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Awards for Hayao Miyazaki. Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. Ryder , Harry D. Annie Award for Directing in a Feature Production. Annie Award for Writing in a Feature Production. Hazu-cho is a coastal town next to Gamagori. There are two small islands which used to be accessible by boat. One was nicknamed Rabbit Usagi island and the other was Monkey Saru island. A short walk from Ichinomiya Station. Also see my YouTube video here. Men in loincloths parade around the streets until they reach the shrine. A Sacred Man Shin-otoko also appears in the shrine and the men try to touch him before he slips into the shrine's window.
First built in , it is Japan's oldest surviving castle. It is also the only privately owned castle in Japan. Shrine famous for worshipping a rock shaped like the female sexual organ. It also holds the Honen Matsuri for a good harvest and fertility on the Sunday before March It is the female counterpart to Tagata Shrine which worships the phallus in neighboring Komaki. The shrine is also noted for weeping plum blossoms. Between Nagoya and Gifu, this castle reconstructed in can be seen from the train on the Tokaido Line. It was one of Oda Nobunaga's strategic castles to unify Japan. Shrine famous for numerous phallic objects used as offerings to the gods.
The year-old shrine worships a deity called Tamahime-no-Mikoto who was a daughter of a powerful local lord from the 5th century. About classic cars of various makes paraded through the city and were displayed at the Aichi Expo Park. Toyota Automobile Museum also has a world-class collection of classic cars, not just Toyota. From JR Nagoya Station, it takes about 45 min. First take the Higashiyama subway line to Fujigaoka. Then transfer to the Linomo Line. Get off at Geidai-dori Station. Museum is a short walk away. The main site was at Nagakute where these photos were taken.
The theme of the Expo was "Nature's Wisdom," with Japanese and international pavilions showing nature, ecology, and Earth-related exhibits. Over 22 million people visited the expo which was quite crowded at times. Nagoya Castle is Nagoya's most visible attraction and symbol of the city. It is most closely associated with the Tokugawa after Ieyasu decided to rebuild it in the early s. It was the base of the Tokugawa's Owari branch. The main castle tower was paired with a smaller tower and the Hommaru Palace and Ninomaru Palace were built nearby.
The main castle tower was reconstructed with ferro-concrete in From to , they reconstructed the magnificent Hommaru Palace using traditional materials and methods of construction. Atsuta Jingu is one of Japan's most important shrines dedicated to Atsuta-no-Ookami or Amaterasu-Oomikami, represented by the sacred sword Kusanagi-no-tsurugi which is one of the three sacred treasures of the Imperial family.
If you like the Tokaido shinkansen old and new or the Maglev trains, visiting this railway museum on the outskirts of Nagoya is a must. See 39 full-size railway cars, train simulators, and a railway model diorama. Originally built in , Okazaki Castle was dismantled during the Meiji Period and the area was made into a castle park. The castle tower was later rebuilt in It is now within Toyohashi Park. Only a turret was rebuilt in One of the Big Three Festivals in Tohoku, this matsuri has men in happi coats balancing tall paper lantern-bedecked bamboo poles, called kanto, on their foreheads, shoulders, hand palms, or hips.
They are dramatically illuminated from the inside and paraded on the streets at night. Instead of the haneto, there are many children pulling the floats with ropes. Originally built in by Lord Tsugaru Nobuhira, Hirosaki Castle's current donjon was rebuilt in Although the structure is small, it is a well-known architectural work. In , the castle was made public and the castle park has become one of Japan's famous sites for cherry blossoms.
The reconstructed castle tower is a Folk Museum tracing the history of the Chiba clan who ruled Chiba during the 15th and 16th centuries. Great place to see a lot of weeping cherry blossoms showering the small pond. Over cherry trees. Nakayama Hokekyoji Temple was established by Nichiren, therefore it belongs to the Nichiren Buddhist sect. They run with the portable shrine. At the beach in ankle-deep water, they jostle and toss the mikoshi in the air. In the evening, they return to town near the train station and parade the shrines again. Also see my video at YouTube. This annual festival is held in Ohara on Sept.
Portable shrines from 18 shrines in the area join in the festival. They go into the ocean only on the 23rd. These photos were taken on Sept. Sawara is a designated traditional townscape group of traditional buildings along the Ono River near JR Sawara Station. Many traditional Japanese merchant buildings dating from the Edo Period.
