For this reason, heavy water does not absorb red light and thus large bodies of D 2 O would lack the characteristic blue colour of the more commonly-found light water 1 H 2 O. Absorption intensity decreases markedly with each successive overtone, resulting in very weak absorption for the third overtone.
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For this reason, the pipe needs to have a length of a meter or more and the water must be purified by microfiltration to remove any particles that could produce Mie scattering. Lakes and oceans appear blue for several reasons. One is that the surface of the water reflects the color of the sky. While this reflection contributes to the observed color, it is not the sole reason. Some of the light hitting the surface of ocean is reflected but most of it penetrates the water surface, interacting with its molecules.
The water molecule can vibrate in three different modes when irradiated by light. The red, orange, yellow, and green wavelengths of light are absorbed so the remaining light seen is composed of the shorter wavelength blues and violets. This is the main reason the ocean's color is blue.
Some constituents of sea water can influence the shade of blue of the ocean. This is why it can look greener or bluer in different areas.
Why does the ocean appear blue? Is it because it reflects the color of the sky?
Water in swimming pools which may also contain various chemicals with white-painted sides and bottom will appear as a turquoise blue. Clean water appears blue in white-tiled swimming pools as well as in indoor pools where there is no blue sky to be reflected. The deeper the pool, the bluer the water.
Scattering from suspended particles also plays an important role in the color of lakes and oceans. A few tens of meters of water will absorb all light, so without scattering, all bodies of water would appear black. Because most lakes and oceans contain suspended living matter and mineral particles, known as colored dissolved organic matter CDOM , light from above is reflected upwards. Scattering from suspended particles would normally give a white color, as with snow, but because the light first passes through many meters of blue-colored liquid, the scattered light appears blue.
In extremely pure water—as is found in mountain lakes, where scattering from white-colored particles is missing—the scattering from water molecules themselves also contributes a blue color. Another phenomenon that occurs is Rayleigh scattering in the atmosphere along one's line of sight: This mechanism would add a blue tinge to any distant object not just the sea because blue light would be scattered into one's line of sight.
The surfaces of seas and lakes often reflect blue skylight, making them appear bluer.
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The relative contribution of reflected skylight and the light scattered back from the depths is strongly dependent on observation angle. Glaciers are large bodies of ice and snow formed in cold climates by processes involving the compaction of fallen snow. While snowy glaciers appear white from a distance, up close and when shielded from direct ambient light, glaciers usually appear a deep blue due to the long path lengths of the internal reflected light.
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Relatively small amounts of regular ice appear white because plenty of air bubbles are present, and also because small quantities of water appear to be colorless. Large quantities of water appear blue, therefore a large piece of compressed ice, or a glacier, would also appear blue. Dissolved and particulate material in water can cause discoloration. Slight discoloration is measured in Hazen units HU. Testing for color can be a quick and easy test which often reflects the amount of organic material in the water, although certain inorganic components like iron or manganese can also impart color.
Water color can reveal physical, chemical and bacteriological conditions. In drinking water, green can indicate copper leaching from copper plumbing and can also represent algae growth. Blue can also indicate copper, or might be caused by syphoning of industrial cleaners in the tank of commodes, commonly known as backflowing. Reds can be signs of rust from iron pipes or airborne bacteria from lakes, etc. Black water can indicate growth of sulfur-reducing bacteria inside a hot water tank set to too low a temperature.
The odor will always be in the hot water pipes if sulfate reducing bacteria are the cause and never in the cold water plumbing. The presence of color in water does not necessarily indicate that the water is not drinkable. This mother lode of short stories by talented Minnesota writers offers vivid glimpses into the cultural life of the state through the eyes of its youth.
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The authors get into the heads of their young characters through their spot-on use of dialogue and genuine senses of innocence and wonder. A high-quality anthology full of classroom potential, sure to inspire budding writers and hook casual readers, too. One of the pleasures of this anthology is the chance to see several well-known YA novelists working in shorter forms. Another is the range of voices — and themes — in the collection, all linked loosely through the metaphor of water.
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