One solution used by dyers was add to the dye some iron filings, rich in iron oxide, which gave a deeper black. Another was to first dye the fabric dark blue, and then to dye it black. A much richer and deeper black dye was eventually found made from the Oak apple or gall-nut. The gall-nut is a small round tumor which grows on oak and other varieties of trees.

The gall-nuts which made the best dye came from Poland , eastern Europe, the near east and North Africa. Beginning in about the 14th century, dye from gall-nuts was used for clothes of the kings and princes of Europe. Another important source of natural black dyes from the 17th century onwards was the logwood tree , or Haematoxylum campechianum , which also produced reddish and bluish dyes. It is a species of flowering tree in the legume family, Fabaceae , that is native to southern Mexico and northern Central America. Since the midth century, synthetic black dyes have largely replaced natural dyes.

One of the important synthetic blacks is Nigrosin , a mixture of synthetic black dyes CI , Solvent black 5 made by heating a mixture of nitrobenzene , aniline and aniline hydrochloride in the presence of a copper or iron catalyst. Its main industrial uses are as a colorant for lacquers and varnishes and in marker-pen inks. The first known inks were made by the Chinese, and date back to the 23rd century B. They used natural plant dyes and minerals such as graphite ground with water and applied with an ink brush. Early Chinese inks similar to the modern inkstick have been found dating to about BC at the end of the Warring States period.

They were produced from soot , usually produced by burning pine wood, mixed with animal glue. To make ink from an inkstick, the stick is continuously ground against an inkstone with a small quantity of water to produce a dark liquid which is then applied with an ink brush. Artists and calligraphists could vary the thickness of the resulting ink by reducing or increasing the intensity and time of ink grinding. These inks produced the delicate shading and subtle or dramatic effects of Chinese brush painting. India ink or Indian ink in British English is a black ink once widely used for writing and printing and now more commonly used for drawing , especially when inking comic books and comic strips.

The technique of making it probably came from China. India ink has been in use in India since at least the 4th century BC, where it was called masi. In India, the black color of the ink came from bone char , tar , pitch and other substances. The Ancient Romans had a black writing ink they called atramentum librarium. This was the same root as the English word atrocious.

It was usually made, like India ink, from soot , although one variety, called atramentum elephantinum , was made by burning the ivory of elephants. Gall-nuts were also used for making fine black writing ink. Iron gall ink also known as iron gall nut ink or oak gall ink was a purple-black or brown-black ink made from iron salts and tannic acids from gall nut. It was the standard writing and drawing ink in Europe , from about the 12th century to the 19th century, and remained in use well into the 20th century. Sticks of vine charcoal and compressed charcoal. Charcoal, along with red and yellow ochre, was one of the first pigments used by Paleolithic man.

A Chinese inkstick , in the form of lotus flowers and blossoms. Inksticks are used in Chinese calligraphy and brush painting. Ivory black or bone char , a natural black pigment made by burning animal bones.

Isaiah Bradley

The logwood tree from Central America produced dyes beginning in the 17th century. The nation of Belize began as a British colony producing logwood. The oak apple or gall-nut, a tumor growing on oak trees, was the main source of black dye and black writing ink from the 14th century until the 19th century. The industrial production of lamp black , made by producing, collecting and refining soot , in An illustration of Olbers' paradox see below.

The fact that outer space is black is sometimes called Olbers' paradox. In theory, because the universe is full of stars, and is believed to be infinitely large, it would be expected that the light of an infinite number of stars would be enough to brilliantly light the whole universe all the time.

However, the background color of outer space is black. This contradiction was first noted in by German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers , who posed the question of why the night sky was black. The current accepted answer is that, although the universe is infinitely large, it is not infinitely old. It is thought to be about Light from stars farther away has not reached Earth, and cannot contribute to making the sky bright. Furthermore, as the universe is expanding, many stars are moving away from Earth.

As they move, the wavelength of their light becomes longer, through the Doppler effect , and shifts toward red, or even becomes invisible. As a result of these two phenomena, there is not enough starlight to make space anything but black. The daytime sky on Earth is blue because light from the Sun strikes molecules in Earth's atmosphere scattering light in all directions.

Blue light is scattered more than other colors, and reaches the eye in greater quantities, making the daytime sky appear blue. This is known as Rayleigh scattering. The nighttime sky on Earth is black because the part of Earth experiencing night is facing away from the Sun, the light of the Sun is blocked by Earth itself, and there is no other bright nighttime source of light in the vicinity. Thus, there is not enough light to undergo Rayleigh scattering and make the sky blue.

