke soon become dependent on smoking, making the quitting process more difficult. Below, in the findings from qualitative interviews, there are signs of loss of control in the need to smoke, however, this is understood here to be associated with heightened emotional circumstances this is discussed fuller below. Theories concerning the addictiveness of smoking behaviour suggest that nicotine addiction causes the compulsion to smoke, and that the withdrawal of nicotine triggers this compulsion Abreu-Villaca, Seidler, ; Scragg et al. The experiences of clinical withdrawal, and the behavioural and psychological aspects, appear to be two very different although related and overlapping components of continuing smoking.

Benowitz notes that addiction to nicotine combines learned factors as part of conditioning from social and environmental factors, and that this interplays with the pharmacological effects. Despite only smoking monthly It has been suggested that it is the associated thoughts and feelings, as well as the psychological effects which trigger the desire to smoke the next cigarette Wilkinson, Abraham, ; Panday et al.

This means that it is important to understand how cravings affect people, and at what point light smokers perceive themselves as addicted. Also, that the emotional gratification found from low level nicotine consumption has been found to have the same behavioural components as confirmed nicotine dependence. Essex stop smoking services were particularly keen to find out what young people local to them were saying and experiencing in relation to smoking uptake and refusal. To date, apart from the Schools Health Education Unit SHEU survey, which does not look closely into aspects of smoking, detailed information pertinent to smoking was not available, and so this study was carried out.

Youth leaders and teachers helped advertise the sessions in some of the most socioeconomically deprived places in Essex and were on hand for support. The young people chose either one to one interviews or friendship pair interviews; also there were two group meetings. Thethemesarisingincludedwhole family entrenched smoking,buying single cigarettes at school,and smoking to help cope with stress.

The smoking rates in the six areas are listed below showing the overall area rate, and the smoking rate for routine and manual workers. In each area two schools were chosen. The 17 questions concerned reasons for, and attitudes towards smoking. Amongst the questions, young people who took part were asked: Non and ex- smokers were included in the research along with smokers as the researcher wanted to find out what made people refuse smoking or give up smoking.

This was one of the findings in Phase One. The qualitative phase one findings will examine the discourse around stress and smoking, and one chart from the phase two findings will be linked to this. This is particularly pertinent when emotions are extreme, as they can be in adolescence. Another young person said: Four non-smokers acknowledge that stress had an effect on smokers. Phase Two Quantitative Results: There were returned questionnaires.

The 17 question questionnaire contained questions about smoking habits etc. Contains the results comparing HD and LD schools for this question. They also confirm that smoking is still more prevalent in HD areas. It is hoped that an understanding of reasons young people smoke, will give social workers insights into how to help young people deal with stress, boredom, and socialising, without having to smoke. In phase one, the need to smoke was expressed in various ways. This was almost always referred to in the context of stress relief.

Some were specific in their explanation of the need to smoke because they depended on smoking to relieve cravings. They may also benefit from help offered by youth and social workers to access strategies to help them cope with stress such as emotional intelligence and advice on positive ways to cope with stress. Some purport that e-cigarettes can aid smoking cessation. Some young people in the Essex research reported that if they wanted to, that they would be able to give up easily when they decide to.

This concept has not been fully explored in research, however some research does confirm aspects of this phenomenon. Young people have strong emotions affecting their motivations, and these have sometimes been associated with withdrawal symptoms Hoffman et al. This seems to suggest that the perception of lack of control vs. It is important when trying to help young people who are making health behaviour choices such as alcohol, drugs, smoking, consensual sex, etc. Emotional literacy advice may empower young people so that they are better able to understand and interpret their feelings and emotions, especially if these emotions impact on negative health behaviours.

If help was provided to young people by giving them strategies to cope with their emotions alongside advice on alternatives to smoking, this may help prevent the young person turning to cigarettes as an emotional prop. Whatever the perceptions of the young people are regarding the need to smoke, the fact remains that they perceive themselves as dependent on cigarettes and should be taken seriously.

Plans, Responses, Impulses, Motives, and Evaluations.

