A Sexualidade, a Igreja e a Bioética (Portuguese Edition)

Cells grown in the presence of Na Cl and amiloride displayed an increased antiport activity. The increase in activity of the antiport by the presence of amiloride was correlated with the enhanced synthesis of a tonoplast k Da polypeptide. The increased synthesis of this polypeptide was detected not only upon exposure of the cells to amiloride but also when the cells were exposed to high Na Cl concentrations. Polyclonal antibodies against the k Da polypeptide almost completely inhibited the antiport activity.

Num estudo realizado com 1. Nanotechnology is closely related to the tailored manufacturing of nanomaterials for a huge variety of applications. However, such applications with newly developed materials are also a reason for concern. Thus, a key challenge in the field of advanced materials safety research is access to correct and reliable studies and validated results. For nanomaterials, there is currently a continuously increasing amount of publications on toxicological issues, but criteria to evaluate the quality of these studies are necessary to use them e.

This checklist is publicly available, along with a selection of standardized operating protocols SOPs established by different projects. The spectrum of information is rounded off by further articles concerning basics or crosscutting topics in nanosafety research. This article is intended to give an overview on DaNa 2. Agua Caliente and Their Music. Discusses the traditional music of the Agua Caliente band of California's Desert Cahuilla Indian tribe, including accompanying instruments, types of songs, thematic material, and performance routines.

Exploring the structure of the music, the article describes meter, tempo, harmony and tonal gravitations, and use of words. Latest research results on the effects of nanomaterials on humans and the environment: DaNa - Knowledge Base Nanomaterials. Nanotechnology is considered one of the key technologies of the 21st century. The success of this fascinating technology is based on its versatility. It will bring about fundamental changes of basic research as well as of many sectors of industry and also of daily life from electronics to the health care system.

However, consumers often miss reliable and understandable information on nanomaterials and all aspects of this versatile technology. A huge body of data on the potential hazards of nanoobjects towards human and environmental health already exists, but is either not easily accessible for a broad audience or presented unprocessable for nonexperts. But risk communication is an essential and thus integral component of risk management.

For that purpose, the DaNa -Project aims at filling this gap by collecting and evaluating scientific results in an interdisciplinary approach with scientists from different research areas, such as human and environmental toxicology, biology, physics, chemistry, and sociology. Research findings from the field of human and environmental nanotoxicology are being prepared and presented together with material properties and possible applications for interested laymen and stakeholders. For the evaluation of literature a "Literature Criteria Checklist" has been developed as well as a Standard Operation Procedure template SOP based on careful scientific practice.

The Agua Tibia Primitive Area in southwestern California is underlain by igneous and metamorphic rocks that are siilar to those widely exposed throughout much of the Peninsular Ranges. To detect the presence of any concealed mineral deposits, samples of stream sediments were collected along the various creeks that head in the mountain. As an additional aid in evaluating the mineral potential, an aeromagnetic survey was made and interpreted. A search for records of past or existing mining claims within the primitive area was made but none was found.

Evidence of deposits of metallic or nonmetallic minerals was not seen during the study. Headgates for Agua Fria project canal on east end Headgates for Agua Fria project canal on east end of diversion dam. Downstream face of Agua Fria project's diversion dam showing Downstream face of Agua Fria project's diversion dam showing initial masonry construction and poured concrete capping. Photographer Mark Durben, Photocopy of map of the Agua Fria Valley and Photographer Mark Durben, Source: William Beardsley standing along the Agua Fria River near Photographer James Dix Schuyler, Environmental benefits and concerns on safety: The use of nanotechnology and advanced materials promises to revolutionise many areas of technology and improve our daily life.

In that respect, many positive effects on the environment are expected, either directly, by developing new technologies for remediation, filtering techniques or energy generation, or indirectly, by e. However, such beneficial effects of new technologies are often confronted by concerns regarding the safety of novel substances or materials. As the methodology for reliable assessment of nanomaterials was immature, many studies reporting contradictory results have been published, hindering both risk assessment for nanomaterials, as well as the knowledge communication to all involved stakeholders.

The Agua Salud Project utilizes the Panama Canal's central role in world commerce to focus global attention on the ecosystem services provided by tropical forests. It will be the largest field experiment of its kind in the tropics aimed at quantifying the environmental services water, carbon, and biodiversity provided by tropical forests. The Agua Salud Watershed is our principal field site. This watershed and the headwaters of several adjacent rivers include both protected mature forests and a wide variety of land uses that are typical of rural Panama.

Experiments at the scale of entire catchments will permit complete water and carbon inventories and exchanges for different landscape uses. The following questions will be addressed: In addition we anticipate expanding this project to address biodiversity, social, and economic values of these forests. Lahar hazards at Agua volcano, Guatemala. At m, Agua volcano towers more than m above the Pacific coastal plain to the south and m above the Guatemalan highlands to the north.

The volcano is within 5 to 10 kilometers km of Antigua, Guatemala and several other large towns situated on its northern apron. These towns have a combined population of nearly , It is within about 20 km of Escuintla population, ca. Though the volcano has not been active in historical time, or about the last years, it has the potential to produce debris flows watery flows of mud, rock, and debris—also known as lahars when they occur on a volcano that could inundate these nearby populated areas.

De um total de 2. An extracellular alpha-glucuronidase was purified and characterized from a commercial Aspergillus preparation and from culture filtrate of Aspergillus tubingensis. The enzyme has a molecular mass of k Da as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and k Da as determined by mass spectrometry, has a determined pI just below 5.

The pH optimum for the enzyme is between 4. The alpha-glucuronidase is active mainly on small substituted xylo-oligomers but is also able to release a small amount of 4-O-methylglucuronic acid from birchwood xylan. The enzyme acts synergistically with endoxylanases and beta-xylosidase in the hydrolysis of xylan. The enzyme is N glycosylated and contains 14 putative N-glycosylation sites.

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The gene encoding this alpha-glucuronidase aguA was cloned from A. It consists of an open reading frame of 2, bp and contains no introns. The gene codes for a protein of amino acids, containing a eukaryotic signal sequence of 20 amino acids. The mature protein has a predicted molecular mass of 91, Da and a calculated pI of 5. Multiple copies of the gene were introduced in A. The aguA gene was expressed on xylose, xylobiose, and xylan, similarly to genes encoding endoxylanases, suggesting a coordinate regulation of expression of xylanases and alpha-glucuronidase.

Glucuronic acid did not induce the expression of aguA and also did not modulate the expression on xylose. Addition of glucose prevented expression of aguA on xylan but only reduced the expression on xylose. A geochemical and geophysical approach to derive a conceptual circulation model of CO2-rich mineral waters: A case study of Vilarelho da Raia, northern Portugal. The Vilarelho da Raia-Chaves region, located in northern Portugal adjacent to the Spanish border, is characterized by both hot and cold CO2-rich mineral waters issuing from springs and drilled wells.

The present paper updates the conceptual circulation model of the Vilarelho da Raia cold CO2-rich mineral waters. Vilarelho da Raia mineral waters, dominated by Na and HCO3 ions, have formed mainly by interaction with CO2 of deep-seated mantle origin. Federal Register , , , , The Agua Fria National Monument includes Regulation of the alpha-glucuronidase-encoding gene aguA from Aspergillus niger. The alpha-glucuronidase gene aguA from Aspergillus niger was cloned and characterised.

Analysis of the promoter region of aguA revealed the presence of four putative binding sites for the major carbon catabolite repressor protein CREA and one putative binding site for the transcriptional activator XLNR. In addition, a sequence motif was detected which differed only in the last nucleotide from the XLNR consensus site. A construct in which part of the aguA coding region was deleted still resulted in production of a stable mRNA upon transformation of A.

The putative XLNR binding sites and two of the putative CREA binding sites were mutated individually in this construct and the effects on expression were examined in A.

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Northern analysis of the transformants revealed that the consensus XLNR site is not actually functional in the aguA promoter, whereas the sequence that diverges from the consensus at a single position is functional. A detailed expression analysis of aguA in four genetic backgrounds revealed a second regulatory system involved in activation of aguA gene expression. This system responds to the presence of glucuronic and galacturonic acids, and is not dependent on XLNR.

Informe P, 22 de Marzo de Waterbird abundance, and seasonal and spatial distribution, were studied in two natural water pools at Jalisco, Mexico, from December through November The higher species richness and abundance was observed during winter, when migratory species arrived. Most species prefered shallow waters, except seabirds which prefered protected areas such as dunes in Agua Dulce. Other groups, like clucks and related species. The higher abundance of the shorehirds was found when the water level on the estuary was low.

Herons were seen often at areas with high salinity and influenced by tides e. The tribe has undertaken several studies to more fully understand the options available to them if they were to move forward with one or more renewable energy projects. The newer, more precise maps quantify the resources as among the best in the world. The wind and solar technology available for deployment is also being improved. Both are reducing their costs to the point of being at or below the costs of fossil fuels.

As a result, renewable resources continue to gain more market share.

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The transitioning to renewables as the major resources for power will take some time as the conversion is complex and can have negative impacts if not managed well. The robust resources and improving technologies portends toward WWR land as a renewable energy site. The business case, however, is not so clear, especially when the potential investment portfolio for ACBCI has several very beneficial and profitable alternatives. Measurements of the Earth-Moon Distance.