On the Moon, on the other hand, because there is no atmosphere to scatter the light, the sky is black both day and night. This phenomenon also holds true for other locations without an atmosphere. The black mamba of Africa is one of the most venomous snakes, as well as the fastest-moving snake in the world. The only black part of the snake is the inside of the mouth, which it exposes in a threat display when alarmed.

The black widow spider, or lactrodectus , The females frequently eat their male partners after mating. The female's venom is at least three times more potent than that of the males, making a male's self-defense bite ineffective. A black panther is actually a melanistic leopard or jaguar , the result of an excess of melanin in their skin caused by a recessive gene. The American crow is one of the most intelligent of all animals.

In China, the color black is associated with water, one of the five fundamental elements believed to compose all things; and with winter, cold, and the direction north, usually symbolized by a black tortoise. It is also associated with disorder, including the positive disorder which leads to change and new life. When the first Emperor of China Qin Shi Huang seized power from the Zhou Dynasty , he changed the Imperial color from red to black, saying that black extinguished red.

Only when the Han Dynasty appeared in BC was red restored as the imperial color. The Chinese and Japanese character for black kuro in Japanese , can, depending upon the context, also mean dark or evil. In Japan, black is associated with mystery, the night, the unknown, the supernatural, the invisible and death.

Combined with white, it can symbolize intuition. In Japan in the 10th and 11th century, it was believed that wearing black could bring misfortune. It was worn at court by those who wanted to set themselves apart from the established powers or who had renounced material possessions.

The black belt in martial arts symbolizes experience, while a white belt is worn by novices. In Indonesia black is associated with depth, the subterranean world, demons, disaster, and the left hand. When black is combined with white, however, it symbolizes harmony and equilibrium. The first Chinese Emperor, Qin Shi Huang , made black his imperial color, saying that black extinguished red, the old dynastic color.

Anarchism is a political philosophy, most popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which holds that governments and capitalism are harmful and undesirable. The symbols of anarchism was usually either a black flag or a black letter A.

More recently it is usually represented with a bisected red and black flag, to emphasise the movement's socialist roots in the First International. There were also small but influential movements in the United States and Russia. In the latter, the movement initially allied itself with the Bolsheviks. The Black Army was a collection of anarchist military units which fought in the Russian Civil War , sometimes on the side of the Bolshevik Red Army , and sometimes for the opposing White Army. It was officially known as the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine , and it was under the command of the famous anarchist Nestor Makhno.

Inspired by the black uniforms of the Arditi , Italy's elite storm troops of World War I, the Fascist Blackshirts were organized by Benito Mussolini as the military tool of his political movement. The emblem of the Italian fascists was a black flag with fasces , an axe in a bundle of sticks, an ancient Roman symbol of authority. Mussolini came to power in through his March on Rome with the blackshirts. Black was also adopted by Adolf Hitler and the Nazis in Germany.

Red, white and black were the colors of the flag of the German Empire from to In Mein Kampf , Hitler explained that they were "revered colors expressive of our homage to the glorious past. The Nazis used a black triangle to symbolize anti-social elements. The symbol originates from Nazi concentration camps , where every prisoner had to wear one of the Nazi concentration camp badges on their jacket, the color of which categorized them according to "their kind. The homeless were also included, as were alcoholics, the Romani people , the habitually "work-shy," prostitutes, draft dodgers and pacifists.


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In the students began to carry a red, black and gold flag, which they believed incorrectly had been the colors of the Holy Roman Empire the imperial flag had actually been gold and black. In , this banner became the flag of the German confederation. In , Prussia unified Germany under its rule, and imposed the red, white and black of its own flag, which remained the colors of the German flag until the end of the Second World War.

In the Federal Republic of Germany returned to the original flag and colors of the students and professors of , which is the flag of Germany today. It says, "Power begets parasites.


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Benito Mussolini and his blackshirt followers during his March on Rome in The banner of the Holy Roman Emperor — featured a black eagle, an old Roman emblem and a symbol of power. One head represented the church, the other the state. Flag of Belgium The black came from the banner of the Duchy of Brabant , founded in the 12th century. The flag used the colors of the failed Brabant Revolution of —90 against the Habsburg Monarchy.

Black was taken from the Black Standard of Muhammad. The black in the modern flag of Germany dates back to the flag of the Holy Roman Empire , the 19th-century flag of the German Confederation , the flag of Prussia , and the flag of the Weimar Republic. Flag of Estonia Black was said to symbolize the dark time of occupation, and white the bright future of independence. Flag of Egypt The colors were taken from the Flag of the Arab Revolt, which was the banner of the Egyptian Revolution of The black came from the Black Standard of Muhammad.

