As much a pamphlet as a work of fiction, it was intended to document the causes of emigration and the living conditions of the emigrants. Despite many infelicities, it stands out in the literary output of the day because of its character as a social novel, its resolutely secular viewpoint, and its commitment. A month later Beaugrand was in Montreal. For the next 10 or 12 years, Beaugrand concentrated on politics and on managing his newspaper. Politically, he championed the purest liberal tradition, a stand that brought him into vigorous conflict with the Conservatives and the clergy.
As for business, things were going well. Beginning in the early s, Beaugrand progressively withdrew from the political scene because of his frail health. Partly for the sake of his lungs and partly out of curiosity as an amateur ethnologist and geographer, he travelled through the Mediterranean basin —89 , the American southwest —90 , and the Far East —93 , and stayed for considerable periods of time in the United States and Europe.
Colorado , Utah , Nouveau-Mexique Montreal, But his main literary output consisted of a great many short tales and a few studies based either on forest and village customs or on his readings in ethnology and science. Grumbach, interview, 20 August Haski, interview, 3 December Langue de bois in this instance means hackneyed Marxist discourse. Haski expands on this point: There was no editor-in-chief, its editorial team was not just made up of VLR members, and it refused to follow a fixed political line.
Thus, explains Marc Hatzfeld: Gatti, interview, 10 December Normally held in the Beaux-Arts school, Gilles Dinnematin recalls that hundreds attended. The workings of Tout! We also get an idea of the precarious financing. Lebel is mistaken on the timespan of the paper.
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Petitjean, interview, 19 October At the small Agrofilm printers in the 10th arr. Lead lines were arranged accordingly, with images reduced to fit, before a cellophane copy was printed for Offsetting - here editors could, and did add handwritten comments. The resulting photosensitive plaques were then transported to Fontainebleau for the print-run off a giant rotary press fig.
Correspondingly, titles were also often bold and coloured, sensational in the France-Soir mould. Furthermore, the psychedelic colours and hectic arrangements in Tout! They were hallmarks of Tout! Indeed, when the latter was banned following a sarcastic attack on de Gaulle at his death in November , Tout! Another figure regularly lampooned in Tout! Friends and sympathisers of the various currents around VLR could drop in and help out, provide articles or argue for the inclusion or omission of other articles which meant that the quinzomadaire, according to Barda a term conceived by the editorial team and now a standard in French journalism, came out rather less regularly than was intended.
At one point the team decided to fuse two issues, 6 and 7, into one, thereby re-calibrating with the original schedule, but it quickly reverted to type. En fait, il y avait toujours quelqu'un qui passait au marbre et qui fichait en l'air un article ou en introduisait un en plus. Police archives show that Tout! Gangnet, interview, 31 May The paper held a concentration of correspondents in the Paris region, confirming its status as a primarily Parisian militant enterprise.
Indeed, the editorial think-tank and organising centre was at 73 rue Buffon, opposite the Jardin des Plantes in the 5th arrondissement of Paris. Just around the corner on rue Geoffroy St Hilaire, VLR held La Commune bookshop, now stocking all manner of left-wing publications and whose back room served as meeting-place for the various VLR members and their friends.
Only a stones-throw away lay the political hotbeds of Censier and Jussieu universities, completing a familiar Parisian geo-political environment for the paper and associated activists. Print runs and sales respectively, rarely deviated from this norm, though no. Gangnet, interview, 20 June Bonnard, interview, 9 April On the other hand, some recall entirely different figures, Gangnet for instance stating that only 5, were sold. Other political surveys mention sales of 80, for no.
When asked what the Tout! International reports on Italy and Belgium stressed the spontaneous, subversive strikes of workers, drawing an equivalence of attitude and action between the nebulous Tout! Hatzfeld and other jailed VLR activists drew on their jail time to list the iniquities of the French penal system, fully exposed in the pages of the paper. The jailing of ex-GP leader Alain Geismar came in for deconstruction at the hands of Hocquenghem, in no.
Now turned against the far left, those brought before it were thus portrayed not simply as casseurs, but eventually, terrorists. Dinnematin relates that he returned to Tout! Hatzfeld and Ringart received suspended sentences of three years and six months respectively. His conflation of national liberation struggles with immigrant resistance in France was indicative of the evolving politics of VLR in , branching out from the native proletariat as the central agent of change, and privileging, amongst others, the autonomy of immigrant movements. More typically, the report of an industrial dispute involved giving a voice to those workers perceived as most open to radical ideas: And in 32 G.
Whereas almost every issue of Tout! The GP was singled out for criticism, as if representative of the whole of gauchisme, due to its deluded mediatic, violent, vanguardist, approach. Revolutionaries were seen to have achieved nothing durable since May, their periodic successes eaten up by the press- e. In one passage Tout! Gauchistes therefore needed to become more complex in thought and deed, in ways of reaching out to the masses. Des dizaines de groupes y travaillent ou travailleront.
If the Maoist slogan: This succession of probing, indefinite philosophical articles accompanied the gradual emergence of identity movements from the far left milieu, three of which crystallised in Tout! Not long after, the gay rights struggle would draw inspiration both from the MLF and the intellectual leadership of Hocquenghem. Indeed, in his interviews, Castro outlines three reasons for the disbandment: Each of these needs to be considered in its own right, especially as they had a bearing on the development of the paper, before a more precise judgement can be made as to the reason for the disaggregation.
Both motives bear validity, indeed were bound up in the way that ideas of gender and sexual liberation permeated and eventually prevailed over other more traditional gauchiste preoccupations in Tout! Furthermore, the paper also provided the backstage scene for a personal-political gender clash that shook the milieu to its core. In April, around the publication of no. Here, the women were emphasising that the personal-is-political by denouncing the sexism of their would-be male partners Tout!
The verse ended with the demand: Perhaps unsurprisingly, the piece was rejected by the predominantly male editorial team, on the basis that it lacked political credence. Once completed, the same women, this time accompanied by another MLF members descended on the local in rue Buffon and confronted the men with the new text. Picq, 7 February But the likelihood is that it was written in the aftermath of no.
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More to the point, Tout! However, MLF articles did not completely disappear from Tout!
