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With a population of approximately 3.

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Around one-third of the area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers. Berlin in the s was the third largest municipality in the world, following German reunification in , Berlin once again became the capital of all-Germany. Berlin is a city of culture, politics, media. Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, research facilities, media corporations.

Berlin serves as a hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The metropolis is a popular tourist destination, significant industries also include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, biotechnology, construction and electronics.

Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities, orchestras, museums and its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions. The city is known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts. It is therefore a canting arm, the first written records of towns in the area of present-day Berlin date from the late 12th century. The two towns over time formed close economic and social ties, and profited from the right on the two important trade routes Via Imperii and from Bruges to Novgorod.

In , they formed an alliance with a common external policy, in Frederick I became the elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, which he ruled until Franco-Prussian War — The conflict was caused by Prussian ambitions to extend German unification and French fears of the shift in the European balance of power that would result if the Prussians succeeded. On 16 July , the French parliament voted to declare war on the German Kingdom of Prussia, the German coalition mobilised its troops much more quickly than the French and rapidly invaded northeastern France.

The German forces were superior in numbers, had training and leadership and made more effective use of modern technology, particularly railroads. French determination to regain Alsace-Lorraine and fear of another Franco-German war, along with British apprehension about the balance of power, the causes of the Franco-Prussian War are deeply rooted in the events surrounding the unification of Germany.

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In the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War of , Prussia had annexed numerous territories and this new power destabilized the European balance of power established by the Congress of Vienna in after the Napoleonic Wars. France was strongly opposed to any further alliance of German states, in Prussia, some officials considered a war against France both inevitable and necessary to arouse German nationalism in those states that would allow the unification of a great German empire.

Bismarck also knew that France should be the aggressor in the conflict to bring the southern German states to side with Prussia, many Germans also viewed the French as the traditional destabilizer of Europe, and sought to weaken France to prevent further breaches of the peace. The immediate cause of the war resided in the candidacy of Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, France feared encirclement by an alliance between Prussia and Spain.


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The Hohenzollern princes candidacy was withdrawn under French diplomatic pressure, releasing the Ems Dispatch to the public, Bismarck made it sound as if the king had treated the French envoy in a demeaning fashion, which inflamed public opinion in France. They also argue that he wanted a war to resolve growing domestic political problems, other historians, notably French historian Pierre Milza, dispute this.

According to Milza, the Emperor had no need for a war to increase his popularity, the Ems telegram had exactly the effect on French public opinion that Bismarck had intended. This text produced the effect of a red flag on the Gallic bull, gramont, the French foreign minister, declared that he felt he had just received a slap.


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Napoleons new prime minister, Emile Ollivier, declared that France had done all that it could humanly and honorably do to prevent the war, a crowd of 15—20, people, carrying flags and patriotic banners, marched through the streets of Paris, demanding war. On 19 July a declaration of war was sent to the Prussian government, the southern German states immediately sided with Prussia. The French Army consisted in peacetime of approximately , soldiers, some of them were veterans of previous French campaigns in the Crimean War, Algeria, the Franco-Austrian War in Italy, and in the Mexican campaign.

Under Marshal Adolphe Niel, urgent reforms were made, universal conscription and a shorter period of service gave increased numbers of reservists, who would swell the army to a planned strength of , on mobilisation. Those who for any reason were not conscripted were to be enrolled in the Garde Mobile, however, the Franco-Prussian War broke out before these reforms could be completely implemented. Lindau — Lindau is a major town and an island on the eastern side of Lake Constance. It is the capital of the Landkreis or county Lindau, Bavaria, the coat of arms of Lindau town is a linden tree, referring to the supposed origin of the towns name.

The historic town of Lindau is located on an 0. The first use of the name Lindau was documented in by a monk from St. Gallen, however the remains of an early Roman settlement dating back to the 1st century have been found in the district of Aeschach. Stephans church was founded, in the Franciscans founded a monastery on the island. In , about 15 of Lindaus Jews were burned at the stake after being accused of murdering a Christian child, in , Lindau accepted the Protestant Reformation.