Festival of ornate floats paraded around Sawara in Oct. Floats called dashi are about 7 meters high and weigh 3 to 4 tons. They have intricate wood carvings and a large doll depicting a historical or legendary Japanese figure. Each float is from a neighborhood in Sawara. Most of the floats and dolls were made in the late 19th century or early 20th century. Dating back years, the festival is held for three days in July 10 floats and Oct. The float pullers also dance and the main highlight is when they turn the float a few times.
The small coastal town of Katsuura holds one of Japan's most impressive hina matsuri doll festival during late Feb. A whopping 25, hina ningyo dolls are displayed all over town. A scenic coastal park with dramatic views of the ocean, rocky shore, torii island, and Katsuura lighthouse. Umihotaru is an artificial island serving as a highway rest area and tourist attraction in the middle of Tokyo Bay. After her first Space Shuttle flight in April , astronaut Naoko Yamazaki returned to Japan briefly and included a visit to her hometown of Matsudo, Chiba where she had a homecoming parade on May 22, Built in , Tojotei was the residence of Tokugawa Akitake , brother of the last Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu.
Akitake was supposed to be the next shogun after Yoshinobu, but the Tokugawa reign and Edo Period ended before his time. Akitake only became the last daimyo of the Mito Clan in Ibaraki. He retired at age 30 and lived the rest of his life at Tojotei, a spacious, Japanese-style residence on a hilltop. Tojotei is within the garden-like Tojogaoka History Park that was part of Akitake's estate. It now has the Tojo History Museum displaying Akitake artifacts, plum blossoms, cherry blossoms, lots of azalea, and fall foliage.
Short walk from Matsudo Station. Park hours are 9 am to 5 pm, closed Mon. Small admission charged by Tojotei and the museum. Photos of Ozeki Kotoshogiku's victory parade in Feb. Most people came to see the celebrities throwing the beans for mamemaki. The first time I saw this was on Feb. Celebrities then included Yokozuna Musashimaru and actresses Riho Makise.
Narita-san Shinshoji Temple is Chiba Prefecture's most famous temple. Four buildings are also Important Cultural Properties. It also has a large Japanese garden, including cherry blossoms. The biggest taiko drum festival in the Kanto region is held annually in April. Various taiko drum troupes perform for two full days on various outdoor stages in Narita, including the main stage in front of the Narita-san temple. Most of these pictures were taken on April 9, Held in July, this is a festival of ornate floats pulled on the streets of Narita and to Narita-san temple.
These pictures were taken in Opened in , the National Museum of Japanese History is a large museum in a large park in the city of Sakura which is on the way to Narita Airport. It traces the entire history, archaeology, and folklore of Japan from the Stone Age. Tokyo German Village is a large agricultural park with attractions in each season.
In winter from Nov. The lights turn on right after sunset which is 5 pm or later. It's not very "German. Very few buses run from JR Sodegaura Station. This hadaka nude festival held on Feb. Men wearing loincloths wrestle in the mud in a rice paddy. They also make it fashionable to have mud on your face. Originally built in by Lord Takatora Todo, Imabari Castle today is still a very good castle complex with great views of the city and Inland Sea.
The castle tower was reconstructed in Unfortunately, my camera lens had a fogging problem. Proudly overlooking the city, Matsuyama Castle took 26 years to complete in It gives great views of the Inland Sea. Originally completed in by master castle builder Lord Todo Takatora. The castle tower is small, but designated as an Important Cultural Asset. It gives great views of the city and bay. Other sights in Uwajima, Ehime Prefecture.
I visited Uwajima before the accident. Fukui Castle has been largely taken over by the prefectural government and police department with huge buildings which totally ruin the castle's historical significance and scenery. What remains, the moat and stone walls and foundations, are impressive. A citizens' group called "Obama wo Katte ni Oen Suru Kai" Obama Informal Booster Association has been active in promoting the city on the presidential candidate's and later president-elect's coattails. They even formed the Obama Girls and Obama Boys hula troupe.
These pictures were taken on Jan. Featuring Japan's oldest surviving castle tower although it collapsed during the Fukui Earthquake in Rebuilt in with most of the original materials. Spectacular, natural rock columns and walls on the coast. Hiking trails and boat rides give you a closer look at this rare natural monument.