This may be because some of the leading men at Tout! Et puis il y avait autre chose: Tensions remained at the paper over the issue. Ringart, interview, 29 May He mentions in other retrospectives: It was the first open call in France for lesbians and gays to come out - one of the headlines blasting: The cover of no.
Following protests by one of the custodians of French morality, mayor of Tours Jean Royer, and a complaint by a deputy of the conservative UDR party over the content of no. Accounts place the numbers seized at 10,, though evidence of this is lacking. Courtois, interview, 7 June Delphy, email interview, 18 June The image then re-appeared on the back cover of Tout! Castro quoted in C. Deshayes, 21 April Speaking of his thoughts in the build-up to the 17 April conference, Castro reveals his anxiety over the Deshayes incident: Furthermore, he was asked to consider the formation of a VLR equivalent, but refused.
Other ex-members, preferring to remain anonymous, give examples of the temptation to armed action. It seems Bourseiller has based his writing on a select number of sources, as he has not received confirmation of armed involvement from some of those named. Some doubt must be applied in a reading of his work, especially with regard to dates. However, another ex-VLR interviewee recounts that he was entrusted with a gun by the leadership around this time, and adds that explosive devices targeting the police were also planted, but either failed to detonate or cause bodily harm.
His principal witness Courtois is the most candid on the inner workings of VLR and others on the far left, including on sensitive issues such as armed struggle. The main inference of this oral evidence is that the leadership would have taken fright and disbanded the group to help cover its tracks. However, the police intervention would have occurred in late April-early May , some time after the final VLR conference, so the theory is undermined by a faulty recollection of the chronology.
On the other hand the option of armed struggle was raised in post-dissolution discussions among those of VLR who wished to go on. Perhaps unsurprisingly, a number of ex-members, and those beyond VLR interviewed for my thesis, carry a low opinion of him. Chemin, interview, 15 July Internal documents reveal a malaise at the heart of the organisation itself, in particular amongst older, factory-based militants, at the direction the group and paper were moving in. As early as January , the disaggregation was underway.
As regards the paper, Deshayes was insistent on the need for change; Tout! Tout ne repose pour sa parution et sa diffusion sur aucune structure militante souterraine. A third, unsigned document spelling out the crisis at the heart of VLR, engaged in a similar critique of Tout!: Thus, a new, VLR-propelled revolutionary left centred on the workplaces would serve as a political, unitary front: Furthermore, the paper was seen as central to this ideological confusion: Tout est le reflet de cette ligne politique.
However, VLR lacked the size, and more importantly the structural integrity, to anchor the new liberation movements, wildcat strikes, and subversive campaigns it either initiated or looked to. Clearly some militants felt that Tout! One of the worker-militants at Flins, Dominique Bonnard, echoes this today: The impact of no. Divested of its earlier Maoist ideological trappings, Tout! The personnel changed too; Castro withdrew following no. Accordingly, subversion of bourgeois legalism, customs and sexual mores became the norm. The paper published a series of letters mostly praising, some panning the breakthrough gay liberation number.
However, the paper would pause for only one issue before another, controversial gauchiste-splitting text was published. The full-page letter stung the leftist, particularly feminist milieu, though it was a product of Tout! Dinnematin today rationalises that the article raised issues of both sexuality and racism: The letter generated further inter-gauchiste tension, predictably from some women who retorted in subsequent issues; however, the issue was far from settled.
Dinnematin, interview, 19 June Around the same time, Tout! These are quotations with chain: So this has nothing to do with Maoism, it has to do with a revolt that comes from very far back - from Dada - this is a Dadaist image, the little girl shooting at her parents, in a revolt against the family. So it has nothing to do with Maoism, but they accepted it, and not only that put it in the centre pages of their paper.
However, the paper could no longer be called Maoist. As to the treatment of the workers movement in its final phase, the paper displayed further contradictory approaches. Terminal evidence of its removal from the ideological Maoist sphere could be found in no. Indeed these were also manifestations of a shift towards counter-cultural 87 S. The final issue of Tout! Its cover, even more vibrantly colourful than the previous issues, gave vent to the predominant sensibility fig. Debate on the evolution of both MLF and FHAR movements was eclipsed by the texts and icons of the FLJ, appealing to its supporters and readers to come together for a festival of fun during the summer in Montpellier.
The photo of Geronimo, armed, served to emphasise the confrontational message of the FLJ, raging against the repression of the reactionary world of adults and police. For Lebel, the end of Tout! In reply to the question of closure, Dinnematin confirms the notion: Firmly on the revolutionary left. Cheeky kiosk poster for no. Jacques Barda left and friends at the printworks. Muldworf, PCF doctor, Tout! Declaration of solidarity by the iconic Black Panther leader Huey Newton for women and gay movements, Tout! Poster rushed out in protest at the police grenade Figure 4. Richard Deshayes, Feb Further caricature of Mao, in the context of imperialist Figure 4.
July original underground colour, July This was a world dominated by the conservative, Gaullist regimes of the s and early 70s, temporarily turned upside down by the mass student-worker movement of May-June. Following , the gauchistes regrouped, rebranding themselves and their publications; contestation in the universities, workplace militancy street demonstrations against the Vietnam War endured. This evolving leftist press, whose sales figures are presented in Appendix 3, is examined in more detail to give a sense of the environment in which Tout!
Hodder Arnold, p. Mensualisation was the creation of monthly wages. Conversely, the government would impose a strong repression of the far left, in particular the Maoist La Cause du Peuple. This set the scene for a press contestation of State power to which Tout! But more so than any other leftist publication, Tout!
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At the same time, those at the paper seemed oblivious to the regrouping of the mainstream parliamentary Left, the progress of the Parti Socialiste PS prefiguring a new common programme for power. How successful then was this militant press in penetrating the world of the French working- class, the thrust of Marxist revolutionaries given urgent impetus by the general strike of May- June? As the far left after May sought to build on the fragile student-worker alliance forged during the events, so the faculties and workplaces remained favoured grounds of militancy. I seek to gauge the relation of Tout!
