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English Choose a language for shopping. Self-acceptance positive self-evaluation and positive evaluation of one's life , Positive Relations satisfactory interpersonal relationships of high quality , Autonomy sense of self-determination , Environmental Mastery capacity to manage one's life and environment efficiently , Purpose in Life belief that one's life is useful and meaningful , and Personal Growth sense of one's growth and development as a person Cfr. Ryff and Keyes suggested that a critical component of both mental health and personal development is the belief and feeling that life is valuable and meaningful.
If the person experiences lack of MiL, then he or she develops a negative cognitive-emotional-motivational state, which is associated to hopelessness and perception of lack of control of one's life and vital goals, as well as a negative and pessimistic attitude toward life as a whole. On the contrary, the experience of MiL is related to coping successfuly with adversity, due to the strong sense of autonomy, self-determination, purpose in life, personal commitment to a cause, values, and defined clear goals.
In addition, retrospective reports of MiL were best predicted not by daily meaning reports or goal-related activity or thoughts, but by the average of positive affect experienced in the preceding weeks, c that current mood may play a large role in reports of the experience of MiL, d that MiL increased when individuals were primed with positive-mood concepts or when positive mood was induced and no attributional cue was provided , and e that rather than find any situation meaningful, positive affect was associated with discriminative responding such that those in a good mood found a meaningful task quite meaningful but a meaningless task less meaningful.
In addition, the individuals with higher MiL differed significantly in all the above factors from those with lower MiL, showing much better scores in their general psychological health. Hill, Edmonds, Peterson, Luyckx, and Andrews carried out two studies with emerging adults, in wich they found: The design of the study was non-experimental, descriptive, and comparative ex post facto , focused on analyzing the level of MiL and PWB, as well as the relationship between these variables, in a sample of Spanish emerging adults.
Participants were Spanish emerging adults females, All of them were Caucasian, undergraduate students of Psychology, and not married. Participation was voluntary and anonymous, and participants did not receive any incentive. This scale assess MiL. The Spanish version used in the present study Noblejas, is a item Likert type 1 to 7, with specific anchors for each item whose total score is the sum of the selected values in each item, ranging from 20 to This version distinguishes three levels of MiL: The Crumbaugh and Maholic's version of the PIL has shown good internal consistency in several studies.
In the present study, the PIL test obtained a Cronbach's alpha of. The total score is the sum of the selected values in each item, ranging from 29 to The scale is composed by six dimensions: Some recent factor analysis studies have supported the six factor structure of the SPWB, and have shown a higher order PWB factor above the subscales Keyes et al. Convenience sampling was used.
The participants fulfilled the PIL test and the SPWB in the classroom in which they carried out their academic tasks under the supervision of the authors of the present study. Confidentiality was guaranteed, and sincerity in the responses was requested.
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Participants were informed that they could choose to discontinue their participation at any time. The questionnaire was filled in about 30 minutes. The procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation institutional and national and with the Helsinki Declaration of , as revised in Data were analyzed with the SPSS Since the data distribution was not normal, non-parametric statistics were used: To check the differences between the average positions of MiL groups in PWB, the Mann-Whitney test with Bonferroni correction significance was applied for the differences between pairs.
These data suggested to use non-parametric statistics for the multivariate analysis. In Autonomy, the lack of MiL group obtained a mean rank higher than the indefinite MiL group, unlike what happened with the other measures of PWB, in which the indefinite MiL group obtained a higher mean rank See Table 2.
In that dimension of BP, 1 the indefinite MiL group obtained the lowest mean rank, 2 the difference between the indefinite MiL group and the presence of MiL group was significant, 3 the difference between the indefinite MiL group and the the lack of MiL group was not significant, and 4 the difference between the presence of MiL group and the lack of MiL group was not significant. The effect-sizes for the differences between the MiL groups are shown in Table 3.
In parentheses, the Cohen's d interpretation: The objectives of the present study were to analyze the relationship between MiL and PWB, and the differences in this latter variable between lack of MiL, indefinite MiL, and presence of MiL groups in a sample of Spanish emerging adults.
