After death of Aparisi leadership of the group was assumed by Candido Nocedal, already during the war the key Carlist representative on the Republic-controlled territory. As early as he set up the Madrid-based El Siglo Futuro [16] which soon turned into a combative press tribune, formatted as the semi-veiled Carlism-leaning orthodox Catholic daily.
Asociación para la Defensa de la Libertad Religiosa » Documentos de Interés
In the usual skirmishes between Carlist newspapers suddenly exploded [29] when the prestige of the claimant got involved. Most students of the subject place religion at the core of the conflict, though it can also be viewed from different perspectives.
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Some present the friction as growing competition between two visions of Carlism, pointing that while Nocedal clearly aimed at formatting the movement along religious lines and at reducing monarchical, dynastical and fuerista threads to secondary roles, Carlos VII intended to keep balance between all components of Traditionalist ideario. Another theory seeks clarification in externalization of the Spanish case; instead of pointing to the unique Spanish character of Carlism, it highlights general European patterns of change.
With ultramontanism gaining the upper hand over more conciliatory political incarnations of Catholicism after the First Vatican Council , and with the new approach made popular in the neighboring France by Louis Veuillot , the schism was nothing but a local Spanish manifestation of the trend.
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Defining the nascent Integrism as religious particularism striving for hegemony, this theory enjoys rather limited popularity. Yet another approach defines both parties not as competing trends within Carlism, but as entirely separate political groupings which between and remained in a temporary, shaky alliance.
According to this analysis, the religion-focused group has always been clearly distinct from Carlism. All the above perspectives set the stage for different interpretations of what Integrism was and how its role should be perceived. Depending on the perspective which was adopted, it can be viewed either as an offshoot branch of Carlism or as a late 19th-century incarnation of ultraconservative Spanish Catholicism or as a Spanish manifestation of a wider European phenomenon known as ultramontanism. The nocedalista breakup did not make a huge impact among the Carlist rank-and-file, who mostly remained loyal to Carlos VII.
Each Spanish region was led by a junta, with their work coordinated by Junta Central. Initially, the dynamics of the movement was powered mostly by mutual and extremely bitter hostility towards Carlists; occasionally the enmity even erupted into violence. During Nocedal's leadership the Integrists were typically gaining 2 seats in the Cortes , , , , [50] though there were campaigns with no mandates won , and a very successful campaign in , when they conquered 3 mandates. Integrism failed to materialize as a strong national party. Led by Nocedal, mainstream Integrists clung to their intransigence; refusing to reconsider the project, they thought it their moral duty to represent orthodox Christian values and confront Liberalism against all odds.
Some contemporaries concluded that Integrism died together with Nocedal, [61] the opinion which reflected his immense personal influence on the party but which underestimated the mobilizing potential of ultraconservative, militant Spanish Catholicism. He did not compete for the Cortes and it was the minority parliamentarian speaker, Manuel Senante , acting as the party representative in Madrid. Despite gradually shrinking social base [66] and continuously losing strength [67] in — Integrism seemed reinvigorated, as a new breed of young Guipuzcoan activists launched its youth branch, Juventud Integrista [68] and the party stimulated emergence of its Catholic trade unions.
In case of the orthodox conservative Catholics the advent of the Second Spanish Republic in revealed the same political patterns as those which surfaced during the Glorious Revolution and the years of — During the elections to Cortes Constituyentes the Integrists concluded a number of local right-wing alliances, which produced 3 mandates for candidates associated with Integrism.
Though in Integrism ceased to exist as a separate political organization, former Integrists remained politically active. After they were indeed overrepresented in the Carlist executive: The Spanish Civil War divided Carlism along different lines, but the Integrist-Carlist divisions did not get reproduced as a pattern. They were underrepresented among those who sought compromise with Francoism or those who sided with competitive claimants, like Don Juan or Don Carlos Pio. Also some ultraorthodox dissenting Carlists like Maurici de Sivatte were labelled "integristas" or "carlo-integristas".
The mediaeval Spain usually served as an inspiration; [98] Integrism did not seek a blind transferral of past institutions, but rather an infusion of their spirit into modern structures. Since there was no candidate and even no dynasty they supported, the Integrist monarch was increasingly turning into a theoretical being, [] with the movement gradually embracing monarchy without a king.
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In terms of political representation the Integrists favored organicism ; it envisioned a society as an organism composed of traditionally established components, like families, municipalities, provinces, institutions or professional corporations. At some point this highly regionalist vision [] attracted activists with pro- Basque leaning.
The Integros refused to recognize the social issue as such and approached it as part of the religious question. Socialism , though viewed as ultimate apocalyptic barbarism, was considered heir to Liberalism and its branches, Jewry and freemasonry [] and hence lesser evil between the two.
This resulted — apart from successive waves of defections — in growing inexorability, as the party could have easily afforded the luxury of intransigence. Analysis of the Integrist political philosophy is based on theoretical works; how it would have translated into praxis remains nothing but a speculation. Electoral campaigns provide evidence that practical considerations had some moderating effect on the Integrist outlook, as local juntas not infrequently closed deals even with parties at the other end of political spectrum.
Though the Integrists strove to be most loyal sons of the Church, their relations with the hierarchy remained thorny from the very beginning. The Integrist doctrine has divided the Spanish priesthood.
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While most hierarchs supported the idea of Catholic unity as a catchword for conciliatory approach towards the Restoration regime, [] intransigence was rife amongst the lower clergy [] and some scholars, with incidents of bishops closing the seminaries and dismissing professors and seminarians alike.
La coincidencia de los. Humanos nos recuerda la universalidad de los derechos humanos que ambos documentos protegen. The Internati on a l Religious Freedom Act o f 1 IRF Act requires an annual review of the status of religious freedom worldwide and the designation of countries that have "engaged in or tolerated particularly severe violations of religious freedom" during the reporting period as "Countries of Particular [ Most frequent English dictionary requests: Please click on the reason for your vote: This is not a good example for the translation above.
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