Hocquenghem later described Tout! Didier Sandman spells out the post-UJ mindset: Action was made by professional journalists. So already it was trying to translate the movement into mass media terms. Deshayes, interview, 26 June Schalit, interview, 3 April Susong, email interview, 20 October Susong sat on the editorial board from to By , each issue of the paper simultaneously condemned state repression and exalted the heroic combat of GP militants.
La Parole Errante, , p. Castro, interview, 8 March Susong, interview, 12 October Il y avait une sympathie pour eux. However, he reserves praise for Tout! Courtois further recalls that third Trotskyist organisation Lutte 20 C. Schimmel, interview, 29 November Stock, , p. Indeed, links with VLR and Tout! The paper was to eschew hardcore ideological debate. Avant on ne signait pas.
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Courtois, interview, 9 June Albin Michel p. Hallier had been known to flirt with the far right in the s. Susong, interview, 19 January But true to its satirical roots, the left was not exempt. Newcomer Pierre Fournier in particular excoriated the internecine warfare of students who might typically have been VLR supporters fig.
Delfeil de Ton reciprocated with a posthumous tribute to VLR in May , hoping that its dissolution would not spell the end for Tout! Chief editor Paul Noirot envisaged an alternative paper open to diverse left tendencies including communists, Marxist socialists, and revolutionary Christians, the intention: There was a professional edge. Moreover, it shared with Tout! Connections with an anarchist, libertarian press, could be discerned in Tout! The monthly Le Cri du Peuple played on the historical reference to the Commune. Adjacent, forward outlooks led Tout!
Initially, Politique Hebdo combined newspaper and feature magazine, covering a wide range of political and cultural themes, open to new movements and artistic innovation. The writing style was open, the articles legible by modern standards, and a strong visual aesthetic could be appreciated. Emphasising the instability of alternative press experimentation, Politique Hebdo ran into financial difficulties after six months, going out of print while raising the necessary funds through its network of readers and supporters to re-launch in the autumn of as a single, integrated publication.
Guedj, interview, 26 June Among the most telling inclusions in Tout! Imitations of the subverted photos and cartoons appeared from no. Headlines acquired more abusive tones characteristic of situationist slogans: Foremost among the pro-situs was Richard Deshayes: Deshayes, interview, 14 April However, the old order would re-assert itself in other, more traditional ways.
Crucially, Raymond Marcellin remained in position as Minister of the Interior, maintaining a hard line towards the trublions of May-June. Contre eux, le gouvernement sort sa seconde arme: May ended his reign. For Tribune Socialiste, the real crisis was opened up by the May movement: Krivine, interview, 10 October Present at virtually all the hotspots was the GP, locked into an imaginary Resistance to a Gaullist fascist state and its Communist collaborators.
Both GP and VLR militants were central to the confrontations on the campuses of Nanterre and Grenoble in March and May, the culmination of student protests against elections, exams, and far right activists. However, Marcellin quickly turned the screw on the organisation and its paper. In April, the loi anti-casseurs was introduced; in May the courts used the paper to incriminate, try and imprison successive editors Jean-Pierre Le Dantec and Michel Le Bris.
Subsequently, La Cause du Peuple was forced into semi-secrecy to guard against police seizures and harassment, maintained openly through the prestigious patronage of philosophers Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir and a number of leading artists and intellectuals. In June the intellectuals went walkabout on the Paris boulvevards hawking the paper, on one occasion prompting their detention by police and ensuing rapid release.
Between September and November several new, more colourful medium-circulation titles were launched, among them Tout! With the death of de Gaulle in November , the establishment and political class were plunged into mourning; not so the leftist, alternative press, at the zenith of its creativity. The paper struck an almost admiring stance in concluding: Courtois, interview, 16 October It was to lose the new weekly subscribers. One of the Christian revolutionaries, Paul Blanquart, sees then chief editor Paul Noirot getting ahead of himself: The mixed taunts of insult and insolence were also part of Tout!
Blanquart, interview, 29 December Vadrot, interview, 26 March Paper sellers were regularly the object of police swoops, arrests and indeed attacks. Marcellin would occasionally cite an archaic law of , which forbade the hawking of papers or leaflets on the public highway. Plon, , p. Le Cherche Midi Editeur, p. While the paper was never officially banned, Marcellin did not hesitate to prevent its diffusion, by all means necessary. Entire print runs of the paper were seized, and sellers were arrested arbitrarily in a crackdown that intensified as the year wore on.
However, grassroots militants endured considerable difficulties. Its organising committee was eclectic, composed of leftists, including VLR members, professionals, writers and trade-unionists who were variously ex- Communists, had been in the Resistance, or protested the Algerian war. However, the message 87 ibid. Salmon, interview, 27 July Formally, the paper was not illegal.
However, more often than not, the charges brought against directors and vendors were for insult, or slander towards the police, requiring nothing more for the authorities than to read these papers. Furthermore, police synopses of Trotskyist and Maoist histories complete with the splits and subdivisions of each group and tendency show a sophisticated police understanding of the far left.
Now, the accent was on the unbridled daily act of subversion rather than militaristic coups more typical of the GP. The paper was employed as a tribune with which to turn the tables on the police and judiciary. Une ou deux fois, des policiers nous attendaient mais cela n'avait aucune importance. Cela nous faisait rire. The birth of APL was linked to another bout of police violence, the working-over of a journalist, Alain Jaubert, after he attempted to intervene to help an injured demonstrator on a Paris sidewalk. Courtois feels that the seizure of papers might have provoked a violent reaction at the shop, which also served as a meeting place for VLR members and friends.
Recognising their ineffectiveness, bans and seizures fell away after , the State and courts instead exacting retribution for subversive or defamatory comments by fining newspaper directors and journalists. Albin Michel, p. Hallier also spent two weeks in jail for non-payment of fines. It could certainly be understood as chauvinist. Rochet, Les enseignements de mai-juin Paris: Editions Sociales, ibid.
The antipathy was reciprocal. Moreover they lived with the reputation of the PCF having sold out in Added to the charge of police manipulation, they were now depicted as bourgeois decadents, recruiting from the criminal underclasses: Lecardonnel, 29 September It was in this continued context of PCF-gauchiste conflict that Tout! But the critique emanating from rue Buffon was merely the prelude to outright provocation of the PCF.