These results might be stressing a decisive aspect regarding the positive evaluation of both one's self and one's life.
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That is, self-esteem and life satisfaction, which means giving one's life a meaning: All these aspects are close related to the main characteristics of MiL: The lowest correlations were between MiL and both Positive Relations and Autonomy, although they were significant. It may be probably related to individualism in Western culture, which determines the personal construction of PWB, especially in emerging adults, who have a strong sense of self-focused freedom and self-determination from role obligations and restraints, taking satisfaction in their progress toward self-sufficiency, as Arnett stated.
MiL in Western societies is built up subjectively rather than intersubjectively. The interpersonal aspects of MiL, as well as the other aspects of the self as a whole, have a secondary value compared to those that an individual has. In line with the above, the presence of MiL group obtained the highest score in all the measures of PWB. However, it is worth to emphasize an important aspect related to Autonomy: This is related to the low correlation between MiL and Autonomy.
Autonomy is related to sense of self-determination, independence of the environment, and internal locus of control, and it might be associated to the individualism and self-interest characteristics of contemporary Western culture Christopher, The non-significant difference between the lack of MiL group and the presence of MiL group lay out a question on the nature of Autonomy, on its potential sociocultural determinants and role in PWB among emerging adults.
If Autonomy is really related to contemporary individualism, it would contradict the characteristics associated to the experience of MiL, especially with self-trascendence Frankl, In this regard, as noted above, MiL involves sociocultural issues, but the research on MiL has focused in the individual, whereas collective and cross-national aspects have not been systematically considered. In short, with the mentioned aspects, the results show a positive and significant relationship between presence of MiL and PWB in emerging adults.
On the other hand, from a conceptual overview, MiL is associated to the cognitive, emotional, and motivational aspects that directly point to PWB: Regarding to this, Ryff , p. The lifespan developmental theories refer to a variety of changing purposes or goals in life [ Thus, one functions positively has goals, intentions, and a sense of direction, all of which contribute to the feeling that life is meaningful".
We believe that these words apply to emerging adulthood. Despite the sample composition was according to the objective of the present study, to include younger or older people might allow comparisons according to age. In addition, the women group size was twice the men group. Likewise, it would be especially interesting to analyze the role of sociocultural variables that could mediate these differences, as well as cross-cultural studies, in emerging adults.
It not only would increase knowledge on these variables and its interaction, but it would also improve the psychological practice and, therefore, would enhance personal growth, mental and physical health, coping abilities, well-being and life satisfaction, cognitive functioning, and people's happiness Lane, What is it, and what is it good for? Child Development Perspectives , 1 2 , International Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 18 , The Moderating Role of Purpose in Life.
Journal of Happiness Studies , 15 3 , Journal of Counseling and Development , 77 2 , Variations in patterns of developmental transitions in the emerging adulthood period. Developmental Psychology , 39 4 , Manual of instructions for the Purpose in Life Test. Viktor Frankl Institute of Logotherapy. Meaning in life in chronic pain patients over time: Associations with pain experience and psychological well-being. Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 38 2 , Meaning in Life in Emerging Adulthood: Journal of Personality , 82 1 , Psicothema , 18 3 , The Will to Meaning: Foundations and Applications of Logotherapy.
The European Journal of Counselling Psychology , 3 2 , Universitas Psychologica , 13 4 , Affective and motivational predictors of perceived meaning in life among college students.
Meaning in Life and Psychological Weil-Being in Spanish Emerging Adults
Meaning-in-life in nursing-home patients: Journal of Clinical Nursing , 23 , Meaning-in-life orientations and values in youth: European Journal of Developmental Psychology , 9 6 , Understanding the individualism-collectivism cleavage and its effects: Lessons from cultural psychology. Types and precipitants of growth and decline in emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Research , 22 2 , Do sources of meaning differentially predict search for meaning, presence of meaning, and wellbeing?
International Journal of Wellbeing , 5 1 , Purpose in Life in Emerging Adulthood: Development and Validation of a New Brief Measure.