The main torii gate is one of Japan's three most famous wooden toriis. Kehi Jingu Shrine is a min. I visited on New Year's Day when it was a warm period with no snow. Held during the Bon season in Aug. Tsuruga holds its mass toro nagashi 6, lanterns on its famous Kehi no Matsubara beach at 6: Photos taken on Aug. Although a few turrets and stone walls remain, much of the castle grounds is now occupied by sports facilities and schools.
Built in by Lord Hosokawa Tadaoki. Near JR Kokura Station. In Aizu-Wakamatsu, it is called Tsuruga-jo Castle. Outside the city, many call it Aizu-Wakamatsu Castle. The official name is Wakamatsu Castle. The castle tower was reconstructed in and serves as a castle history museum. In , a unit of teenage warriors called Byakkotai White Tiger Battalion fought against the Emperor-backed Imperial forces encroaching their domain of Aizu. The Byakkotai were outnumbered and forced to retreat. Twenty of them escaped to Iimoriyama Hill where they saw what looked liked a burning Tsurugajo Castle which actually had not fallen yet.
In despair, the boys decided to kill themselves rather than die in the hands of the enemy. Their tombstones are on this hill near where they killed themselves. Their story has become legend. He suddenly died at age One theory says that he was poisoned by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Hanamiyama Park is literally a Flower-Viewing Mountain Park famous for spring flowers especially cherry blossoms sprinkled on the mountainsides.
A short bus ride from JR Fukushima Station. It started in when local flower growers began planting flowers all over the place. In April , it became Hanamiyama Park. Held on the first Fri. I saw it on the second day. Waraji are straw sandals. A huge, Hawaiian-themed water park and hot spring facility. Great place for families to play in large and small pools and hot springs.
A Polynesian show with the famous hula girls is held twice a day. Restaurants, gift shops, rest areas, and outdoor hot spring baths make this a major attraction in Tohoku. The movie, "Hula Girl" in made it famous. Pleasant hiking trails lead to a variety of ponds. Part of the Bandai-Asahi National Park. The Miharu Takizakura Waterfall cherry blossoms cherry tree is one of Japan's most famous and grandest weeping cherry tree.
It is over 1, years old and the mother of thousands of weeping cherry trees in Japan and even overseas. While in bloom, it is lit up in the evening. A National Natural Monument. Nihonmatsu Castle, also popularly called Kasumigajo Castle, is in Kasumigajo Park on a low hill amid the flat plains of central Nihonmatsu. Although it lacks a central tower or donjon, Nihonmatsu Castle features impressive stone walls and gate reconstructed , not to mention many cherry tees and pine trees.
From May 11 to Oct. In the evenings, you can ride on a boat on Nagaragawa River to watch them fish ayu sweetfish with a bright torch and the birds diving and catching the fish in their throats. Gifu Castle is a mountaintop castle on Mt. Kinkazan in central Gifu city. The present castle was reconstructed as a ferro-concrete building in The castle commands spectacular views of Gifu. Held on the first weekend in Oct. Kinkazan, the location of Gifu Castle.
Inaba Shrine is near the foot of Mt. I visited on Jan. Besides a few shops and restaurants, the building has a great lookout deck on the top. On a clear day, you can see far and wide, like skyscrapers in Nagoya and Mt. Takehana Matsuri is a festival of ornate floats paraded in central Hashima on May 3. Each float features a performance of puppets karakuri or kids dancing.
The festival is coupled with the Wisteria Festival at Takehana Betsuin temple. Ogaki Castle is said to have been built in by Lord Miyagawa Yasusada. It served as the base for the Ishida Mitsunari's western forces during the Sekigahara War in The original castle was a National Treasure until it was destroyed during the war in Very pretty during cherry blossom season.
Near JR Ogaki Station. This promenade is a 2.
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It follows along the Suimon River and is especially pretty during cherry blossom season when rides on wooden tub boats tarai-bune are offered. Ogaki's biggest festival held on May features eleven ornate floats called "yama. Highlights include karakuri mechanical doll performances atop the floats and the floats lit up at night with paper lanterns. Held by Hachiman Jinja Shrine.
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According to legend, Sunomata Castle was built overnight by Toyotomi Hideyoshi while he was still an lowly samurai. Sunomata Ichiya Castle was reconstructed in April Now a local history museum. Get off at Sunomata bus stop. Other sights in Ogaki, Gifu Prefecture. One of Japan's most pivotal battles took place here on Oct.