The Flag of South Africa Black has been a traditional color of cavalry and armoured or mechanized troops. German armoured troops Panzerwaffe traditionally wore black uniforms, and even in others, a black beret is common. In Finland, black is the symbolic color for both armoured troops and combat engineers, and military units of these specialities have black flags and unit insignia.

The black beret and the color black is also a symbol of special forces in many countries. A black beret is also worn by military police in the Canadian, Czech, Croatian, Portuguese, Spanish and Serbian armies. The silver-on-black skull and crossbones symbol or Totenkopf and a black uniform were used by Hussars and Black Brunswickers , the German Panzerwaffe and the Nazi Schutzstaffel , and U.

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In Christianity, the devil is often called the "prince of darkness. It is an English translation of the Latin phrase princeps tenebrarum , which occurs in the Acts of Pilate , written in the fourth century, in the 11th-century hymn Rhythmus de die mortis by Pietro Damiani , [65] and in a sermon by Bernard of Clairvaux [66] from the 12th century.

The phrase also occurs in King Lear by William Shakespeare c. Priests and pastors of the Roman Catholic , Eastern Orthodox and Protestant churches commonly wear black, as do monks of the Benedictine Order , who consider it the color of humility and penitence. In Europe and America, black is the color most commonly associated with mourning and bereavement. In some traditional societies, for example in Greece and Italy, some widows wear black for the rest of their lives.

In contrast, across much of Africa and parts of Asia like Vietnam, white is a color of mourning and is worn during funerals. In Victorian England, the colors and fabrics of mourning were specified in an unofficial dress code: Paramatta was a fabric of combined silk and wool or cotton; crape was a harsh black silk fabric with a crimped appearance produced by heat. Widows were allowed to change into the colors of half-mourning, such as gray and lavender, black and white, for the final six months. A "black day" or week or month usually refers to tragic date.

The Romans marked fasti days with white stones and nefasti days with black. The term is often used to remember massacres.

Black - Wikipedia

Black months include the Black September in Jordan , when large numbers of Palestinians were killed, and Black July in Sri Lanka , the killing of members of the Tamil population by the Sinhalese government. In the financial world, the term often refers to a dramatic drop in the stock market. For example, the Wall Street Crash of , the stock market crash on October 29, , which marked the start of the Great Depression , is nicknamed Black Tuesday, and was preceded by Black Thursday, a downturn on October 24 the previous week.


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    • The dowager Electress of Palatine in mourning Emperor Pedro II of Brazil and his sisters wearing mourning clothes due to their father's death Queen Victoria wore black in mourning for her husband Prince Albert In western popular culture, black has long been associated with evil and darkness. It is the traditional color of witchcraft and black magic. The horseman representing famine rides a black horse.

    The vampire of literature and films, such as Count Dracula of the Bram Stoker novel, dressed in black, and could only move at night. The Wicked Witch of the West in the film The Wizard of Oz became the archetype of witches for generations of children. Whereas witches and sorcerers inspired real fear in the 17th century, in the 21st century children and adults dressed as witches for Halloween parties and parades. The biblical Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse , including famine riding a black horse painting by Viktor Vasnetsov , Count Dracula as portrayed by Bela Lugosi in the film version.

    Black is frequently used as a color of power, law and authority. In many countries judges and magistrates wear black robes. That custom began in Europe in the 13th and 14th centuries. Jurists, magistrates and certain other court officials in France began to wear long black robes during the reign of Philip IV of France — , and in England from the time of Edward I — The custom spread to the cities of Italy at about the same time, between and The robes of judges resembled those worn by the clergy, and represented the law and authority of the King, while those of the clergy represented the law of God and authority of the church.

    Until the 20th century most police uniforms were black, until they were largely replaced by a less menacing blue in France, the U. In the United States, police cars are frequently Black and white. He steals a spare costume and a shield intended for Captain America before he engages in a suicide mission to destroy the Super-Soldier efforts of the Nazis at the Schwarzebitte concentration camp. There, he is able to assassinate Koch, but the mission ends when the Germans capture Bradley.

    Bradley is later rescued by German insurgents, only to be court-martialed and imprisoned at Leavenworth around In , Bradley is pardoned by President Eisenhower and released. A number of the most noted Africans and African-Americans of the twentieth century's last four decades visit Bradley as a sign of respect and, in many cases, hero worship. When he arrives as a special guest at the wedding of Storm and the Black Panther , several African-American heroes are awestruck, including Luke Cage who describes him as "the first me" , Goliath Bill Foster , Monica Rambeau , Triathlon , and the Falcon.