Lindau first followed the Tetrapolitan Confession, and then the Augsburg Confession, in , after the Thirty Years War, the first Lindauer Kinderfest was held, in memory of the war. This festival introduced by Lindau councillor Valentin Heider makes up an important part of the towns identity nowadays, Lindau lost its status as an Imperial Free City in , after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. In a dam was built to connect the railway from Munich to the island, in a new harbour was built, with its characteristic landmarks, the lion sculpture and Bavarias only lighthouse. Lindau is popular with sightseers and holidaymakers for its town centre.

The gardens of Lindau are best in spring or summer blossom, Lindau is famous for its architecture and outdoor attractions such as cycling, sailing, hiking, swimming and camping are also popular. Lindau has a low unemployment rate, likely the result of a diverse economy. Ehrengrab — An ehrengrab is a distinction granted by certain German, Swiss and Austrian cities to some of their citizens for extraordinary services or achievements in their lifetimes.

If there are no descendants or institutions to care for the gravesites, many ehrengrabs also serve to document cultural history, for example, when a cemetery containing artistically notable graves is closed and the graves are moved at public expense. The basic details of the awarding, financing and care of graves are similarly handled in all German-speaking countries. The difference between the number of tombs and graves of honor is explained by the fact that some family tombs honor several individuals, Berlin public memorial graves are under the legislation of the Berlin Senate dating to , labeled as General Instructions for the recognition, transfer and maintenance.

To make the more attractive, famous citizens such as Ludwig van Beethoven. Funerary monuments were built for others, such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, hundreds of graves of honor are found in cemeteries in Vienna. The city of Zurich maintains a tomb of honor near the Nordheim crematorium. It is a tomb for people who have donated their bodies to the Anatomical Institute of the University of Zurich for the needs of science. This situation ended when East Germany was dissolved and its five states joined the ten states of the Federal Republic of Germany along with the reunified city-state of Berlin.

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With the reunification of West and East Germany, the Federal Republic of Germany, enlarged now to sixteen states and this period is referred to as the Bonn Republic by historians, alluding to the interwar Weimar Republic and the post-reunification Berlin Republic. Its population grew from roughly 51 million in to more than 63 million in , the city of Bonn was its de facto capital city. The fourth Allied occupation zone was held by the Soviet Union, as a result, West Germany had a territory about half the size of the interbellum democratic Weimar Republic.

At the onset of the Cold War, Europe was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs, Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories, the Saarland and divided Berlin. The Federal Republic of Germany claimed a mandate for all of Germany. It took the line that the GDR was an illegally constituted puppet state, though the GDR did hold regular elections, these were not free and fair. It recognised the GDR as a de facto government within a single German nation that in turn was represented de jure by the West German state alone.

From onward, East Germany recognised the existence of two German countries de jure, and the West as both de facto and de jure foreign country, the Federal Republic and the GDR agreed that neither of them could speak in the name of the other. The first chancellor Konrad Adenauer, who remained in office until , had worked for an alignment with NATO rather than neutrality.

He not only secured a membership in NATO but was also a proponent of agreements that developed into the present-day European Union, when the G6 was established in , there was no question whether the Federal Republic of Germany would be a member as well. With the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe in , symbolised by the opening of the Berlin Wall, East Germany voted to dissolve itself and accede to the Federal Republic in Its five post-war states were reconstituted along with the reunited Berlin and they formally joined the Federal Republic on 3 October , raising the number of states from 10 to 16, ending the division of Germany.

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In later romances, particularly those of French origin, there is a tendency to emphasize themes of courtly love 3. Enter your mobile number or email address below and we'll send you a link to download the free Kindle App. Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required.

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Product details File Size: Reclam Verlag August 7, Publication Date: August 7, Sold by: Share your thoughts with other customers. Write a customer review. Amazon Giveaway allows you to run promotional giveaways in order to create buzz, reward your audience, and attract new followers and customers. Philipp Reclam jun, , Interpretationen. Binder, Hartmut, Kafkas "Verwandlung: Entstehung, Deutung, Wirkung Frankfurt am Main: Cambridge University Press, , Cambridge studies in German. Blackwell Pub, , Blackwell concise companions to literature and culture.

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