The aim of this project is to approach High School students to Science. We propose to measure the Earth-Moon distance using the parallax. The observation and measurements techniques and all the calculations needed are described in this paper. The results obtained in a test experience realized during are presented. This test shows that this is a feasible project and also shows which things needed to be improved. Brandt, Justin; Catchings, Rufus D.

Agua Caliente Spring, in downtown Palm Springs, California, has been used for recreation and medicinal therapy for hundreds of years and currently is the source of hot water for the Spa Resort owned by the Agua Caliente Band of the Cahuilla Indians. The Agua Caliente Spring is located about 1, feet east of the eastern front of the San Jacinto Mountains on the southeast-sloping alluvial plain of the Coachella Valley.

The objectives of this study were to 1 define the geologic structure associated with the Agua Caliente Spring; 2 define the source s , and possibly the age s , of water discharged by the spring; 3 ascertain the seasonal and longer-term variability of the natural discharge, water temperature, and chemical characteristics of the spring water; 4 evaluate whether water-level declines in the regional aquifer will influence the temperature of the spring discharge; and, 5 estimate the quantity of spring water that leaks out of the water-collector tank at the spring orifice. The annual consumption of sand and gravel aggregate in in the Phoenix, AZ metropolitan area was about 76 Mt 84 million st USGS, , or about 18 t 20 st per capita.

Quaternary alluvial deposits in the modern stream channel of the Agua Fria River west of Phoenix are mined and processed to provide some of this aggregate to the greater Phoenix area. The Agua Fria drainage basin Fig. The southern portion of the watershed, south of Lake Pleasant, opens out into a broad valley where the river flows through urban and agricultural lands to its confluence with the Gila River, a tributary of the Colorado River. Os pacientes foram randomizados em dois grupos: Salt stress imposes severe limitations on plant growth, however, the extent of growth reduction depends upon the soil salinity level and the plant species.

One of the mechanisms employed by salt tolerant plants is the effective vacuolar compartmentalization of sodium. This increased activity was correlated with the increased synthesis of a k Da tonoplast polypeptide. In vivo labelling of tonoplast proteins showed the enhanced synthesis of the k Da polypeptide not only upon exposure of the cells to salt, but also when the cells were grown in the presence of amiloride.

A partial clone of 1. This clone showed no homology to any previously cloned gene at either the nucleic acid or the amino acid level. The runoff filled Lake Pleasant and resulted in the largest release, cubic feet per second--from the reservoir since it was built in ; the maximum inflow to the reservoir was about 73, cubic feet per second.

The area inundated by the releases includes about 28 miles along the channel from the mouth of the Agua Fria River to the Beardsley Canal flume crossing 5 miles downstream from Waddell Dam. The flood of into Lake Pleasant has a recurrence interval of about 47 years, whereas the flood of record has a recurrence interval of about years. Forty four local events with well constrained solutions and 15 regional events were located.

In addition, hundreds of unlocatable seismic events were recorded. The most interesting seismic activity occurred in a swarm on September 6 and 7, when over events were recorded in a 16 hour period. The seismic activity around Agua de Pau was centered on the east and northeast slopes of the volcano. The data suggest a boiling hydrothermal system beneath the Agua de Pau volcano, consistent with a variety of other data. Hydrologic characteristics of the Agua Fria National Monument, central Arizona, determined from the reconnaissance study.

Hydrologic conditions in the newly created Agua Fria National Monument were characterized on the basis of existing hydrologic and geologic information, and streamflow data collected in May The study results are intended to support the Bureau of Land Management's future water-resource management responsibilities, including quantification of a Federal reserved water right within the monument. This report presents the study results, identifies data deficiencies, and describes specific approaches for consideration in future studies.

Within the Agua Fria National Monument, the Agua Fria River flows generally from north to south, traversing almost the entire mile length of the monument. Streamflow has been measured continuously at a site near the northern boundary of the monument since Streamflow statistics for this site, and streamflow measurements from other sites along the Agua Fria River, indicate that the river is perennial in the northern part of the monument but generally is intermittent in downstream reaches.

The principal controls on streamflow along the river within the monument appear to be geology, the occurrence and distribution of alluvium, inflow at the northern boundary and from tributary canyons, precipitation, and evapotranspiration. At present, there is no consistent surface-water quality monitoring program being implemented for the monument.

Ground-water recharge within the monument likely results from surface-water losses and direct infiltration of precipitation. Only eight wells are within the monument. Ground-water quality data for wells in the monument area consist of specific-conductance values and fluoride concentrations. During the study, ground-water quality data were available for only one well within the monument. No ground-water monitoring program is currently in place for the monument or surrounding areas.

By presenting Sobiescy Palace in Lublin as well as results of mycological research conducted in the said premises, the authors describe hazards and dangers arising from damp present in historic buildings for a long time. Results of mycological research quoted in this article indicate that differences in levels of damp depend on the cardinal direction a specific wall faces. The authors also pay attention to reasons for which the described premises suffer from damp and provide programmes of treatment and prevention.

Furthermore, the article gives the reader a detailed insight into multiple opportunities for improving technical conditions of historic buildings and, at the same time, raising their functional standards. However, one must not forget to treat such premises with proper respect. A VEI 4 eruption of Fuego in late August was followed by 33 days of localized 'retumbos' and then a major local earthquake with accompanying mudflows from several 'bocas' on the southwest flank of Agua.

Clear evidence for volcano-tectonic activity at the time, combined with the fact there is no mention of rainfall in the documents, suggest that outbursts of mud from Agua 's south flank may have been caused by a volcanic perturbation of a hydrothermal system. Chihuahuan desertscrub on limestone substrates is dominated by creosotebush Larrrea divaricata , Chihuahuan Actively searching for leprosy, other skin diseases and BCG vaccination scars amongst school children from Agua de Dios, the municipality having the highest prevalence of leprosy in Colombia. A clinical examination of the children was carried out by nurses, interns, general practitioners and experts on leprosy.

Skin smear tests and skin biopsies were performed when the clinical findings suggested leprosy. Anti-phenolic glycolipid antibodies in blood were determined in special cases. Four new cases of paucibacillary leprosy, two indeterminate and two primary polyneuritic cases were found. Pediculosis capitis, pityriasis alba, tinea versicolor, hypopigmented nevus, insect bites and miliaria were frequently detected.

BCG vaccination scars were absent in children; following several logistical problems, they were vaccinated. Four children had signs of childhood abuse. An year-old girl presented hypopigmented mycosis fungoides. All diseases and conditions found were treated. The community received information regarding the results, emphasising the importance of an early diagnosis of leprosy.

It is advisable to continue clinical examinations in Agua de Dios and research into risk factors for acquiring leprosy. Caliente Solar, LLC's application for market-based rate authority, with an accompanying rate tariff, noting The Universe in a Box: El Universo Representado en Una Caja: O Universo Representado em Uma Caixa: The Mesa Formation extends from Cananea, Mexico, southeast to the Sonora River and is the main host rock of Laramide porphyry copper deposits in the Cananea District and at the Alacran porphyry prospect to the east.

The Mesa consists of two members-a lower andesite and an upper dacite. The lowest part of the dacite member is a crystal tuff about m thick. The Ojo de Agua Caldera is about 9 km in diameter and is filled by a light gray biotite dacite tuff with abundant flattened pumice fragments. The volume of the caldera is estimated to be 24 km3. Within the southern San Andreas transform plate boundary system, relatively little is known regarding active faulting in northern Baja California, Mexico, or offshore along the Inner Continental Borderland.

Therefore, the geologic slip rate for the ABF also provides a minimum slip rate estimate for the offshore system, which is connected to the north to faults in the Los Angeles region. However, these rates relied on imprecise age estimates and offset geomorphic features of a type that require these rates to be interpreted as minima, allowing for the possibility that the slip rate for the ABF may be greater.

Although seismically quiescent, the surface trace of the ABF clearly reflects Holocene activity, and given its connectivity with the offshore fault system, more quantitative slip rates for the ABF are needed to better understand earthquake hazard for both US and Mexican coastal populations. Minimal development has left the geomorphic record of surface slip remarkably well preserved, and we have identified abundant evidence meter to km scale right-lateral displacement, including new Late Quaternary slip rate sites. We verified potential reconstructions at each site during summer fieldwork, and selected an initial group of three high potential slip rate sites for detailed mapping and geochronologic analyses.

To quantitatively constrain landform ages. Activity on this fault influences offshore faults that parallel the Pacific coast from Ensenada to Los Angeles and is a potential threat to communities in northern Mexico and southern California. We present a detailed Quaternary slip history for the ABF, including new quantitative constraints on geologic slip rates, slip-per-event, the timing of most recent earthquake, and the earthquake recurrence interval.

Fault zone geomorphology preserved at the younger site provides evidence for right-lateral surface displacements measuring 2. Luminescence dating of an offset alluvial fan at a third site is in progress, but is expected to yield a slip rate relevant to the past 10 kyr. Adjacent to this third site, we excavated 2 paleoseismic trenches across a sag pond formed by a right step in the fault. Preliminary radiocarbon dates indicate that the 4 surface ruptures identified in the trenches occurred in the past 6 kyr, although additional dating should clarify earthquake timing and the mid-Holocene to present earthquake recurrence interval, as well as the likely date of the most recent earthquake.

Our new slip rate estimates are somewhat lower than, but comparable within error to, previous geologic estimates based on soil morphology and geodetic estimates from GPS, but the new record of surface ruptures exposed in the trenches is the most complete and comprehensively dated earthquake history yet determined for this fault. Together with new and existing mapping of tectonically generated geomorphology along the ABF, our constraints. In the fall of , wildfires burned out of control in southern California.