Early signs of Tout! It was a symbolic act of extreme importance. You had to attack the most reactionary contents of the PCF. Barda, interview, 23 July Lebel, interview, 22 May Indeed, the Trotskyist papers condemned it as a stupid stunt. Accordingly, there was barely a mention of the PS in the pages of Tout! This was the domain of the parliamentary left. Ces gens nous faisaient vomir. Nous n'avions pas tort non plus. Dinnematin, 22 May Wlassikoff, interview, 2 June Each dispute obeyed a triangular motif, in which workers contended not only with the management and its foremen, but also the trade unions and their traditional left allies.
Furthermore, the aftermath of May was marked by a persistence of workers action, and a more diverse, subversive repertoire that included bottleneck strikes, destruction of property and even sabotage. The cover photo displayed the admin offices of Nantes- Batignolles ransacked by workers in a rebellion over low, piecework wages in January. Within a week, hundreds of Batignolles metalworkers were locked out and on indefinite strike.
However, almost uniquely among the far left papers, Tout! Refusing to glorify workers, the paper did not shirk from exposing instances of proletarian prejudice. An older CGT representative denounced Tout! Its Renault-sauvage supplement celebrated the Renault OS strikes, mixing Maoist propaganda with rundowns of the differentials system and a dash of feminism. In the final issues, whacky Crumb cartoons once again emphasised disengagement from the monotonous factory routine, and a derision of union membership: Ultimately the paper failed to make a significant impact inside the factories. Tiennot Grumbach speaks of Tout!
For Philippe Lorrain, a disseminator of the US underground press, there was a fatal logic to the confrontational strategy of mao-spontex groups: On vivait avec eux. On connaissait les jeunes militants par leur nom. Ils ont eu raison. Lorrain, interview, 26 June Tracts et Journaux Paris: La Parole Errante , p. Piaget, interview, 18 February Editions Gilles Tautin, p. Chemin, interview, 14 July However, this effervescence in the faculties did not spell a return to the corporate student movement, the UNEF of the late s.
Nanterre continued to provide a battleground for VLR, following the disturbances. The incident provided a scoop of sorts for Tout! Editions Syllepse, , pp. Memmi, interview, 3 August Memmi was taken by the security and locked away in the canteen freezer. He states that the police smashed his camera but that charges were not brought against him as other photographs had been taken and released showing his forced abduction. From its opening in December , the secluded, experimental faculty had been marked by a strong, gauchiste-driven agitation, directed at both administration and the strong Communist teaching body.
There was, however, a smaller activist core, its figurehead ex-UJ stalwart Jean-Marc Salmon, direct action its stock in G. Castro, 27 July Vincennes was open to the unqualified, non-bacheliers for several years, and became an international pole of attraction, attracting radicals often fleeing persecution in their home countries.
Guedj remembers in particular the arrival of Greeks, Africans and Chileans. Around the same time women members from the CdB helped stage the first women-only feminist meeting, precursor of the MLF, for which the resident anarchist posters atelier produced symbolic T-shirts fig. Vincennes thus became a preliminary setting for nascent gender and sexual movements. See the INA clip: The film cuts to Vincennes students distributing and reading no. Indeed, maths teacher Denis Guedj speaks of meetings of hundreds at the university to discuss its sensational contents. The final piece in the higher education composition of Tout!
Duke University Press, Hatzfeld, interview, 14 April Part of the Chaptal agitation was over the police intervention at Chaptal to stop the projection of a film on May. Male students began to wear their hair long, female students began to wear trousers. She went on to become a class delegate to a school council. Over the academic year Tout! Paris demonstrations provided the occasion for VLR activists to propagandise over the simultaneous attack on Deshayes, painting a scenario of vicious police repression of youth. The renewed agitation prompted Tout!
Haski, interview, 28 July Part-solutions could be found in escapism: Defiant monologues on sex and insubordination took the place of the traditional political rhetoric, and parodies of right and left wing icons abounded. One parody of Paris Match declared: In recognition of the offence, space was allotted to an irritated single line retort from a Nana: Putting Sartre as DdP without his permission was due to the fear of prosecution after the group learned of the prosecution of a Bordeaux group who had undertaken a similar initiative.
However, the vivacity of Guili Guili in particular testified to a burgeoning, albeit erratic underground press in France in Dovetailing as it did the thematics of women, youth and gay liberation, it was not unusual for Tout! Celma produced a film to accompany his writings, strongly exhibiting anarcho- situationism calling on children to do what they liked, and on teachers to commit suicide, leaders, and attacking politicians of all kinds from Hitler through Georges Marchais, to Alain Krivine.
It is visible at www. Moreover, paedophilia was discussed openly as a positive sexual interaction in forthcoming writings of sexual radicals. Castro, interview, 24 Apil But there is no espousal of a child-abusing paedophilia. Mockery of de Gaulle and the rest of the political class became standard practice in Hara- Figure 5. Peuple glorifies its persecuted leader Alain Geismar, Not unrelated was the emerging anti- militarist sentiment among gauchistes and attempts to address insubordination in the lower army ranks.
The theme of incarceration being central to VLR and gauchiste preoccupations, considerable attention was devoted to anti- prison campaigns and the detention of psychiatric patients. Hocquenghem, speaking in the film FHAR, op cit. Auberge espagnole could be translated as free-for-all.
And we had great difficulty getting the crowd of young men to leave so we could meet with women students.
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The idea of women meeting without men present was new in France. Finally after much loud 5 Feminists subsequently attacked Idiot editor Jean-Edern Hallier for his editorially imposed formulation But a handful of white male leftists refused to leave, insisting on giving unsolicited advice about our liberation as we were trying to meet with the small number of women present. Kahane, interview, 6 February Writer Martine Storti argues that young French women in the 70s were largely unaware of this past: Liberation des femmes annees zero Maspero, Paris pp.
Based on her experience of incarceration in La Roquette jail, Ringart explored the divisive, alienating atmosphere affecting women prisoners that replicated the isolation and anxiety facing women on the outside. Furthermore, the Beaux-Arts had been the stomping-ground for the group of architects at the heart of the production team of Tout! From January Tout! The article represented a derision of masculine gauchiste attitudes and their concomitant tropes of leadership, hierarchy, and intellectual, physical, and sexual prowess.