The fist layer is in the mind, the plans which someone has in order to undertake the health behaviour. The impulses which trigger the intended plans, and motives to rationalise, and finally the evaluation of whether to smoke or not. Social workers can utilise PRIME theory to engage SU by empowering people and helping them utilise self-efficacy gained in quit attempts, thus helping the person develop coping skills. Smoking cessation interventions are usually targeted at confirmed nicotine addicted smokers.

In Essex the SFETCA have been utilising these results with young people in school educating them on how to cope with stress and how to become more emotionally literate. Often young people want to deal with their stress and not just react to it and by upskilling young people professionals can aid them in coping with stress throughout life. Social workers are well placed to help with emotional literacy, helping to build self-efficacy, helping people re-frame and challenge the negative identities which are so often associated with users of social care services, and those dependent on substances such as nicotine.

Neuropsychopharmacology, 8 11 , — Health Education Research, 21 2 , — Young People and Smoking [online]. New England Journal Medicine, 62 24 , — Neurobiology of Nicotine Addiction: Implications for Smoking Cessation Treatment. The American Journal of Medicine, 4 , 3— The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Psychological Research as the Phenomenologist Views it. Existential Phenomenological Alternative for Psychology. Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research.

Levelling Up Part 2 [online]. Tackling Inequalities in Health: Pediatrics, 6 , — The Rules of Sociological Method: American Psychologist, 40 3 , — Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences [online]. Addictive Behaviors, 32 8 , — Thorax, 69 9 , — Addictive Behaviors, 34 12 , — The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 33 1 , 1— Local Tobacco Control Profiles [online].

Public Health England [ The English Indices of Deprivation [online]. Department for Communities and Local Government. Journal of Public Health, 34 4 , — American Journal of Epidemiology, 5 , Journal of Adolescent Health, 40 2 , — Biological Psychiatry, 67 8 , — Nicotine Tobacco Research, 13 10 , — International Journal of Narrative Practice, 1 1 , 9— Addictive Behaviour, 33 5 , — BMC public health, 13 1 , 1.

Spontaneous Remission from the Problematic Use of Substances: International Journal of Addiction, 21 1 , 1— Personality and Individual Differences, 36 4 , — Australasian Medical Journal, 1 1. Addictive Behaviours, 35, 14— An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. British Journal of Health Psychology, 17 1 , — Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 6 4 , — Defining and Assessing Nicotine Dependence in Humans. Tobacco Control, 18 5 , — British Journal of Health Psychology, 9 3 , — Why Equality Is Better for Everyone.

Emotional and Cognitive Changes During Adolescence. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 17 2 , — International Journal of Behavioral Development, 38 2 , — He has authored books on the history of Finnish social work, and the current development of Finnish social care services. Her research interest is focused on social inclusion, social exclusion, social relations and social capital. We test whether social support reduces the negative effects of impaired health on well-being. Hence, we analysed whether the groups of employed and unemployed are different in terms of how they each benefit from receiving social support.

The data consist of respondents from which had the labour market status of employed people and had the labour market status of unemployed people. The findings suggest that disadvantaged people should have been offered intensified services. Keywords well-being, health, social support, unemployment 1 Contact: Practitioners in the Health sciences field assume that happy people live longer Koivumaa-Honkanen et al.

Similarly, Newman argues that happiness improves health. In their meta-analysis, Diener and Chan summarized that subjective well-being influences health. Drydakis, ; Urbanos-Garrido, Lopez-Valcarcel, In this sense, the direction of an explanation is from health to well-being. According to the previous studies, one can expect that the health situation differently influences the groups of employed and unemployed e.

More precisely, we assume that an impaired health situation more negatively influences the well-being of the group of unemployed than in the group of employed e. Furthermore, we explore the significance of social support within the study design. We analyze whether perceived social support reduces the adverse health effects similarly in the groups of employed and unemployed.

The study design simulates the challenges of human professions, where professionals try to help clients whose health is impaired. Social work theories assume that social relationships form the basis of human well- being e. It is assumed that this kind of social support reduces the negative effects of impaired health. The negative effect of unemployment on subjective well-being has been well researched, Clark and Oswald However, Winkelmann and Winkelmann have also shown that unemployment will strongly and consistently attenuate subjective well-being Lucas et al.