The extent of these fires encompassed large geographic areas that included a variety of landscapes from urban to wilderness. One of the concepts behind the image map product is to provide an updated map in electronic format to assist with emergency response. This image map is one of 55 preliminary image map quadrangles covering the areas burned by the southern California wildfires. Each map is a layered, geo-registered Portable Document Format. For more information about the layered geo-registered. To view the areas affected and the quadrangles mapped in this preliminary project, see the map index http: As the Panama Canal Authority faces sensitivity to water shortages, managing water resources becomes crucial for the global shipping industry's security.

These studies address knowledge gaps in tropical water resources to aid hydrological model development and validation. Field-based hydrological investigations in the Agua Salud Project within the Panama Canal Watershed employed multiple tools across a variety of land covers to investigate hydrological processes. Geochemical tracers informed where storm runoff in a stream comes from and identified electrical conductivity EC as an economical, high sample frequency tracer during small storms. EC-based hydrograph separation coupled with hydrograph recession rate analyses identified shallow and deep groundwater storage-discharge relationships that varied by season and land cover.

A series of plot-scale electrical resistivity imaging geophysical experiments coupled with rainfall simulation characterized subsurface flow pathway behavior and quantified respectively increasing infiltration rates across pasture, 10 year old secondary succession forest, teak tectona grandis , and 30 year old secondary succession forest land covers.

Additional soil water, groundwater, and geochemical studies informed conceptual model development in subsurface flow pathways and groundwater, and identified future research needs. Molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulations based structural analysis of the SG2 NA protein variants. Striatin family members have been associated with diverse physiological functions. SG2 NA has also been shown to have roles in cell cycle progression, signal transduction etc.

They have been known to interact with a number of proteins including Caveolin and Calmodulin and also propagate the formation of a multimeric protein unit called striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase. As a pre-requisite for such interaction ability, these proteins are known to be unstable and primarily disordered in their arrangement. Earlier we had identified that it has multiple isoforms namely 35, 78, 87 k Da based on its molecular weight which are generated by alternative splicing. However, detailed structural information of SG2 NA is still eluding the researchers.

This study was aimed towards three-dimensional molecular modeling and characterization of SG2 NA protein and its isoforms. One structure out of five was selected for each variant having the least value for C score. Out of these, m35 k Da with a C score value of Further evaluation resulted in about Molecular dynamics simulations were also carried out to obtain biologically relevant structural models and compared with previous atomic coordinates.

N-terminal region of all variants was found to be highly disordered. This study provides first-hand detailed information to understand the structural conformation of SG2 NA protein variants m35 k Da , m78 k Da and m87 k Da. This study elucidates the crucial structural features of SG2 NA proteins which are involved in various protein. Introduccion a la hidraulica de aguas subterraneas: Este ' texto programado esta diseflado para ayudarle a comprender la teoria de la hidniulica de aguas subterraneas por medio de la auto-enseflanza. La instrucci6n programada es un enfoque a una materia, un metodo de aprender;que no elimina el esfuerzo mental del proceso de aprendizaje.

Algunas secciones de este programa necesitan solamente ser leidas; otras tendrian que ser elaboradas con lapiz y papel. Algunas preguntas pueden ser contestadas directamente; otras requieren calculos. A medida que se avanza en el texto, tendra que consultar frecuentemente textos o referencias sobre matematicas, mecanica de fluidos e hidrologia.

En cada una de las ocho partes del texto, inicie el programa de instrucci6n leyendo la Secci6n 1. Elija una respuesta a la pregunta al final de la secci6n y dirijase a la nueva secci6n indicada al lado de la respuesta escogida. Si su respuesta fue correcta, pase a la secci6n que contiene materia nueva y otra pregunta, y proceda tal como en la Secci6n 1.

Si su respuesta no fue correcta, dirijase a la secci6n que contiene explicaciones adicionales sobre el tema anterior y que le indica volver a la pregunta inicial e intentar de nuevo. En este caso, valdra Ia pena repasar el material de la secci6n anterior. Continue de esta man era en el programa hasta que llegue a Ia secci6n que indica el final de la parte. Observe que aunque las secciones estan en orden numerico en cada una de las ocho partes, por lo general, usted no procedeni en secuencia numerica Secci6n 1 ala Secci6n 2, etc. Basic diagnosis of solid waste generated at Agua Blanca State Park to propose waste management strategies.

State parks are highly sensitive areas of great natural importance and tourism value. Herein a case study involving a basic survey of solid waste which was carried out in in Agua Blanca State Park, Macuspana, Tabasco, Mexico with two sampling periods representing the high and low tourist season is presented. The survey had five objectives: A daily average of people visited the park: The average weight of the generated solid waste was During the high season, the average increased to 0.

The bulk density average was The sub-products comprised Our data suggest that beta HK, similar to beta Na K, can assemble to alpha Na K, support the structural maturation and the intracellular transport of catalytic alpha Na K, and ultimately form active alpha Na K-beta HK complexes with Na ,K-pump transport properties.

Mechanical coupling and liquid exchanges in the pleural space. Diseases of the Pleura, vol. To this end we performed immunoblot assays on total protein extracts of scraped visceral or parietal mesothelium of rabbits. These showed two bands: Both bands disappeared in assays in which SGLT1 antibody was preadsorbed with specific antigen. Immunoblot assays for SGLT1 on cultured mesothelial cells of rabbit pleura showed a band at 72k Da , and in some cases also at 55k Da , irrespectively of treatment with a differentiating agent. Solute-coupled liquid absorption hinders liquid filtration through parietal mesothelium caused by Starling forces, and favours liquid absorption through visceral mesothelium caused by these forces.

Tristan da Cunha Island. Tristan da Cunha is both a remote group of volcanic islands in the south Atlantic, and the main island. It is the most remote inhabited island group in the world, km from the nearest inhabited land. Tristan has a population of about inhabitants, and is part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.

In the eruption of Queen Mary's Peak forced the evacuation of the entire population for two years. The image was acquired October 7, , and is located at Soil salinity in nature is generally mixed type; however, most of the studies on salt toxicity are performed with Na Cl and little is known about sulfur type of salinity Na 2 SO 4.

Salinity impaired gross photosynthesis, electron transport activities, and respiration in parent cells, but not in the salt-adapted cells, except a marginal increase in PSI activity. It is inferred that stepwise increment in the salt concentration enabled the cyanobacterium to undergo priming effect and acquire robust and efficient defense system involving the least energy. Spatiotemporal analysis of air conditions as a tool for the environmental management of a show cave Cueva del Agua , Spain.

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We recorded the air temperature and carbon dioxide concentration within the Cueva del Agua , a cave in Spain, under natural conditions prior to the cave being opened to tourists. Geostatistical tools are useful techniques for characterizing microclimate parameters with the aim of adopting measures to ensure the conservation and sound environmental management of tourist caves. We modelled the spatial distribution of these microclimatic parameters over an annual cycle using iterative residual kriging, revealing the stratification of air related to the cave's topography.

Replenishment of the cave air is activated by convective circulation that accompanies the development of inversions in the thermal gradient of the air. Comparison of the spatial distribution of each microclimatic parameter over time enables us to characterize the exchange of air between the cave interior and the outside, as well as identify potential areas that could be opened to tourists and determine suitable visiting schedules.

They have the capacity to plot intersections using easy-to-interpret visual approaches. Intervene is developed and designed to meet the needs of both computer scientists and biologists. The source code is freely available at https: A DNA sequence element that advances replication origin activation time in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eukaryotic origins of DNA replication undergo activation at various times in S-phase, allowing the genome to be duplicated in a temporally staggered fashion. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the activation times of individual origins are not intrinsic to those origins but are instead governed by surrounding sequences.

Currently, there are two examples of DNA sequences that are known to advance origin activation time, centromeres and forkhead transcription factor binding sites. By combining deletion and linker scanning mutational analysis with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to measure fork direction in the context of a two-origin plasmid, we have identified and characterized a to bp and a larger bp DNA sequence that are capable of advancing origin activation time.

Representation of individual elements of a complex call sequence in primary auditory cortex. Full Text Available Conspecific communication calls can be rhythmic or contain extended, discontinuous series of either constant or frequency modulated harmonic tones and noise bursts separated by brief periods of silence. In the guinea pig, rhythmic calls can produce isomorphic responses within the primary auditory cortex AI where single units respond to every call element. Other calls such as the chutter comprise a series of short irregular syllables that vary in their spectral content and are more like human speech.

These calls can also evoke isomorphic responses, but may only do so in fields in the auditory belt and not in AI. Here we present evidence that cells in AI treat the individual elements within a syllable as separate auditory objects and respond selectively to one or a subset of them. Both thalamic and cortical cells responded with brief increases in firing rate to one, or more, of the 8 main elements present in the chutter call. Almost none of the units responded to all 8 elements. While there were many different combinations of responses to between one and five of the elements , MBG LF and AI LF neurons exhibited the same specific types of response combinations.

Nearby units in the upper layers of the cortex tended to respond to similar combinations of elements while the deep layers were less responsive. Thus the responses from a number of AI units would need to be combined in order to represent the entire chutter call. Quantitative analysis of polycomb response elements PREs at identical genomic locations distinguishes contributions of PRE sequence and genomic environment. However, the precise sequence requirements for PRE function are not fully understood, and it is also unclear whether these elements all function in a similar manner. Drosophila PRE reporter assays typically rely on random integration by P- element insertion, but PREs are extremely sensitive to genomic position.