The groupe femmes VLR ensured the report in Tout! The MLF divulged its pleasure at being able to bond with the women, without the preconceptions they might have brought as gauchistes. Nous en proposons ici la retranscription. Analysis of key texts of Michel Foucault devoted to the pictorial aesthetic during the sixties only makes sense if it is properly reported to the epistemological issues raised by archeology, i. The use of painting as an archive, on the first hand, and the outline of an archeology of painting, on the other hand, can highlight a tension between teachings of archeology of speeches and reflections inspired by painting.
The symptom of this tension consists in the different meanings — archeological or pictural — of the notion of representation. This essential discontinuity between visibilities and discourses concerns the most basic premise of Foucaldian history of thought: We would then hold the necessary preliminary to a possible reconstruction of the book, unfortunately lost, that Foucault devoted to the work of Manet, Le noir et la couleur. James Bond is an independent financial advisor specializing in emerging economies. As the G20 leaders prepare to meet in Cannes to try to find a solution to the complex Eurozone crisis, which could unleash a global financial storm if no major initiative is taken, James Bond dives into the ramifications and the intricacies of a problem that now threatens the very existence of the European Union.
The political culture of the Federal Republic of Germany in is marked by the specificity of widespread concern that parliamentary democracy was on the verge of collapse. The expression, Stunde Null or zero hour points to the dawn of a new political, economic and moral age, a renewal following the annihilation of the Third Reich. In this article, we situate Germany at zero hour in material, demographic, economic, commercial, political, social and cultural terms. Zero hour in Germany inaugurates a period of the division of the world into two utilitarian blocks, of which one aspect is a post-national spirit, originating in Germany.
Geolocation is a common gesture among TV series fans. Maps help us see differently a set of information about television reception and are also elements that contribute in complexifying the notion of space. In this article, I will analyze the place of digital mapping within a study of Twin Peaks, conceived as a cultural phenomenon. My multidisciplinary study aims at finding concrete solutions that would outreach stereotypes as well as reconcile the motivations and constraints of the various economic actors, creators, audience, Internet users and national entities.
The interpretative games between reality and fiction are based on a social imaginary that constitutes its symbolic networks and meanings. On the one hand, litterary or media works stress a contemporary mythology that surges from conspiration figures in recovering them under fiction. On the other hand, conspiration theories and alternate beliefs proliferate in the same digital environment, taking advantage of its affordances.
Both configurations carry an imaginary who can transform our perception of reality and induce concrete effects in collective space. Can their coexistence in the same media environment call in question the truth values and our capacity to distinguish between true and false? What are the mecanisms that create fiction and beliefs? How the social imaginary located at the boundaries of fiction can modify our perception of reality and our way to build the contemporary world?
These are the questions this paper examines. Fiction, contemporary imaginary, digital, fiction ontology, conspiracy theories, digital ontology, beliefs and social space, alternative reality games, truth and lie. The Catalan tongue is a Roman language coming from the popular Latin previously spoken in the land of Roussillon and Catalonia. It is the day to day language of about 7 million people today, and it is the center of a very ancient and huge literature which first texts dated from the XIth century.
An official language of Catalonia since , Catalan has been forbidden by General Franco in and remained privately or secretly spoken until the democratic transition in Spain, when it came back to official use. For the last few years, the Catalan language has become the center of the Catalan nationalism, which could lead Catalonia to independence. Language, law and politics are tightly connected in this matter, even if the link between them is not easy to understand precisely. It raises doubts about the materiality of the image, and the reality of the bodies that are present in front of and within it.
It is trapped by what it questions, metamorphosing as its introspection proceeds. The text runs through different variations in layout and typography, from a conventional format to pure graphics. Between matter and representation, object and subject, the text becomes image — material in motion. Though now obsolete in English, it is still used in French, "e in the o" being its usual designation.
Traduction de John Doherty. Women artistic creation is not so far an old idea from the seventies. Criticism has been developed in that way upon not well known authors, like Violette Leduc, or famous ones, like Marguerite Duras. Based upon recent literary criticism, including gender criticism, we must extend women creation to all fields such as movie making. But reading her specific manner of expression needs also specific words to identify them: The point is to analyse the various processes of making films throughout the impressive carrier of Varda, including those appearing in her last exhibitions.
Her views on literature indeed derive from her unique position both as an author and as an editor. It was not the first time: A large portion of the texts published in Lettera Internazionale are not originally written in Italian and thus need to be translated into our language. This, constantly poses a problem which has not only to do with the theory of translation — the art of translation — but especially with the problem of communication: Totalitarianism questions us because it challenges the belief in progress that has driven modernity.
Do we conceive of it with relevance when we understand it as the soon outdated resurgence of barbarism in the process of civilization? Moreover, they have the particularity of proceeding from ideological-political productions aiming to define and legitimate an existing or a claimed state. And yet how to avoid defining, assigning, identifying, categorizing?
His areas of expertise are extensive and include Western Europe, diplomatic history, international economic issues, international political economy, military power and strategy, strategic and security issues, and NATO. This article reflects on the case for American "declinism" at the end of the Reagan administration, the apparent rejuvenation of American power in the Bush I and Clinton administrations, and the significance of developments under Bush II. How much continuity links these administrations?
Radio, in Quebec, is marked by the circumstances of its birth. Indeed, the first commercial radio stations are owned by media companies and rapidly, a form of synergy emerges from the relationship between the two media, especially as radio is associated with strongly utopian representations of collective life. The page devoted to radio programming serves two purposes: As we do not have sound archives for the period between the wars, radio pages are valuable. At the same time, research in the press can help in finding traces of staged plays, of conferences, of read poems, but also to grasp the status of radio broadcasting through advertising and scholarly articles, and the use made of them in journalistic information.
In short, the research that crosses press and radio invites to organize otherwise existing archives and even to imagine creating inaudible radio archives. Both well known in the literary field at the time, opposite in style and aesthetic choices, they questioned the evolving conditions of creation, both on the production side competition of the press, quantitative overproduction and devaluation of literary writings, significant power of the legitimate institutions such as the Academy and the reception side alphabetization, increase of reading people. In view of this context, their positions, as they appear in their literary, critical and journalistic works, diverged not only for the choice of specific material configurations but also for reading patterns and functions of the book.