Ieyasu's victory in the Battle of Sekigahara sealed Japan's historical fate for the next years. The former battlefield is dotted with monuments indicating the positions of various warlords during the battle. These photos were taken on the second day when a procession and mock battle were staged. Matchlock gun battalions added to the colorful drama. This is an outdoor park with larger-than-life, painted concrete sculptures depicting the Battle of Sekigahara between Tokugawa Ieyasu and Ishida Mitsunari.
The battlefield is not geographically recreated. Small but pleasant and popular cavern especially in summer when it is cool inside the cavern. Various rock formations and clear spring water are highlights. Imasu-juku was the fifty-ninth of the sixty-nine stations or shukuba post towns of the Nakasendo Road. It follows Sekigahara-juku and comes before Kashiwabara-juku in Shiga Pref. Today, it has very few remnants of its Nakasendo past.
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One of the main attractions of Shirakawa-go, this privately-owned house is the largest gassho-zukuri house in Shirakawa-go. The Wada family still live in the house while much of the house is open to the public. See the huge attic where they used to produce silk. Myozenji is a Buddhist temple belonging to the Jodo Shinshu sect, the most common sect in Shirakawa-go.
It's the only temple in the gassho-zukuri style with a thatched roof. The Hondo worshp hall is the largest building in Shirakawa-go. Shirakawa-go's main source of income is tourism. Many old farmhouses with thatched roofs have been converted into lodging called "minshuku. I have experience at four minshuku at Shirakawa-go. Central Takayama near Takayama Station is noted for traditional buildings. Many attractions are within walking distance from the station. Central Takayama's most important traditional building is this former Government House. Originally the palace of Lord Kanamori of Takayama Castle, it was later used by local government administrators from to It is a National Historic Site.
The Takayama Festival is held twice a year, during April and Oct. The spring festival is held by Hieda Shrine and it is called Sanno Matsuri. The festival features twelve ornate "yatai" floats which are displayed and pulled along the streets. In a large plaza, katakuri puppets perform on a few of the floats. The festival is also dramatic at night with a float procession. It is the headquarters shrine for all Kanayama Shrines and iron-related shrines in Japan.
Many of the buildings are Important Cultural Properties. Held on May , three ornate hikiyama floats are displayed and paraded around town. Young boys also perform in kabuki plays on the floats. May 3 is the main festival day, but May 2 is also a good day to see the matsuri. These photos were taken on May 2, Other sights in Tarui town, Gifu, including the Sakura Matsuri with koinobori carp streamers along the river, Takenaka Hanbei's castle remains, and Tarui-juku post town on the Nakasendo.
Yoro town's most famous attraction is Yoro Park and Yoro Yoro-no-taki Falls, especially during cherry blossom season in early April and during the autumn foliage. Yoro was named by Empress Gensho in the 8th century and proclaimed Yoro as the fountain of youth. She even named her era after Yoro Held during late April to early May, the Koinobori festival of carp streamers is this town's claim to fame. About colorful carp streamers swim in the sky above a river. He oversaw the Japanese immigration to Hawaii during Part of his summer villa has been preserved here.
Next to the house is the Guidance Museum with exhibits related to the Irwin family and Japanese emigration to Hawaii. During the day, numerous Japanese hula groups performed on stage. Hawaiian seminars were also taught by kumu hula Aloha Dalire. Ikaho's connection to Hawaii lies with the summer residence of Robert Walker Irwin, the Hawaiian Minister to Japan during the late 19th century. During the evenings of Aug. In the evenings, Hawaii's top hula halau overall winner of the Merrie Monarch Festival in Hawaii performed as the festival's main event.
Takasaki is one of Japan's leading producers of daruma dolls. This temple symbolizes Takasaki with numerous darumas offered at the temple. The Daruma Museum next to the temple is also interesting. Byakui Dai-Kannon means Giant Kannon in white wardrobe. Buiilt in , this giant Kannon statue is almost like a temple itself with 20 Buddha figures inside. You can climb up the stairs inside and see Takasaki from above. Insanely spectacular azaleas in full bloom at Tsutsujigaoka Park and Tsutsuji-en Garden.