In this adaptation, a miniwhite mw reporter in combination with eye-pigment analysis gives a quantitative readout of PRE function. The analysis revealed that the Fab-7 and vg PREs have fundamentally different properties, both in terms of their interaction with the genomic environment at each site and their inherent silencing abilities. Establishment of DNA fingerprinting in Phytophthora sojae and an analysis of genetic relationship of Heilongjiang and Xinjiang populations.

Bioinformatics tools were used to search repetitive sequences in P. A moderately repetitive sequence was identified and designated as PS Southern blot analysis indicated 34 distinct bands ranging in size from 1. Analysis of single-zoospore progenies showed that the PS fingerprint pattern was mitotically stable. DNA fingerprinting showed that the P. A moderately repetitive sequence designated PS which will be useful for epidemiology and population biology studies of P. Enrichment allows identification of diverse, rare elements in metagenomic resistome-virulome sequencing.

Shotgun metagenomic sequencing is increasingly utilized as a tool to evaluate ecological-level dynamics of antimicrobial resistance and virulence, in conjunction with microbiome analysis. Interest in use of this method for environmental surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and pathogenic microorganisms is also increasing. In published metagenomic datasets, the total of all resistance- and virulence-related sequences accounts for enrichment system that incorporates unique molecular indices to count DNA molecules and correct for enrichment bias.

The use of the bait-capture and enrichment system significantly increased on-target sequencing of the resistome-virulome, enabling detection of an additional gene accessions and revealing a low-abundance portion of the resistome-virulome that was more diverse and compositionally different than that detected by more traditional metagenomic assays.

The low-abundance portion of the resistome-virulome also contained resistance genes with public health importance, such as extended-spectrum betalactamases, that were not detected using traditional shotgun metagenomic sequencing. In addition, the use of the bait-capture and enrichment system enabled identification of rare resistance gene haplotypes that were used to discriminate between sample origins. These results demonstrate that the rare resistome-virulome contains valuable and unique information that can be utilized for both surveillance and population genetic investigations of resistance.

Access to the rare resistome-virulome using the bait-capture and enrichment system validated in this study can greatly advance our understanding of microbiome-resistome dynamics. Isotopic and trace element constraints on the genesis of a boninitic sequence in the Thetford Mines ophiolitic complex, Quebec, Canada. The Mont Ham Massif part of the Thetford Mines ophiolite, south Quebec represents a magmatic sequence made up of tholeiitic and boninitic derived products. A geochemical study confirms the multicomponent mixing models that have been classically advanced for the source of boninites, with slab-derived components added to the main refractory harzburgitic peridotite.

An isochron diagram of the boninitic rocks is interpreted as a mixing trend between two components: The genesis of the boninites of Mont Ham is not significantly different from those of boninites located in the Pacific. An intraoceanic subduction zone appears to be an appropriate geodynamic environment for the Mont Ham ophiolitic sequence. Gene expression promoted by the SV40 DNA targeting sequence and the hypoxia-responsive element under normoxia and hypoxia.

Full Text Available The main objective of the present study was to find suitable DNA-targeting sequences DTS for the construction of plasmid vectors to be used to treat ischemic diseases. Plasmids containing the SVDTS or HRE sequences were constructed and used to transfect the AT cell line a human embryonic kidney cell line in vitro and mouse skeletal muscle cells in vivo. Quantitation of reporter gene expression in vitro and in vivo, under hypoxia and normoxia, confirmed that the SVDTS plasmid functioned better under normoxia, while the HRE plasmid was superior under hypoxia.

These results indicate that the efficiency of gene expression by plasmids containing DNA binding sequences is affected by the concentration of oxygen in the medium. Rare earth elements in the banded iron formation of the Griqualand West sequence , northern Cape Province, South Africa.

Despite diagenetic and metamorphic processes, it can be concluded from the so far available REE data that the conspicuous differences in REE patterns to those reported from elsewhere indicate the BIF of the Transvaal Supergroup to have originated in relative restricted parts or basins of the Precambrian ocean. This technical report synthesizes the process and information used by National Consortium on Deaf-Blindness NCDB in the development of a consistently applied definition of intervener services.

It addresses challenges and questions, provides comparisons between interveners and paraprofessionals, and offers definitions, roles and concepts used by…. Petroleum system elements within the Late Cretaceous and Early Paleogene sediments of Nigeria's inland basins: An integrated sequence stratigraphic approach. Sequence stratigraphic studies have been carried out using subsurface well and 2D seismic data in the Late Cretaceous and Early Paleogene sediments of Anambra and proximal onshore section of Niger Delta Basin in the Southeastern Nigeria.

The aim was to establish the stratigraphic framework for better understanding of the reservoir, source and seal rock presence and distribution in the basin. Thirteen stratigraphic bounding surfaces consisting of six maximum flooding surfaces - MFSs and seven sequence boundaries - SBs were recognized and calibrated using a newly modified chronostratigraphic chart. Stratigraphic surfaces were matched with corresponding foraminiferal and palynological biozones, aiding correlation across wells in this study. Well log sequence stratigraphic correlation reveals that stratal packages within the basin are segmented into six depositional sequences occurring from Late Cretaceous to Early Paleogene age.

Generated gross depositional environment maps at various MFSs show that sediment packages deposited within shelfal to deep marine settings, reflect continuous rise and fall of sea levels within a regressive cycle. Each of these sequences consist of three system tracts lowstand system tract - LST, transgressive system tract - TST and highstand system tract - HST that are associated with mainly progradational and retrogradational sediment stacking patterns.

Result from interpretation of seismic section reveals the presence of hanging wall, footwall, horst block and collapsed crest structures. These structural features generally aid migration and offer entrapment mechanism for hydrocarbon accumulation. The combination of these reservoirs, sources, seals and trap elements form a good petroleum system that is viable. PlantCARE, a database of plant cis-acting regulatory elements and a portal to tools for in silico analysis of promoter sequences. PlantCARE is a database of plant cis-acting regulatory elements , enhancers and repressors.

Regulatory elements are represented by positional matrices, consensus sequences and individual sites on particular promoter sequences. Data about the transcription sites are extracted mainly from the literature, supplemented with an increasing number of in silico predicted data. Apart from a general description for specific t Breast milk is considered by the WHO the ideal food for the first months of life. Although health professionals are aware of recommendations, high rates of drop-outs have been identified in Portugal. A false notion of hypogalactia is the major factor for early termination, which is allied to the technical difficulties of the feeding.

Health professionals, often lacking training in the area, may have difficulty in reassuring mothers in these situations. In Portugal, at the 3rd month, most mothers stop breastfeeding by indication of their medical assistant. Gather evidence about the advantages of breast-feeding compared to artificial milk, and establish useful strategies in clinical practice to avoid early withdrawal. A survey was conducted for articles from the last six years in the major sites of evidence-based medicine and reference sites Pubmed, Cochrane, National Guideline Clearinghouse, Tripdatabase, WHO.

The mother also benefits from its protective effect for cancers of the breast and ovary, and diabetes mellitus type 2 as also, proportionate to the duration of breastfeeding. Health professionals have an important role in the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding. The notion of its advantages, the communication prior to delivery, accessibility support and training in technical aspects of correct picks are the proven strategies for evidence explored in the article.

Breast milk contains several unique and exclusive elements , orchestrators of its health benefits. Postnatal period is critical to the development of neuro--hypothalamic circuits involved in. Spatially conserved regulatory elements identified within human and mouse Cd gene using high-throughput sequencing data from the ENCODE project. In this study, we have utilized the wealth of high-throughput sequencing data produced during the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements ENCODE project to identify spatially conserved regulatory elements within the Cd gene from human and mouse.

We show the presence of two transcription factor binding sites Representation of the quantum Fourier transform on multilevel basic elements by a sequence of selective rotation operators. Selective rotations can be realized, for example, by means of pulses of an RF magnetic field for systems of quadrupole nuclei or laser pulses for atoms and ions in traps.

Pierre Robin sequence PRS is an important subgroup of cleft palate. We report several lines of evidence for the existence of a 17q24 locus underlying PRS, including linkage analysis results, a clustering of translocation breakpoints 1. We have also identified a heterozygous point mutation in an evolutionarily conserved region of DNA with in vitro and in vivo features of a developmental enhancer. This enhancer is centromeric to the breakpoint cluster and maps within one of the microdeletion regions.

The mutation abrogates the in vitro enhancer function and alters binding of the transcription factor MSX1 as compared to the wild-type sequence. In the developing mouse mandible, the 3-Mb region bounded by the microdeletions shows a regionally specific chromatin decompaction in cells expressing Sox9. Some cases of PRS may thus result from developmental misexpression of SOX9 due to disruption of very-long-range cis-regulatory elements. Ravens intervene in others' bonding attempts.

The competition for power in a complex social world is hypothesized to be a driving force in the evolution of intelligence. More specifically, power may be obtained not only by brute force but also by social strategies resembling human politics. Most empirical evidence comes from primate studies that report unprovoked aggression by dominants to maintain power by spreading fear and third-party interventions in conflicts. Coalitionary support has also been described in other animals and is often linked to social bonding.