Maintaining a discrete but thoughtful dialog, they tried to imagine the future of literature by taking into account the growing shade of the newspaper. Nascido em Porto Alegre. Formado em Direito e Filosofia. Born in Porto Alegre. Graduated in Law and Philosophy.
By questioning us on the direction of the postmodernism, we penetrated in a significant layer which allowed us to see and understand three paradoxes: We saw that postmodern chaos does not support itself.
It is necessary that a requirement is at the base of this arranged disorder, which will determine the reason of the paradoxes and the ethical and aesthetic consequences of the postmodernism. It is a command which dissimulates its own truth and the truth itself. The postmodern fall into a reversed metaphysics, a new manner of fixing at the present.
The haemorrhage of the speech is presented in the form of a test of distortion of the sign, relationship between meaning and meant, where it is based itself. What is essential now is to find the way which will lead us to a new idea, the going beyond of postmodern with the resumption of the speech, the conscience of the world to come. Qual o sentido do direito? Quel est le sens du droit? Le droit est le sens juridique qui se donne aux objets dans le monde. By considering contradictions of contemporary globalization, a renewal of the question about the viability and the sense of the right is essential.
What is the sense of the right? With this question, neither the traditional jusnaturalism nor legal positivism answer us in a satisfactory way. We cannot adopt such prospects without calling upon a normative metaphysics or the idea of legal system. The other theories do not seem satisfactory either, since they also take the right as a thing, always thinking in a krono-logic way and never kairo-logic.
The right is not. The right is the legal sense which is given to the objects in the world. The proposal of the article consists on putting in evidence the sense of ethical freedom in Spinoza according to existence, remaining itself the bedding of conatus. Initially, the substance concept is retaken in Spinoza, showing where measured it surpasses the substance of the conceptions aristotelian and cartesian. After that, being overcome it definition of freedom that the substance concept in allows them to relate, questions it importance of conatus and the removal of the contingency in the spinozista rationalism, relatively to the existencialist positioning.
Substance, Conatus, Freedom, Contingency. Jornal Tribuna de Macau. Confucius — morale — ignorance — normes — vertu Resumo: Elle aime la danse: Il testo vibra di oscillazioni tra empatia e presa di distanza. Permette di stare sulla soglia, di esplorare con pudore gli interstizi tra spazio pubblico e privato, di mettere in movimento categorie cristallizzate legate alla rappresentazione dei generi e della loro relazione. Therefore, the author will develop the hypothesis that, in spite of the low representation of the traditional media in the cycle Les Trois Villes , it is nevertheless possible to find a very rich media imaginary, if we focus on the effects of the machines and technical objects that inhabit it.
The analysis will focus on two novels that open and close this ensemble, Lourdes and Paris. Would media exist without Literature? As the digital world is reinventing itself, the current issue emphasizes the role of literature in the construction of our media. At the same time, the hybridation of our digital contemporaneity encourages us to rethink the capacity of the media to reinvent themselves reciprocally, renewing the order of the speech and the function of Literature.
Because of its capacity to testify the heterogeneity of the media universe, Literature offers a fertile ground—where everything is yet to be done—to take on such a research. Fragmento traducido por Odile Bouchet. Fragment traduit par Odile Bouchet. Can the young man of today visualize the impossible dialogue of Kafka with his father? However, does that not open up a restructuring of his figure?
The English paediatrician and psychoanalyst Donald W. However, is this structuring enough? Does this not open up an era lacking references? Mais cela est-il assez structurant? This contribution aims to introduce a theoretical and conceptual framework on which focuses a PhD project. The research emphasizes on high school choices from non-migrant parents living in the Montreal area. Relying primarily on the work of Bourdieu, this project aims to identify the role of cultural capital in school choice during the primary-secondary transition. Educational policies, school choice, education, educational market, transition, mothers.
Ha publicado una veintena de libros, en gallego y castellano. Urco, el perro del mar tiene algo de cuento de terror. En Galicia se perciben los aparecidos, los fantasmas, estos perros al acecho, y el mar es como un arsenal de misterios. El relato tiene algo de historia de terror. Currently, she analysed the autism controversies and the role of the associations of parents and of patients. A questo punto, risulta chiara la posizione cinica di Foucault: On comprend finalement la position cynique de Michel Foucault: Time and memory, irreducible couple at the foundation of the studies of medieval letters led by Michel Zink, are revisited in this book during the closing lesson delivered on February 10, The analysis of founding narratives pre-existing to each community and giving in question the very notion of historical truth, where each story implies the possibility of another, or the conception of poetry as a narrative, that of the past in order to tell, to put in writing, the memory of the present are all reasons that motivate the study of medieval literature.
This is what the author will try to at least remind us, if not to show us at the end of the reading. In this way, we will see how these new devices structure the idea of the network, a new concept thought up by Saint-Simon at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Phone, gramophone, French literature, nineteenth century, network, voice. Lee is a journalist of United Daily News, a Chinese newspaper, and interested in Taiwan-China relationship and national defense affairs.
Both sides of Taiwan Strait confront from Cold War till now. In Taiwan, majority people intent to keep staus quo. But situations of Taiwan Strait connected national interest of major powers, for example United States and Japan. It is impossible to solve this problem in the foreseeable future, except war. For a few decades now, and mainly in the past twenty years, Europe has been under construction. The process aims at creating a bind between people who live in Europe, a feeling of belonging to a political, social, economic community.
With a strong desire, however, to preserve the existence of multiple cultures and identites. The question of how Europe should be built emerges in each and every field of human existence and activity. When it comes to European citizenship and intercultural values education critical thinking, curiosity, respect, solidarity and others , construction of communicative skills is often cited as a value that should be developed.
Christos Chrissopoulos is a novelist, essayist and translator. He was born in Athens and is among the most prolific young prose writers on the Greek literary scene. Since , he has collaborated with the visual artist Diane Neumaier on several art projects. Their exhibition Encounters was held at the Reykjavik Museum of Art in and the corresponding catalogue was published in Christos has been featured in many anthologies of contemporary Greek fiction and writes regularly on literary theory.