Also see koinobori carp streamers along the river to Lake Jonuma. When it got too hot, the tanuki reverted back to itself and ran away. Tatebayashi is a Tanuki Town because you see it everywhere. Souvenir shops also sell the beckoning tanuki which are made in Shigaraki, Shiga Prefecture.
Near Morinji-mae Station on the Tobu Line.
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Flower garden with roses, moss pink, and more near Morinji temple. Formerly named Yachonomori Garden. Roses were in bloom when I went in late May. Tataranuma Park is a prefectural park with a small, marshy lake with enough reed fields to attract swans migrating from Siberia every winter. A shrine on a small island is dedicated to the goddess Benzaiten. The pleasant lakeside park also has lots of picnic space and wisteria.
It originally opened as the Imperial Naval Academy in The Naval Academy conducts free guided tours of the school 3 or 4 times a day. The main attraction for me was the display of a midget submarine used in the Pearl Harbor attack. For more info see the academy's Web site here. Built in by Lord Mizuno Katsunari. This is one castle you can see from the bullet train.
The castle tower was rebuilt in A turret and a gate are Important Cultural Assets. Short train ride from Hiroshima Station to Miyajima-guchi and a short ferry ride to the island. Hordes of school kids on class trips visit here. The museum is adjacent to Kure Port. The museum is conveniently right across the street from the Yamato Museum. This Onomichi Castle never existed. It was built in solely as a tourist attraction.
Sadly, the company that owned the castle went bankrupt and the castle is now an abandoned building. Hokkaido's main gateway and Japan third busiest airport after Narita and Haneda. Built in to replace the old Chitose Airport, it still looks very new and modern with a spacious terminal building with loads of shops and restaurants.
A large history-oriented park with museums, historical buildings, culture center, public library, pool, Japanese garden, and souvenir shops. Cherry blossoms also bloom in May. Date is a city of 37,, founded in by a samurai named Date Kunishige and his vassals and citizens who migrated from Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture. A local organization called Date Cosmos 21 collects waste vegetable oil tempura oil, etc. Toyako Onsen is a pleasant hot spring town on the southern shore of Lake Toya in Toyako-cho town. It is the lake's main town and tourist base.
Besides numerous lakeshore hotels with hot spring waters, the town has a nice lakeside promenade, splendid views of the Nakajima islands, outdoor sculptures, lake cruises, swan boats, and free hot spring foot and hand baths. A day trip is also viable to enjoy the healthy spa. The Ekimae Sanbashi Pier, almost front and center along Toyako Onsen's lake shore, has cruise boats leaving for lake cruises to the Nakajima islands every 30 min. The cruise takes 50 min. Otherwise, allow 80 min. I rented a bicycle at Toyako Onsen and rode around Lake Toya counterclockwise which is easier than going clockwise and the lake view is better on the left side of the road.
From the hot spring, I rode through the eastern shore while admiring cherry blossoms blooming in early May and plum blossoms which bloom at the same time as cherries.
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Lake Toya's east area is part of Sobetsu town. Continuing from Lake Toya's east shore, this album completes my counterclockwise cycling trip around the lake as we head north and then to the western shore back to Toyako Onsen. The northern shore has a nature trail, the Toya Mizunoeki tourist rest stop, Ukimido lakeside pagoda, and some beautiful cherry trees along the shore. Showa-Shinzan meters high is a sub-volcano and lava dome of neighboring Mt. Looking like a bald spot, it was created during from what used to be a flat piece of land. In the valley between Showa-Shinzan and Mt.
Usuzan is a tourist village called Kazan-mura with souvenir shops and the Usuzan Ropeway terminal. The ropeway takes you up to Mt. Usu where you can see a great views of Showa-Shinzan and Lake Toya. A hiking trail also goes to another crater on Usuzan. The Nishiyama Craters are a series of craters on the west side of Mt.
Usu, created during the latest eruption in March A walking trail takes you near the rim of a few craters, including wrecked roads and buildings still remaining. Very impressive with steam still being emitted. The trail takes about 40 min. Open from April 20 to Nov. It is a hillside park with numerous ume plum trees and grand views of the lake.
The plum trees bloom during early to mid-May, at the same time as cherry blossoms. With 24 tournament victories, Kitanoumi was one of sumo's greatest Yokozuna grand champion in modern times. Kitanoumi hails from Sobetsu town which is on the lake's eastern shore.