As coalitions can lead to a gain in power and fitness benefits, individuals may try to prevent coalitionary support or indirectly prevent others from forming social bonds that might lead to coalitions. Although there is some empirical evidence that coalitionary support can be manipulated, little is known about the indirect strategy. We show here that wild ravens Corvus corax regularly intervene in affiliative interactions of others even though such interventions are potentially risky and without immediate benefits. Moreover, the identities of both interveners and intervened pairs are not randomly distributed.

Ravens with existing ties initiate most interventions, and ravens that are creating new ties are most likely to be the targets of interventions. These patterns are consistent with the idea that interventions function to prevent others from forming alliances and consequently becoming future competitors. We thus show previously undescribed social maneuvers in the struggle for power.

These maneuvers are likely to be of importance in other social species as well. Published by Elsevier Inc. The functional significance of receptor-bound loci was demonstrated using luciferase reporter assays which proved that repetitive element ERE sequences contribute to enhancer function. Location analysis for the estrogen receptor-alpha reveals binding to diverse ERE sequences and widespread binding within repetitive DNA elements.

Location analysis for estrogen receptor-alpha ERalpha -bound cis-regulatory elements was determined in MCF7 cells using chromatin immunoprecipitation ChIP -on-chip. Here, we present the estrogen response element ERE sequences that were identified at ERalpha-bound loci and quantify the incidence of ERE sequences under two stringencies of detection: Our data demonstrate that ERalpha binds to widely variant EREs with less sequence specificity than had previously been suspected and that binding at repetitive and nonrepetitive genomic targets is favored by specific trinucleotide spacers.

Identification of two new repetitive elements and chromosomal mapping of repetitive DNA sequences in the fish Gymnothorax unicolor Anguilliformes: Full Text Available Muraenidae is a species-rich family, with relationships among genera and species and taxonomy that have not been completely clarified. The Mediterranean moray eel Gymnothorax unicolor was previously cytogenetically studied using classical techniques that allowed the characterization of its karyotype structure and the constitutive heterochromatin and argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions Ag-NORs distribution pattern.

As they are highly repetitive DNA sequences , they map in heterochromatic regions. However, while GuDdeI was localized in the centromeric regions, the GuMboI fraction was distributed on some centromeres and was co-localized with the nucleolus organizer region NOR. Comparative analysis with other Mediterranean species such as Muraena helena pointed out that these DNA fractions are species-specific and could potentially be used for species discrimination. As a new contribution to the karyotype of this species, we found that the major ribosomal genes are localized on acrocentric chromosome 9 and that the telomeres of each chromosome are composed of a tandem repeat derived from a poly-TTAGGG DNA sequence , as it occurs in most vertebrate species.

The results obtained add new information useful in comparative genomics at the chromosomal level and contribute to the cytogenetic knowledge regarding this fish family, which has not been extensively studied. Since the movement of TEs within a genome can sometimes have phenotypic consequences, an accurate report of TE actions is desirable. To this end, we developed TE-Locate, a computational tool that uses paired-end reads to identify the novel locations of known TEs. This makes TE-Locate usefu Recovery of ancestral sequences for transposable elements from the unassembled reads of a whole genome shotgun.

Tested on the japonica rice genome, ReAS was able to reconstruct all of the high copy sequences in the Repbase repository of known TEs, and increase the effectiveness of RepeatMasker in identifying TEs from genome sequences. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA has been a major cause of nosocomial infection in Irish hospitals for 4 decades, and replacement of predominant MRSA clones has occurred several times. Whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of a novel kb composite island CI element with three distinct domains, each flanked by direct repeat and inverted repeat sequences , including i a pseudo SCCmec element These findings provide further evidence of genetic transfer between S.

Aberrations in the AML1 gene are frequently found in human leukemia. Enzymatic probing and NMR analyses revealed that Apt1-S, which is a truncated variant of one of the aptamers, has a CACG tetraloop and two stem regions separated by an internal loop. The motif contains one AC mismatch and one base bulged out. Mutational analysis of Apt1-S showed that three guanines of the motif are important for Runt binding as are the three guanines of RDE, which are directly recognized by three arginine residues of the Runt domain.

Mutational analyses of the Runt domain revealed that the amino acid residues used for Apt1-S binding were similar to those used for RDE binding. Furthermore, the aptamer competed with RDE for binding to the Runt domain in vitro. Our findings should provide new insights into RNA function and utility in both basic and applied sciences. IS insertion sequences of Coxiella burnetii: The amplified products were characterized and used to develop a repetitive element PCR genotyping method. Sequencing was used to determine the exact differences in isolates which lacked specific IS elements or produced PCR products of differing size.

From this data, an algorithm was created utilizing four primer pairs that allows for differentiation of unknown isolates into five genomic groups. Additional isolates Priscilla Q, Idaho Q, Qiyi, Poker Cat, Q and Q and nine veterinary samples were characterized using the algorithm which resulted in their placement into three distinct genomic groups.

Conclusion Through this study significant differences, including missing elements and sequence alterations within and near IS element coding regions, were found between the isolates tested. Further, a method for differentiation of C. This algorithm may ultimately help to determine the relatedness between known and unknown isolates of C. This makes TE-Locate useful in the search for any mobile sequence , including retrotransposed gene copies. One major concern is to act on the correct hierarchy level, thereby avoiding an incorrect calling of a single insertion as multiple events of TEs with high sequence similarity.

We used the super family level, but TE-Locate can also use any other level, right down to the individual transposable element. As an example of analysis with TE-Locate, we used the Swedish population in the 1, Arabidopsis genomes project, and presented the biological insights gained from the novel TEs, inducing the association between different TE superfamilies. The program is freely available, and the URL is provided in the end of the paper. We used the superfamily level, but TE-Locate can also use any other level, right down to the individual transposable element.

V D J recombination frequency is affected by the sequence interposed between a pair of recombination signals: Translocation and gross deletion breakpoints in human inherited disease and cancer II: Potential involvement of repetitive sequence elements in secondary structure formation between DNA ends. Translocations and gross deletions are responsible for a significant proportion of both cancer and inherited disease. Although such gene rearrangements are nonuniformly distributed in the human genome, the underlying mutational mechanisms remain unclear.

We have studied the potential involvement of various types of repetitive sequence elements in the formation of secondary structure intermediates between the single-stranded DNA ends that recombine during rearrangements. Complexity analysis was used to assess the potential of these ends to form secondary structures, the maximum decrease in complexity consequent to a gross rearrangement being used as an indicator of the type of repeat and the specific DNA ends involved.

Inverted repeats, inversions of inverted repeats, and symmetric elements were found in association with gross rearrangements at approximately the same frequency. These findings extend our understanding of illegitimate recombination by highlighting the importance of secondary structure formation between single-stranded DNA ends at breakpoint junctions.

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Copyright Wiley-Liss, Inc. A Test of the Intervener Hypothesis. To evaluate processing and comprehension of pronouns and reflexives in individuals with agrammatic Broca's aphasia and age-matched control participants. Specifically, we evaluate processing and comprehension patterns in terms of a specific hypothesis -- the Intervener Hypothesis - that posits that the difficulty of individuals with agrammatic Broca's aphasia results from similarity-based interference caused by the presence of an intervening NP between two elements of a dependency chain.

We used an eye tracking-while-listening paradigm to investigate real-time processing Experiment 1 and a sentence-picture matching task to investigate final interpretive comprehension Experiment 2 of sentences containing proforms in complement phrase and subject relative constructions. Individuals with agrammatic aphasia demonstrated a greater proportion of gazes to the correct referent of reflexives relative to pronouns and significantly greater comprehension accuracy of reflexives relative to pronouns.

These results provide support for the Intervener Hypothesis, previous support for which comes from studies of Wh- questions and unaccusative verbs, and we argue that this account provides an explanation for the deficits of individuals with agrammatic aphasia across a growing set of sentence constructions. The current study extends this hypothesis beyond filler-gap dependencies to referential dependencies and allows us to refine the hypothesis in terms of the structural constraints that meet the description of the Intervener Hypothesis.

RetroTector online, a rational tool for analysis of retroviral elements in small and medium size vertebrate genomic sequences. The rapid accumulation of genomic information in databases necessitates rapid and specific algorithms for extracting biologically meaningful information. After infecting the host, these retroviruses have integrated in germ line cells, and have then been carried in genomes for at least several million years.

A better understanding of structure and function of these sequences can have profound biological and medical consequences. RetroTector ReTe is a platform-independent Java program for identification and characterization of proviral sequences in vertebrate genomes. Although not overly complicated, the installation may take some time. Up to ten submissions can be done simultaneously, allowing batch analysis of sequences found in the submitted sequence is graphically presented, exportable in standard formats.

With the current server, a complete analysis of a 1 Megabase sequence is complete in 10 minutes. It is possible to mask nonretroviral repetitive sequences in the submitted sequence , using host genome specific "brooms", which increase specificity. Proviral sequences can be hard to recognize. ISLdl3 was present only in four closely related strains of L. These IS elements were not observed in Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus helveticus, or Lactobacillus plantarum.

Most of the integration sites of the IS elements were strain-specific. Lactobacillus crispatus is one of the predominant hydrogen peroxide H2O2 -producing species found in the vagina and is under development as a probiotic for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Vaginal and rectal lactobacilli were identifie Identification of ISMyo2, a novel insertion sequence element of IS21 family and its diagnostic potential for detection of Mycobacterium yongonense.