    However, the Canadian-born Wolverine is totally unaware of the man's identity or importance. After 39 attempts the result is a child named Josiah, Isaiah and Faith's genetic son. Josiah X , as he would later call himself, is born to a surrogate mother, who smuggles him out of the government's clutches. Meanwhile, the long-term effects of the test serum severely damage Isaiah Bradley's mind and body, similar in part to the effects of various steroids and Alzheimer's.

    In , Steve Rogers Captain America learns the truth behind the Super-Soldier program and attempts a reconciliation with the now-childlike Isaiah Bradley. Elijah initially claims that his powers originated from a blood transfusion from Isaiah, whereby he gained the abilities of the super soldier serum; however, it is subsequently revealed that this is a lie, and Elijah really gains his powers artificially from the drug Mutant Growth Hormone.

    The Young Avengers convince him that he does not need superpowers to be a superhero, and he becomes the head of the Young Avengers using his intelligence and natural athletic abilities. Eli is critically injured in a battle with the Kree and Skrulls , and he ends up getting the blood transfusion from his grandfather. While Isaiah possesses no superhuman powers as such, the super soldier formula running through his veins means that, physically, he is the perfect human: Once it is metabolized, the super soldier formula enhances all of his bodily functions to the peak of human efficiency: Isaiah is trained in unarmed combat by the US Army.

    Isaiah carries a concave triangular metal shield, useful for either defense or offense, which he decorated with the Double V campaign eagle crest, a symbol of a victory against the Axis as well as a victory against racial discrimination at home. Truth was originally planned to be outside of the Marvel Universe's official continuity.

    Truth co-creator Kyle Baker further clarified the respective timelines of Bradley and Rogers in an interview:. With Captain America, people get on my case for 'changing' Captain America. We got a lot of grief from the Captain America fans on that series until the fifth and sixth issues came out; when it turned out that we hadn't tinkered with the continuity. Before that, everybody was very upset, because our story started with Pearl Harbor, and everybody knows that the first issue of Captain America took place before Pearl.

    The first to have all five of their colour revealed is the winner and advances to the new final round, "The Vortex". The Vortex is "a true test of skill, nerve and judgment". It consists of a "mini velodrome " which flashes between red and black at a constant rate. The aim is to watch the sequence and adjust the power of the launcher, which will fire a ball into The Vortex.

    In the week prior to the launch of Red or Black? It returned later in the night with 6. However the episode of The X Factor broadcast between the two episodes received a much higher number of viewers, attracting The first episode of the night was beaten by an episode of Countryfile , which commanded 5.

    The third pair of episodes, on the Monday evening, showed the series regaining some ground, with the first episode moving back up to 5. The second episode had lower ratings for the first time, with 4. After a break on the Tuesday evening, the show returned on Wednesday whilst averaging 4.

    The second episode broadcast at 9: The sixth set of episodes also stayed below the 4 million mark, but in an evening that saw ITV beat BBC One's audience share in the evening by However Red or Black? On 11—12 August , the Saturday and Sunday prior to the launch of the second series of Red or Black? It returned later in the night with 3.

    The episode of The X Factor broadcast between the two episodes received a higher number of viewers, attracting 8. Christopher Hooton, writing for the Metro , chose the show as one of his four weekend picks prior to the first episode. Overall, Moir described the show "overblown and immoral nonsense". This is, without exaggeration or embellishment, an abominably stupid television programme. During the airing of the first show, Twitter users complained that finalist Angel McKenzie had made it through, as she was previously a housemate during Big Brother 10 in Once he got through that's why he got the money, that's his own conscience what he decides to do with it.

    Following the media frenzy about details of Hageman's offence, two contestants that had not yet appeared on the show were removed by ITV. It was revealed that one had failed to disclose that he had a criminal record during the application process, while information on the second contestant was withheld.

    Each contestant was from a different night, with the first removed on the programme aired 7 September; however footage pre—filmed revealed his identity. He argued that he should not have been removed from the show, saying that he "was honest with them from the outset. I've been totally on the level. The People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals PETA , an animal rights group, complained after the show was found to have spray painted a number of sheep red and black for a sheep herding round at Roundhay Park in Leeds.

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved 4 September Retrieved 10 September Retrieved 2 July Retrieved 7 June He told TV bosses he beat up a man Retrieved 6 September Retrieved 9 September Retrieved 5 September Retrieved 1 September Retrieved 2 August Retrieved 7 September Retrieved 2 September Archived from the original on 18 October Retrieved 14 October Archived from the original on 3 February Retrieved 10 June Retrieved 11 September Archived from the original on 18 August Retrieved 16 August First millionaire is made on action-packed Red Or Black".