This Yokozuna Kitanoumi museum is dedicated to him with numerous photos, memorabalia, and sculpture of Kitanoumi performing the dohyo-iri. Toyako was selected as the venue for its natural beauty and environment. The Lake Toya area, which includes Toyako and Sobetsu towns, are in a Welcome mode with welcome signs everywhere. A slew of Summit merchandise is also on sale. From to , the Japanese American population in Chicago peaked at about 20, I was staying at a hostel in Chicago.
I had friends there that were there before me, and they said, "Yeah, we have a place for you to stay. It was not the kind of hostel that—there were about four or five residents. So, it was like a house almost. There were no Issei there. It was basically Nisei. It's not the type of hostel you would think of out here on the West Coast where you had maybe six, seven families together constantly moving in and out.
Was it mostly men, or was it a mixed group? Were there men and women staying at this hostel? They were just Japanese Americans. The reason why I say Catholic Youth Organization is that they owned the building, and they wanted to be a part of the resettlement program by helping out. They had the building, and they had space available for maybe half a dozen people plus the housekeeper. So you didn't have to be a Catholic chuckles to go to the CYO. More than eight million veterans took advantage of the so-called "" provision of the GI bill.
So then you took the trip across the country to visit your family, your parents. Where were your parents after the war? They were in L. In fact, back in the same Bunker Hill neighborhood, you might say. Today, it's right next to the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion. Revitalized residential and commercial area of downtown Los Angeles. Bunker Hill was first founded and developed as a prosperous middle class community. By the s and s it became a blighted area of old, run down homes and buildings. The City of Los Angeles revitalized it in the s.
The Dorothy Chandler Pavilion is a 3,seat auditorium that first opened in It is part of three theaters that make up the Los Angeles Music Center complex. I'm curious as to the role the WRA played in the resettlement period, in particular with your family or yourself. Did you have any help from the WRA? So, could you describe a little bit more about—you said that the weather was one reasons why you didn't return to Chicago.
I think anybody who was born and raised in Southern California will always make comparisons about how good the weather was when they were growing up compared to living in the Midwest. I think if a person has a good job in the Midwest, they won't mind the weather. It's part of life that way. But in my case, I didn't have a job. At least in L. But instead of that, I decided to make use of my GI bill.
It promised millions of veterans government aid for higher education and home-buying. Loyola University was established in In , Loyola University relocated to Westchester, and later merged with Marymount College in The reason why I went there was that it was a small school. I had some friends there already. It didn't take me very long to find other friends who lived out my way. So we were able to jump into one car. Four or five of us would commute to school that way. I was a poli. At that time, Loyola was all-men, and it is still where it is today, in Westchester.
I graduated in No problem at all. I would say, there was no more than—maybe the student body was about 2,—between 1, and 2, I would say about —especially those in our liberal arts college class from '46 were basically veterans. The veterans were at least four or five years older than the rest of the student body. So we were looked up [to] like we were seniors by age. I think there were no more than half a dozen Asians on campus.
Three of them happened to be Chinese Americans. The chairman of our political science department happened to be Chinese. So we got along real well. And then, during this period were you active in the Japanese American community? Well, at that time, I was writing a column for the Rafu Shimpo.
Well, it was more or less on the light side. Maybe you might find a point or two some place along the line. Here, I was trying to—not so much amuse—but at least entertain. Write an entertaining type of column. I still use the same name, "Very Truly Yours. At that time I was working for the Sangyo Nippo, which is no longer around. But it was a morning newspaper, as opposed to the Rafu Shimpo being an afternoon newspaper. So Henry's column was called, "Making the Deadline. Tanaka was an associate editor of the Kashu Mainichi, and later translated editorials from Japanese to English for the Rafu Shimpo.
After the war, he worked as a journalist in Chicago, and later settled in Los Angeles as a businessman. So you had associations with the Rafu Shimpo before the war, and then when you returned to Los Angeles, you sort of resumed your relationship? I could have, but I opted to go to college and make use of my GI bill. Akira Komai, son of H. Komai, was president of the Rafu Shimpo from to Can you tell me a little bit about Little Tokyo during this postwar period, and maybe a little bit of contrasting [it] to the prewar period? One of the first impression that I had of Little Tokyo after the war was that most of the Issei who had started businesses were basically Issei from outside of Little Tokyo.