Mycobacterium yongonense, as a novel member of the M. Due to its close relatedness to other MAC members, particularly M. Here we report the development of a high-throughput screen to assess dominant mutation rates caused by P- element transposition within the Drosophila genome that is suitable for assessing the undesirable effects of integrating foreign regulatory sequences viral cargo into a host genome.

Three different behavioral paradigms were used: The results, from our screen of 35, flies, indicate that mutations caused by t We suggest other models of sieve generated sequences like the Sieve of Eratosthenes to explain randomness properties of the prime numbers, like the twin prime conjecture, the lim sup conjecture, the Riemann conjecture, and the prime number theorem. Full Text Available Abstract Background The rapid accumulation of genomic information in databases necessitates rapid and specific algorithms for extracting biologically meaningful information.

Up to ten submissions can be done simultaneously, allowing batch analysis of Discussion Proviral sequences can be hard to recognize, especially if the integration occurred many million years ago. Precise delineation of LTR, gag, pro, pol and env can be difficult, requiring manual work. ROL is a way of simplifying these tasks.

Conclusion ROL provides 1. Analysis of the effect of the Electron-Beam welding sequence for a fixed manufacturing route using finite element simulations applied to ITER vacuum vessel manufacture. Therefore, prediction and reduction of welding distortion are critical to allow the final assembly with the other Vacuum Vessel Sectors without the production of a full scale prototype. In this paper, the effect of the welding sequence in the distortions inside a fixed manufacturing route and in a highly constrained assembly is studied in the poloidal segment named inboard PS1.

This is one of the four poloidal segments PS assembled for the sector. Moreover, some restrictions and limitations in the welding sequence related to the manufacturing process are explained. The results obtained show that the effect of the sequence is lower in a highly constrained assembly than in a low constrained one. A prototype manufactured by AMW consortium PS1 mock-up is used in order to validate the finite element method welding simulation employed.

The obtained results confirmed that for Electron-Beam welds, both the welding simulation and the mock-up show a low value of distortions. High expression of PCNA is associated with poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer. The 5'-region of the PCNA gene contains two computationally-detected estrogen response element ERE sequences , one of which is evolutionarily conserved. Both of these sequences are of undocumented cis-regulatory function.

MCF7 cells proliferate in response to E2. One of the two upstream ERE sequences was specifically bound by ERalpha-containing protein complexes, in vitro, in gel shift analysis. Yet, each ERE sequence , when cloned as a single copy, or when engineered as two tandem copies of the ERE-containing sequence , was not capable of activating a luciferase reporter construct in response to E2. We conclude that E2 enhances PCNA gene expression by an indirect process and that computational detection of EREs, even when evolutionarily conserved and when near E2-responsive genes, requires biochemical validation.

The proliferating cell nuclear antigen PCNA is an essential component of DNA replication, cell cycle regulation, and epigenetic inheritance. We found 3 novel sequence variations in the LAMA2 c. ESEfinder showed that the c. Our results are suggestive of correlations between mRNA folding and the recruitment of spliceosomal components mediating splicing, including SR proteins. The contribution of common sequence variations to mRNA structural and functional diversity will contribute to a better study of gene expression. Structural and functional analysis of mouse Msx1 gene promoter: Vertebrate Msx genes are related to one of the most divergent homeobox genes of Drosophila, the muscle segment homeobox msh gene, and are expressed in a well-defined pattern at sites of tissue interactions.

This pattern of expression is conserved in vertebrates as diverse as quail, zebrafish, and mouse in a range of sites including neural crest, appendages, and craniofacial structures. In the present work, we performed structural and functional analyses in order to identify potential cis-acting elements that may be regulating Msx1 gene expression.

To this end, a 4. Four regions showing a high concentration of these sites were identified. Transfection assays with fragments of regulatory sequences driving the expression of the bacterial lacZ reporter gene showed that a region of 4 kb upstream of the transcription start site contains positive and negative elements responsible for controlling gene expression. Interestingly, a fragment of bp seems to contain the minimal elements necessary for gene expression, as its removal completely abolishes gene expression in cultured cells.

These results are reinforced by comparison of this region with the human Msx1 gene promoter, which shows extensive conservation, including many consensus binding sites, suggesting a regulatory role for them. Negative regulation of P element excision by the somatic product and terminal sequences of P in drosophila melanogaster. A transient in vivo P element excision assay was used to test the regulatory properties of putative repressor-encoding plasmids in Drosophila melanogaster embryos. The somatic expression of an unmodified transposase transcription unit under the control of a heat shock gene promoter phsn effectivel Academic Effort Is an Intervening Academic Effort Is an Intervening Variable This study was designed to seek explanations for differences in academic performance among junior The comparative role of independent and intervening variables on A cross sectional research design was used to collect data from Moreover, this dissertation examines underlying tropes, which merge.

One can have a functionally adequate vision of the Spirit without considering that He is a person. There are several factors that make it difficult for the respondents to per- sonalise the Spirit. The first is a contradiction between the constant occurrence of the Spirit in liturgical and dogmatic formulations and the Spirits absence in the rest of the pastoral discourse; the Spirit is resigned to limbo between being and not being, between a perfect parity with the other divine persons and a functional irrelevance. A second factor is the preponderance of zoomorphic and polymorphic iconography when compared with the anthropomorphic representations of the Father and Jesus.

It can result from the difficulty in expressing the particular personality of the Spirit in relation to the Father and the Son. He is someone who dwells within us, who brings us the gift of God, who makes us speak, think and act according to God. It becomes easier to understand the specific nature of the Spirit when we compare his action with that of Jesus. The action of Jesus takes place in a public historical setting.

He communicated the Kingdom of God, made real the gift of God with his life, death and resurrection. All this happened in a visible and historical form. However, the mission of the Spirit occurs in a subjective space. He acts in the conscience of the individual or ecclesial. He inspires our freedom and our prayers. It is the Spirit who renews us, making us sons of the Father and brothers of the Son. Commenting on the pneumatology of Gregory of Nazianzus, Beeley says: A Trinitarian faith Empirically investigating the Christian faith has some difficulties associ- ated.

Questioning people about God and the image they have of God tends to forget that theism or monotheism are insufficient categories to describe the Christian faith. Cartledge acknowledges the prob- lem: How might one measure belief in or attitudes towards a complex doctrine such as the Trinity? We asked about God, Jesus, and the Spirit and consciously omitted ques- tions about the Trinity. However, the omission of explicit questions about the Trinity brought about some empirical concerns.

Accepting the hypotheses that respondents had serious difficulties at the theological level, it would be expected that an elevated number of respondents would refuse to respond or respond with a non-personal discourse, giving the answers they thought the interviewer wanted to hear. But it is evident that the omission had a cost. Specifically, the fact that it is not easy to understand what the re- spondents actually think about the Trinity.

However, in the body of answers produced, it is possible to detect some patterns about the understanding they have of the Trinity, even if they are just latent. A frail notion of the Trinity The first idea that we can detect with respect to the Trinity is its fragility. Even among the respondents of cluster 1, there is a significant percentage that says nothing about the Holy Spirit. The same applies to the second wave. This forgetfulness of the Spirit inevitably distorts the understanding of the Trinity. In sound theology, this amputation of the Trinity is extremely traumatic.

In the end, we could settle for an affirmation of monotheism, leaving out the Trinity. The doctrine of God, Minneapolis, Fortress Press, , p. However, the fact remains that in the West, theology, spirituality, and dominant pastoral models were marked by a non-Trinitarian generic monotheism. The balanced summary of the situation made by Gevaert must be mentioned here. He defends the distinction between post-biblical dogmatic precisions and the core of faith. The weakness of Trinitarian monotheism is not just noticed because of forgetfulness, on behalf of many, of the Holy Spirit. The responses given about God and Jesus also omit the Trinity and its relations.

But in the majority of represen- tations Jesus is represented a se, without references to either the Father or the Spirit. On the contrary, in the representations of the Spirit, more references to the Trinity and its relation to God and Jesus are found. An implicit Trinitarian theology Whether using the Alceste analysis or alternative qualitative analyses, it was not possible to detect an explicit Trinitarian theory.

However, the re- searcher would suggest the existence of an implicit Trinitarian theology, al- though badly articulated, whose merits consist in trying to ensure the func- tionality of the faith relation, in its two valences of fides qua and fides quae. The image of God the Father is very much influenced by the characteristics of Jesus. He is an accessible God, with a positive and saving relationship with the believer. Jesus is presented in a strong relationship with God, and at the same time, in a quality relationship with the believer.

Just like what happens in the relationship to the Father, the relationship with Jesus is associated with salvific experiences. The Spirit, for those who dared to answer, is also described as a source of salvation, and sometimes occurs in relation with the Father and with Jesus. Or we can be dealing with a radical monotheism, without space to Jesus nor to the Spirit. Whether at an ontological-transcendental level or at a historical-phe- nomenological one. However, we do not find any traces of a consciousness of this transcendental condition in the respondents.

That being said, we also do not find the opposite opinion, which would reduce faith to a human projection. The transcendental nature of faith presents itself also as a condition of its historical or categorical realisation. Faith is historically possible because Jesus, the Son, assured the historically-objective conditions, and the Spirit se- cured the historically-subjective conditions, through which the human subject receives, objectively and subjectively, the Father the original condition of the whole process.