Later, Dorling also found that unemployment increases rates of depression, particularly in young people. Parasuicide rates are also found to be much higher among young unemployed men compared to young employed men. Furthermore, the association between unemployment and health is also well documented in the empirical literature e. According to Bambra , the association between unemployment and impaired health has been explained through two inter-related concepts: However, the connection between unemployment and health is not unequivocal.

The result may be based Articles. Also, Virtanen et al. On the other hand,Schmitz explains that the absence of negative effects of unemployment might be based on the nature of the welfare state. This could explain why unemployment does not lead to adverse health outcomes as it does in countries such as the US, for example. Furthermore, the association between subjective well-being and health is broadly studied e. Sabatini, and the implication is that healthy people are more satisfied in their lives than sick people.

On the other hand, the direction of causality is not unambiguous. Diener and Chan argue that happy people live longer. In their meta-analysis, they summarize that subjective well-being has an influence on health. From this perspective, it is necessary to realize that not all linkages between individuals and their environment result in social support.

Enacted support refers to the specific behaviours performed by others as they exhibit expressions of support and assistance. Social support can be derived from many different sources. On the other hand, researchers have found evidence from direct and indirect social support. Similarly, Lakey and Cohen explain that social support reduces the effects of stressful life events on well-being i.

On the other hand, Bartley, Sacker and Clarke found in their study that people in secure employment recovered more quickly from illness comparing to people in unsecure employment. Unemployment seems to increase the chance of being ill, especially for those who have never worked or have had poorly paid jobs. There is also evidence that unemployed workers with higher social support cope better psychologically than those without such support Milner et al. Health counselling and health checks have been made available to all citizens based on the idea of universal public services.

However, it has been criticized that employed people have better services available to them compared to pensioners, for example. Unemployment has probably been the most challenging problem for Finnish society during recent decades. On the other hand, the state has implemented reforms that are based more on the ideology of the workfare state than on the traditional Nordic welfare state and its universalism principle cf. In the first wave October the questionnaire was sent by post but the respondents were asked to use the Internet for responding to the electronic survey.

Finally, the response rate was , which is Design and hypotheses The framework of the study is based on the relationship between self-rated health and subjective well-being in the groups of unemployed and employed people. According to previous studies, we can assume that self-rated health and subjective well-being are positively associated e. Also, we assume that self-rated health and subjective well-being are rated lower among unemployed people than among employed people. More precisely,the analysis is based on the following hypotheses: The hypotheses were tested in the following way.

The correlations between the variables were examined by using the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient PPMCC. Furthermore, the mean rates of SWB and H were calculated in the groups of unemployed and employed. That is, whether the effect of health on well-being is the function of labour market status Hypothesis 1. Measures The measure of subjective well-being SWB can be constructed by including various components Adler, Seligman, Another way of measuring subjective well-being is based on emotions. Affective well-being is seen to contribute to upward spirals in coping ability, self-esteem, performance, and productivity at work Watson et al.

The reliability of the constructed variable was. However, only the categories of employed and unemployed were taken into the analysis, thus the data were divided into two groups consisting of employed and unemployed respondents. Wills and Shinar list five important functions: The present study focuses on the cognitive and emotional aspects of social support. Furthermore, the variables of age and gender were used as control variables.

The mean of age was The number of females was slightly higher in both groups the mean was 0. The employed group had the higher mean in health, subjective well-being and social support compared to the unemployed group. Also,we examined the correlations between health,subjective well-being and social support.

As expected, health, subjective well-being and social support were positively and moderately correlated in both groups Table 2ab. The model of moderated moderation: SE t p Intercept i 1 3. Low level of social support the scale of well-being: In general, it was obvious that health and subjective well-being are positively associated. The higher the rate of health, the higher is the rating for the well-being. However, the results of the present study encourage us to address the issue from two perspectives. First, we find that the unemployed had lower rates of health and subjective well-being compared to the employed.

Furthermore, we find that the association between health and subjective well-being is conditional so that in the case of impaired health the well-being of the unemployed is lower than the well-being of the employed. The similar difference is not observed in the case of high-rated health. For this reason, Saikku and Sinervo and Hietapakka suggest that health counselling and health checks should be offered to the unemployed in the same way that occupational services are offered to the employed.