His work appears in five languages. He was an Iowa Fellow in He has built his novel The Destruction of the Parthenon upon this story, combining history with the contemporary nnd fiction with documentation. The most recent book by Christos Chryssopoulos Une lampe entre les dents. Une lampe entre les dents. If UNESCO was to think about peace without including politicians in its organization, it would only aim at a mere concept of peace.
On the opposite, should a peace be built without any thinking, it would only be peace by compromises, a pragmatic approach of peace in which means would justify the ends. More important, it would be risking an unfair peace, a peace that would be no more than a no-war situation, whereas all peaces are not necessarily good. Two phenomenons kept my attention: Although we could expect that television, as it pretends, would build a perfect broadcast, the new narration ways lead us to a surprising result: Since the 19th century, but especially during the 20th century, a lot of theories about urban space have emerged, recognizing the capacity of the latter to produce subjects.
In other words, those theories — that one can find in the work of Le Corbusier, Lewis Mumford, Henri Lefebvre or Guy Debord — have tried to pinpoint a link between the organization of urban space and a specific type of mentality. Presenting those theories, this article aims to show that it is possible to consider the modern city itself as an apparatus, and to present the consequences of that consideration on the orientation of collective action. Quel relais est-il pour les revendications des travailleuses? Although both books share the same principle —narrating films—, I will show that they are in fact very different in the way they envision the relationship between literature and film: Et, avant tout, pour parler du cadre de ce livre, le nationalisme chinois.
Ce premier texte date de This article aims at clarifying the differences between the Kuomintang, the Chinese national party based on Taiwan, tempted by conditional unification with China, and the DPP, the indigenous pro-Taiwan party. After showing how these two parties share a basic common understanding of the Republic of China on Taiwan as being a sovereign entity, this paper shows where are the true lines of demarcation between the two political forces: The article questions the reasons behind the obvious diminished importance of the national identity debate in the elections, and shows that the vote for Ma Ying-jeou, in just as in , is not equivalent to a vote for China, nor to a vote for unification.
Last, it tries to understand what are the reasons that led swing voters, who hesitated until the last moment, to finally decide to give a second mandate to a President that is not anymore popular, and who is generally not considered by most of them as being very competent. One can find in the letters a characteristic way of the romantic time to get bored and to say it. The analysis of the role of boredom in their epistolary writing brings me to sketch a picture of a boredom which is connoted both negatively and positively. This negatively connoted boredom becomes historically marked when it is viewed as the romantic rejection of a society perceived as superficial, and the conviction that only true love is worthwhile.
Boredom would then be a feeling which the sensitive individual could not avoid. Austin first characterized the notion of performative utterance and thus opens the way for the study of speech acts. After Austin, Searle proposes to consider the performative in a more contextual way while Derrida reinterprets the idea of performative in terms of iterability, which renews the notion of performative.
Unavoidable with Butler and then with all the Gender Studies, performativity must not be reduced to a theatrical performance of gender nor be totally excluded from that field either. Moreover, Parker and Sedgwick propose a new way of thinking together performative and performance that need to be compared with some recent considerations on the active role of spectator.
Most French scholars tend to oppose the swedish model of immigration to the french one as they are thought to handle the otherness of the other in opposite ways. These two distinct models are thought to call forth the well established distinction between the traditional communitarian approach to otherness and the individual universal one. The French model is therefore seen as stressing the right of the individual irrespective of the right of the groups whereas the Swedish model is depicted as promoting the rights of communities before those of individuals.
This distinction is appealing at first sight since it provides an insight into the global frame of reference for Swedish and French policies handling the otherness of the others. It fails however to highlight the similarities between immigration and integration policies of the two countries as well as the increasing convergence that has been taking place since the s. While Sweden mitigated its multiculturalism to promote an integration policy, France departed from its universalistic stance in order to better address the issue of cultural diversity. Hence, differences between the two countries have been dramatically reduced despite some enduring peculiarities.
This investigation hence aims at paving the way for future fruitful comparisons between policies related to otherness in the two countries. This article examines how the relationship between fictionality and referentiality has evolved since the beginning of the s, from a double perspective which combines two disciplines that rarely cross paths: The analogical model allows a better understanding of the hybridity of interpretative practices resulting from the frequent use of social media platforms, whose discourses frequently escape current generic classifications. The following interview was made with Michel Crozier in December With a strong reputation in the academic world, he imported the sociology of organizations from the United States.
He taught this field to numerous student generations. In , he founded in Paris the Centre of sociology of organizations. Since forty years, he has been criticizing the irrelevant beliefs of the French society and has been calling for an enlightened pragmatism. Michel Crozier gave us his opinion on the evolution of French society with a focus on the relations of power, the bureaucratic illness, the decentralization as well as the work of the European Convention.
Tocqueville has made a come-back in today political philosophy in France and beyond, and in the same time a new distrust of democracy has appeared in politics and philosophy. Political rationality is identified with pedagogical governance rather than with the autonomy of public sphere, republican order is preferred to democratic control of power. I prefer to talk about incivility when this hatred is dressed with political legitimacy. In the following lines, I will associate this incivility with an irresponsible refusal of the paradox of democracy.
The distinction between discussion and negotiation tends to fade, in ordinary use as well as in political discourse. But this distinction is not only a grammatical matter of different language uses, it deals with the foundation of ethics, in so far as it is a condition for the constitution of a secular and postmetaphysical moral world founded on universal values, in a modern society where relations are agonistic and values heterogeneous. Can this world still be ours?
This is the core question of the following text. Le elezioni presidenziali francesi del maggio , con la secca sconfitta del Fronte Nazionale di Marine Le Pen, sembravano aver esorcizzato lo spettro del populismo in Europa. Ma cosa significa essere giovane nel teatro italiano? The objective of the article is to comprehend the limits of J. In other words, this article tries to understand the structural and historical anthropology as a Science.