It is the Spirit who subjectively opens our eyes to faith. But our availability to believe needs the content offered by the historical revela- tion of Jesus. We welcome the revelation brought by the Son. However, the understanding of the role of the Spirit, as a light through which we can see the revelation, is not so clear. The Spirit is Who allows us to come close to the self-revelation of God. However, if we are not aware of the Spirit and its role, what does it mean to believe in the God that Jesus reveals?

We could believe in Jesus because he would confirm what we already know about our salvation. Jesus would be right because he says the same as the ideology of positive psy- chology. However, in this case, the experience of faith would be nothing more than a ritual of legitimisation of a dominant or popular ideology. One might, in another way, believe in Jesus while dismissing a subjective involvement. The connection to Jesus would be done only through a historic route. The essence of God, one and triune, is His perichoretic relatedness, the movement by which the differences are source of relation and being, excluding subordi- nation and nullification.

Christian faith is obedience to the Lord on whom we depend on. But this relationship works, just like the relationship between each person of the Trinity, without subordination or dependence. This would always lead to narcissist idolatry. But can neither be equivocal, placing the human and the divine in incommu- nicable spheres.

God, Jesus and the Holy Spirit are, to these respondents, different names for the same reality. However, it does not make much sense to try and apply the categories used in the theological debate of the first centuries AD to a still maturing pop- ulation with notable difficulties with vocabulary. Traditionally, the wrong interpretations of the mystery of God oscillat- ed between modalism and tritheism with innumerable nuances between ex- tremes.

Here, however, the problem is over: God is one, independent of the names assumed. The respondents do not seem to grasp the seriousness of the problem of the Trinity. This is not to say that they are following a radical monotheism, however. Probably, for them, God is a poor and a generic idea, resulting from the addition of the characteristics traditionally attributed by Christian tradition to Jesus or the Holy Spirit. The relation between God and man must be thought of in analogical terms because it is a relation between different realities. It is this analogy that allows the possibility of a relation between different realities, mutually irreducible.

It is in this perspective that creation and human identity must be understood: However, this per- spective does not appear in the replies. This relational analogy also extends to the area of inter-human related- ness. It is seen as participation in inter-divine love. The relation with God is felt as a source of personal salvation, of- fering the believer a redefinition of their identity and the resources for a more communal relationship with the others. Explicit and implicit theology of faith Throughout the previous pages, we have had the opportunity to identify tangentially some of the faith understandings of the respondents.

We found variations in the balance between the fides qua and the fides quae. Also in the relationship between personal faith and ecclesiastical faith we found different positions. However, there are some specific questions about the theology of faith, which appear to be missing from the discourse and worries of the re- spondents. A reflective approach to the respondents on faith does not seem to be explicit. However, admittedly, there were no specific questions about that. One topic notable by its absence is the dual nature of faith as divine grace and human task. The encounter with God and the very possibility of trusting Him does not come from a pure human decision.

It is the work of God himself, who, through grace, makes it possible. Even within a dialogical understanding of revelation, the very possibility of a human response to the dialogue initiated by God, has its origin in the God who attracts and enlightens us with his Spirit. However, for the respondents this question does not arise.

In one way or anoth- er, the respondents limit themselves to believe, without seriously thinking about the possibilities of their own faith. It is, to a point, understandable: However, know- ing how the experience of doubt is common among adolescents, a more robust framework around the process of faith could be beneficial for the respondents. A second topic is the articulation between reason and faith.

Faith must be an act intellectually honest and morally responsible. There are always reasons to trust someone, and the same is true with God. Signals are necessary; mo- tives that make plausible the proposal offered by revelation. There are always reasons to believe. And this does not take anything from the fact that faith is always a gift from God. They never cancel the fiduciary dimension. Among the respondents from cluster 1 this is less common.

We can verify that are the less socialised in the church It is important to underline the differeny situation of the catechists. They are able to produce an explicit reflection about their own faith experience. This can make us think that the relation between reason and faith only arises as preambula fidei, as a relevant topic for the first proclamation of faith.

But this would be a mistake. The respondents from cluster 1 omitted this issue not because they outgrew it, but because, probably, they live in a system of cognitive polyphasia. For the respondents from cluster 1, this theme is not more problematic because the experience of faith is not sufficiently shared, or challenged. A third topic that stands out for its absence amongst the respondents is the dynamic character of faith. Even during adolescence, a time marked by change and development, the catechisms are silent about the dynamic na- ture of faith.

It is then, no wonder that the texts produced by the respondents omit the dynamic character of faith. However, some respondents identified a passage from non-faith to faith, which made them happy; others remember the jump from an inconsequential faith to a more committed faith.

However, even this response is marginal. Practical-theological analysis The design of our questionnaires allowed the recovering of much informa- tion about the practical processes involved in the transmission and appropri- ation of faith. What people and sources of information are important to the faith? And what are the consequences of faith? These three perspectives will structure the second part of this chapter.

The other two clusters offer very different experiences. The respondents recognised that their journey of faith was deeply in- fluenced by people, proposals and processes associated with the Church. This group of experiences is responsible for almost half of the reported experiences. These are the pastoral practices that the Church in Portugal traditionally offers young people. It is common to find critical evaluations of the catechesis that the Church offers the young generations.

Not just among those who most frequently attend the catechesis, but also for the rest of the population. What it can say is that the proposals that the Church directs at young people are not useless. We also need to know what happens when, locally, the qual- ity of these proposals is weak. The fact that this collection of pastoral offers is appreciated by such a large percentage of the respondents could generate the idea of a certain co- herence. However, this idea is wrong. It is important to understand that the quality of the offering and the level of adhesion to it, varies immensely from place to place.

And there are differences between the catechesis, youth min- istry, EMRC, and scouts. The fact that there are some co-occurrences must experience is the contact with relevant and credible people, overlapping to the answers of the influential people in the faith process. Each year of the catechetical curriculum proposes a rite inspired in the traditio — reditio schema or initiates in a sacrament.

These feasts have a liturgical, familiar and social impact. Locally, some of the proposals could be available and others absents. When some of them coexist, it is usual that the pastoral projects are distinct or incompatible. Within each one of them, even locally, the difference in the pastoral and educational quality can be enormous. These respondents consider that the experiences most relevant to their faith were the contact with friends, romantic partner, family, priests and nuns.

There are also generic references to people of the Church and the processes of socialization and tradition. The biggest slice of this comes from the family. The consistency of this group of experiences is especially relevant when there is an- other question especially about influential people. This relevance of short-range socialization can be sociologically interpret- ed as a persistence of old solidarity or as a reaction to the growing individual- isation of contemporary society. These respondents say that their faith was profoundly influenced by the interaction in the Church.

Family, friends, and priests spoke, interacted and were present in the life of the adolescents. This topic will be further developed in 2. Faith sources A third group of experiments collects references to the sources of faith. Overall there are references to the history of salvation and the sacraments. In the first subgroup, the respondents referred to the Bible, read personally or communally, some contents of the Bible and creation. In the second subgroup; there are references to the sacraments, principally the Eucharist and baptism. However, it could be abusive to put two different realities in the same group such as the Holy Scriptures and the sacraments: This incompatibility appears to be confirmed by the lack of co-occurrences Table Co-occurrence of bible and sacraments codes within important experiences of faith.

Bible Baptism 0 0 0 0 Eucharist 0 0 0,02 0,02 Reconciliation 0 0 0 0 The Sacraments 0 0 0 0 However, either dogmatically or pastorally, there are strong connections between the two subgroups. It is the same God who communicates through his Word in the normative past of the Scripture and the present of the believer.

Both the Scripture and the liturgy make a memory of a God, who wants to be present in communion with the believers. In more practical terms, both the subgroups share an objective element in relation to the subject. They have a public dimension. The respondents associated their faith almost always to personal ex- periences. God is more than just a partner with whom you have a joint interaction.

God is experienced and talked about as Someone capable of helping and capable of changing the life of the subject for the better. Some people ground the improvement in their quality of life with references to miracles, physical healings and support during the processes of divorce of their parents, for example. Despite intense schooling, with propaganda in favour of a sci- entific mentality, the post-modern context allows the persistence of pre-critical pouches. In this line of thinking, the respondents would be interpreting, in a mechanical way, some events from their personal life. However, another inter- pretation is possible: It is possible that the magical and efficientist explanation is more relevant in clusters 2 and 3.

Intense moments A fifth group of references have, as a common denominator, the spiritual intensity of some moments and experiences. These would have been so striking that the respondents identified them as turning points in the journey of their faith. In this group of references prayer, pilgrimage and retreats are mentioned. They are intense moments for the subject, which bring them peace, good judgment and the recuperation of an inner balance. However, some- times other shrines such as Lourdes. The World Youth Day probably Madrid is also understood as a pilgrimage.

The respondents do not explain why they consider these pil- grimages as intense. For them, the reference to a place or an event is sufficient- ly explicit.

Autres titres intéressants

The experiences of retreat or special moments are also referred. There are also a few references to the emotional impact of the retreats, but the majority of the respondents refer to the retreats without other adjectives. These references to intense moments seem to be somewhat cryptic. An external observer like a school peer cannot understand what the correspon- dents are talking about, even less the reason they consider the experiences so impactful. By reducing the description of these intense moments, the respon- dents are using a codified expression.

And this only makes sense when it is used within a community that is capable of decoding it. These experiences are so intense that they generate a strong feeling of belonging. The adhesion to strong spiritual practices can be interpreted, sociologically, as another one of the options disposable for the individual, but they seem to be more than this. These respondents felt that they belonged to something bigger than themselves and that this could be understood ecclesially. Myself A sixth group of reported experiences is centred on the self and in this group two different approaches converge.

The first underlines the role of everyday life, of the adolescent condition and the mere fact of being alive. God can be found in everyday life. He is a constant presence. The second approach underlines the role of the self in the process of faith. Through reflection, personal conversion or analysis of feel- ings, the self has become a decisive factor in the trajectory of faith. Both approaches are deeply connected to the adolescent and express his role. The occur- rence of this response is inversely proportional to the attendance of catechism.

The least religiously socialized respondents are the ones investing more in this kind of personal experiences. Media The remaining groups of relevant experiences are quite small. Finally, explicit adherence to a new age worldview is rare. The levels of importance ascribed to the media are surprisingly low. The no- tion of the media as omnipotent and omnipresent has become an integral part of the dominant thought. The possibility that, in this sample, the respondents have had a reduced exposure to the media seems to be contradictory to deeply rooted sociological and pastoral convictions.

However, some recent research challenges these convictions. In both US and European book bestseller lists, books with a title bor- rowed from a religious tradition or dealing with religious and spiritual issues are a constant feature. Edited by , Reconfigurations. Interdisciplinary perspectives on religion in a post-secular society, Wien, LIT, , , p.

His conclu- sions seem excessively optimistic. His text has the merit of being written by someone that tried intensely to change the reality. But he overlaps his wishes with an objective analysis of the reality. The supposed change of the post-secular paradigm, which would allow a renewed visibility of religion in the world of media, is not happening in Portugal.

As far as can be detected, the Portuguese media continue to ignore or silence the religious topic and, specifically, the Christian worldview. If we cannot confirm a change in the paradigm about the recuperation of the visibility of religion, maybe we can look at the level of power attributed to the media. Adorno and Fiske are some of the authors that theorized and popularized the idea that the media correspond to a concentration of power that controls the impotent masses. There is a very linear scheme in which the control of the media would lead to the growth of dominant ideas in a society.

As the Church does not have access to these powerful means of social communication, the people tend to lose the religious references passive- Cf. Capucho, Torres and Burnay underline that even that small percentage can come from excep- tional events a Pope visit to Portugal. They stress the low quality of the produced communication: Adorno and the cultural indus- try revisited, in New German Critique, 12 , There is one movement more connected to sociocul- tural animation and another more connected with the school and the maxi- mising of the interpretative capacity of the believer.

This in- This kind of analysis has also been applied to the internet and digital media. Recent results show that nothing specially relevant can be concluded: But the explosive expansion of new technologies, consuming habits of contents, and proactive stances from the churches can rapidly change these conclusions. Teoria e metodo, pp. For the second approach, cf. Saggio di pedagogia religiosa, Leumann, LDC, SRT offers a more robust theoretical interpretation. It recognises that the worldview developed by a group exists in fluid interaction with a plurality of other representations and this can lead to cognitive polyphasia.

But we must also admit that the respondents are aware of the minority weight of this specific vision of faith. For a global analysis of the relevant experiences of faith Theologically we can identify an approach with which to analyse these meaningful experiences reported by the adolescents. The experiences report- ed place themselves on an individual-communitarian axis, which revives the traditional polarity between credo and credimus. Some of the referenced ex- periences have a stronger community framework: Others are concentrated on the believer: Some analyses of the juvenile condition underline the weight of individual subjectivity: The contemporary context shifted its weight to the subjective pole.

Sociologically, this would have been the result of the per- sistence of old mechanisms of sociability. Pastorally, it would be signal of an unfinished inculturation. This seems to confirm the idea that faith is always an ecclesial reality. In contact with other believers the Church , you can start to believe. However, are we not making an excessive leap by moving from a social reality to an ecclesial one?

When and how is it that the catechism groups, the scouts and the volunteer experiences and service become church? When and how do the catechism fests stop being merely social rites of passage and become an ecclesial manifestation? Tonelli advocates mi- nimum criteria but stringent enough. He says, about youth groups: Theologically and not merely sociologically. Faith partners One of the initial questions in the questionnaire asked who were the most influential people in the faith process.

Again, it is important to remember that this question collects information about the perception of the subjects; an ob- jective observation from someone other than the subject could take to different results. Two large groups of people influencing the faith of the respondents can be identified: The family is the most frequent group, regardless of the attendance of catechesis.

This was the case in The church and its agents remain the second most influential group in all clusters, but with only half the importance in the third cluster. The role of the families In some sectors of the youth ministry, the elevated influence the family has, can be surprising. Beside this, careful analysis of the sensitive nature of the more social and cultural aspects recognises the loss of importance given to the family in the process of education and the transmission of faith.

It persists an image of the family that does not evangelize the younger generations but has a tremendous potential at the level, which should be activated. In a recent PhD, done in at the Lateranensis, he states: The mothers are referred more than the fathers, but grandparents, Cf. Una proposta di cateche- si comunic-attiva, Leumann, LDC, , pp. Para repensar a pasto- ral da Igreja em Portugal, p. At least for a certain percentage of the population, the family, or part of it, remains as an important ecclesial mediation. The features identified by Bissoli can be advanced as an interpre- tive framework for our data.

The family being the first social space, it becomes an environment that enables the possibility to live in a style of life inspired by the Gospel. The process of proposal and choosing of faith happens, but as a witnessing rather than through teaching. Family interactions are inspired by the relational mod- el proposed by Jesus and transmit an elevated quality of life, which generates identification. Finally, the educational capacity of the family provides an education of faith in action. In Wave 2, the family continues to be of importance. However, they make up Asking, in Wave 1, for the most influential people are, and, in Wave, for partners in dialogue, is not formally the same.

But it would be hoped for, logically, that the values were comparable. However, regarding the family it does not appear to be so. Church ministers in action The data we have found shows there is a dense network of pastoral oper- ators that assume a role in shaping the faith of new generations. Manuale di catechetica, Leumann, LDC, , , p. The recent pastoral zeal with family and the strength it could bring to catechesis, overlaps potential and reality. It is not family, as a sociological reality, that per se can share and witness the Gospel. Plural in its organic configuration but, mainly, in the life quality it offers.

We get the feeling that Church leaders and practical theologians proposing family as a mandatory path, capable to solve all our problems, forget that real families face severe problems of domestic violence, lack of communication, self-indulgence, educative disorientation. Then come references to youth ministry scouts, animators, group… and other references less frequent to oth- er ecclesial experiences such as religious people, choir, spiritual director The recognition of the role of the catechist is not surprising. They are around volunteers, with a good school curriculum secondary educa- tion and superior education , predominantly women.

There is a tradition of qualified people at the head of the national secretary and diocesan departments. There is consistent practice throughout initial and on-going training of the laity. It is through the Catholic publishers or the Internet that there is access to material, proposals and interaction. That said, one should not assume that the average quality of the catechist is perfect.

But the idea of the catechists reported by the respon- dents will not necessarily be the average. Accepting the empirical limitations that we have in describing the Portu- guese catechists, we can identify some of the traits desired in a potential cate- chist by the Church. This image could be useful in as much as it could inspire training, recruitment policy, and motivational systems. Carvalho underlines the relevance of maturity as the starting point for the personality of a believer, in which the life of faith configures the totality of identity.

The theoretical and practical skills are functional to the task of educating the life and faith of those catechized. The most frequently referred form of sharing faith was through a Christian lifestyle; to be a catechist and to witness personal faith even outside of the institutional space of the catechesis were also very consistent values. Which, in a country like Portugal, with traditionally low levels of social volun- teering, is notable. The GDC defines a mediating role for the catechist: Pollo lists a number of traces that make up the pastoral relationship model.

If these elements or, at least some of them are activated by the catechists of these adolescents, it will be possible to explain their success. They become credible witnesses to the message they spread, in their interaction with the adolescents. It was a relative surprise the frequent reference to the role of priests. The idea that the priests are very occupied with sacramental tasks or that they are not prepared for the catechism is very frequent.

At least, for this segment of the population. However, GDC , when listing the tasks of the priests, sees them more as making up the rear guard, so to GDC The English version omits the last two paragraphs of this number. Sfide, prospettive ed espe- rienze, Leumann, ElleDiCi, , Possibly, the reasons for the significance and relevance of this group are similar to those we found with the catechists.

But, in relation to the world of the catechesis, there are significant differences. The quantity and quality offered at the level of youth ministry is much less than infant and adolescent catechesis. Training and coordination are also substantially weaker. Side by side, in the same area, profoundly different experiences are available in terms of available resources, the seriousness in recruitment, the quality of the training and support offered, and in the evangelical and educational quality of the projects proposed. The distinction is not made, as it once was, between progressives and conservatives, between different weights given to kerigmatic and educative dimensions, or between greater or lesser importance of incul- turation in postmodern culture.

The distinction is made, primarily, between presence and absence. The fact that the percentage of references to youth ministry is clearly in second place could come from the fact that these respondents, with success over ten years in the catechism, have not had access, in a consistent form, to youth ministry experiences. Support actors The data recovered has identified some other people and platforms as in- fluential, albeit at a lower level. In cluster 1 this comes to 3. In the clusters 2 and 3, the influence of the teachers is identified as favouring and opposing faith in some cases.

The relative absence of EMRC teachers, especially for respondents from cluster 1, deserves some attention.