Then, it is necessary to compare it to the ideology analytical reason that tries to suppress the principle of nonconformity between the Being and the Wisdom through the examination of the teleological structure of the inorganic. It is convenient to observe that these limits form the structural and historical anthropology as scientific method based on the knowledge of alienation. Structural e historical anthropology, alienation of knowledge and knowledge of alienation. The objective of this article is the comprehension of the antithesis between nature and culture highlighted by J.
Rousseau on the second Discourse, once it reveals how the man kept away from his harmonic element. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the resentment of the French writer in view of the objections that were addressed to him by the specialized criticism that has never admitted the amorality in the literature. New York, Cambridge Universitaires Presses, , pp. Answer at Juliette Simont. Reflections about the phenomenom of alienation in Jean-Paul Sartre. This dossier gathers six articles, facing the subject both from a theoric and practical perspective: Fugazi, one of the most respected bands of the American independent music scene, recently posted almost all of its live performances online, releasing over recordings made between and Such a project is atypical both by its size, rock groups being usually content to produce one or two live albums during the scope of their career, and by its perspective, Dischord Records, an independent label, thus undertaking curatorial activities usually supported by official cultural institutions such as museums, libraries and universities.
This approach will be considered here both in terms of documentation, the infinite variations of the concerts contrasting with the arrested versions of the studio albums, and of the musical canon, Fugazi obviously wishing, by the constitution of this digital archive, to contribute to a parallel rock history. Stavridis Next Generation Advisory Panel.
Prost sur les anciens combattants. Indeed, in the months following September 11th, , G. The fruit of this exchange appear in her recent book Philosophy in a Time of Terror: Dans les mois qui ont suivi le 11 septembre , G. Philosophy in a Time of Terror: A few decades later though, another type of projects seems to bring back the idea of architecture as rooted and transmitting something to the inhabitant. To fully understand what is at stake here, one may notice that the shift from architecture to computer architecture is mainly a displacement of a historical responsibility towards memory.
In this process, memory leaves the realm of the visible and becomes something more of a recognizable. Then do we have to think of a new responsibility for architecture? He had made hundreds of in-depth reports and interviews for the Sunday edition. He had wrote Malas influencias Bad influences , a short-stories book in wich Calle Velarde Velarde Street is included. Calle Velarde is a short fiction inspired on the tragic figure of Michi Panero who is named as Archi Escario , the youngest son of a Spanish poets saga who spent his last years sick and lonely in the middle of Madrid.
The story told the relationship between Escario and a young woman who is obsessed with the bohemian life-style. She is looking for the last bohemian till she found Richi. Calle Velarde would be a reflection about success and loose in modern times and about the fascination for the outsiders which used to be typical in middle-class intellectuals. Mais leur conversion en spectacles et en marchandises produit une analogie psycho-politique instructive. Efficaces pour une fascisation douce et invisible des masses - du moins apparemment.
The 21st century is marked by unprecedented environmental issues and the climate change. These dramatic have a direct impact on societies all over the planet. Yet actually, our globalized societies, our consumption culture and our economic system are the source for many environmental issues and especially climate change. In order to find a proper response to this global emergency, we need a comparatist and transdisciplinary approach.
For example, Stephanie Posthumus proposes to analyze the current ecological crisis by using literary theory and fiction instead of focusing on scientific theory, in order to create new concepts which give rise to new subjectivities. Her approach is based on the cultural specificities of French literature. This approach has four key concepts: They are interconnected and central to the goal that aims to rethink humans and their environment. Or do they demand an unbearable emotional and intellectual labour from the viewer? How do we position ourselves when faced with the imagery of horror?
Gifted with expressiveness and resourcefulness like no-one else, his lyrical and eruptive style has made him an important figure on the world jazz scene. He has recorded dozens of albums with different formations, and regularly tours Europe. How did he become a musician? How does he create his music in collaboration with the other musicians? He began classical piano lessons at the age of nine and saxophone by twelve. He is considered a renaissance man in contemporary music with a career stretching over forty years. By offering an evaluation of the gap between the end ot the Second World War and today, this essay allows us to have a clearer idea of a work in progress and to identify some positive developments.
Along thoses lines, we are able to have a new point of view on the thinking of Simone de Beauvoir concerning the evolution of women and of men as such, the social values, the female body, the freedom. Elle commande sa construction. In itself it is the signal that they constitute an obstacle within thought concerning the tradition, and hence within the tradition itself, in other words within our history.
By appealing to the voice of the other, he thus engages the perchance of a reorientation of discourse, history, and the tradition. Qui de la parole? Psychoanalysis has societal implications. In other words, it has an historical responsibility regarding the evolution of societies in which it has developed.
It is also influenced by the societies and political systems in which it unfolds. Psychoanalytic theory may integrate this reciprocal influence in order to reflect on it and learn from it for its own politic. However, in the current context, this cannot be achieved in a theoretical or practical isolation, especially in regards to social sciences and social innovations.
In this article we would like to focus on the position of women in the Christian teachers union in Belgium in the years In spite of their numerical dominance in the teaching occupation and in the union, women teachers never exercised real structural power in teacher unionism during this period. Yet, the union was alive to the fact that women teachers formed an important segment of their members. The marriage bar f. Based on primary sources, interviews, national and international literature, we will focus on the apparent lack of female militantism by situating it in its social and historical context and by analysing the prevailing ideology concerning labour and the family.
Les prises de position des institutrices catholiques au sein de leur syndicat. Le bannissement du mariage, p. Paris, Actes sud, , pages. Engagement cette fois direct, et non plus par le biais du compagnon. Mouvement populaire des familles. Considering the economical impact such a classification may have, those questions seem legitimate. He concludes with the idea that the best should be, perhaps, to put the whole planet under the protection of the World Heritage Committee, for it is certainly in need of being protected.
ENS and the Grand-Lyon occasionally invite intellectuals and political thinkers to share their points of view. These meetings aim to discuss new social regulations in the globalization. The debate between them focused on the latest economic crisis and questioned the functioning of the economy and the politics after the crisis. The "marketplace", according to them, requires a new conceptualization because its development threatens our future.
We present here a part of this interesting debate. The municipal elections in French cities always have a national dimension. The objective of this article is to draw the portrait of the urban mayor in thanks to the results of an empirical investigation made on all the communes above 5 inhabitants in order to appreciate the change that occurred after the municipal elections of March