They were either Issei fishermen in San Pedro, who couldn't go back to fishing, so they started stores or restaurants in Little Tokyo. Then, we had of course, the S. Uyeda Ten Cents store. Known as Uyeda's Five and Ten Cents store. The Issei leaders who had stores in Little Tokyo before the war were all picked up and put into enemy alien internment camps. Maybe that experience was too much for them to revive Little Tokyo in the same manner.
Maybe if they were younger, they might have resumed their prewar occupations or stores. Can you tell me a little bit about the relationships between African Americans and Japanese Americans during this time in Little Tokyo? I missed all that. At that time, [the] East First Street area was called Bronzeville, Little Tokyo, emptied by the forcible evacuation of its Japanese American community, served as temporary housing for blacks migrating to the general area.
But that's all from what I've read. I have no personal experiences of what it was like in ' That time can be related to you by those who were here. They can best fill in this part of Little Tokyo history. What drew the Japanese Americans back to Little Tokyo during this postwar period? The other factor would be family. The parents were probably here on the West Coast trying to settle, and perhaps they were asked to come and help. Perhaps being with other Issei friends. I'm sure the Issei still preferred to get along in their own language. Not many were able to speak English, especially in the Midwest where you had to.
And perhaps they felt much more comfortable living on the West Coast, especially in the cities. Perhaps that explains why Little Tokyo was able to get back on its feet. Saburo Kido was a founding member of the Japanese American Citizens League JACL and served as the organization's executive secretary in the s and president in He was a strong advocate for immigration and naturalization rights for Issei.
In , when the JACL Larry Tajiri was an influential Nisei journalist who held many newspaper posts throughout is life, including the Nichibei Shimbun , the Asahi , and the Pacific Citizen When evacuation was taking place, the national JACL headquarters and the PC, which was being edited at the same place, had to relocate. They wound up in Salt Lake City because it was a very friendly area as far as Japanese Americans were concerned. San Francisco was booming [at that time], and so was Los Angeles. But it just so happened that Los Angeles had more possibilities for supporting the newspaper advertising-wise, because there was a greater business community in L.
The JACL regional office was also in the same building. We were more or less together—the regional office and the Pacific Citizen —wherever it moved. Today, the building houses the Japanese American National Museum. Created to enhance relationships between the United States and Japan, the center also encourages preservation and appreciation of the Japanese cultural heritage. Since the s, Monterey Park has become a major Chinese enclave. It has one of the highest concentrations of Asians of any city in the country.
How long have you been associated with the JACL? Was that previous to your job at Pacific Citizen? Then in , I was asked to be chapter president for the downtown Los Angeles chapter and went to Chicago as a delegate. And then in , I was asked to be the editor.
JACL in the mid-'40s was basically busy resettling families. The JACL officials at that time in the mid-'40s were all bilingual. They had to be, because they were dealing with Issei. They were busy resettling, finding jobs, finding houses for some of these families. Issei who were previously ineligible for citizenship could finally become naturalized.
This well-intentioned act attempted to compensate Japanese Americans for material losses incurred as a result of their mass removal and detention during World War II. And of course when evacuation came along, nobody bothered to keep receipts or papers to show ownership, so consequently many claims of losses were not recognized.
Those who lost substantially more were able to sue the government in the Court of Claims, which is a very long process. And still, they were not able to get no more than maybe ten-to-one of what was claimed. How did the JACL help find jobs? Could you talk about this in a little more detail? I think the best source for that type of information is a senior citizen by the name of Tats Kushida When they had problems, they would go to JACL for assistance.
Of course, there were many trailer homes for returning families. Long Beach is the second largest city in Southern California, 19 miles south of downtown Los Angeles. I think JACL also—not so much the regional office—but the chapters initiated athletic programs. They also, of course, a social center. JACL assisted Issei in interpreting, translating problems of that kind.
JACL in those days was very service-oriented, because there were no other organizations outside of the churches. Today, it's just the other way around. We have all types of service organizations, so the JACL has concentrated on human and civil rights. How did the Pacific Citizen play a role in all the activities that you have just talked about?
Well, the paper itself was trying to keep up-to-date with what was happening, not only in JACL, but in the Japanese American community at large. Some of the big stories that occurred—this is before my time—in the late-forties when Japanese American families were coming out to the West Coast and discrimination was still an issue because of the Alien Land Law. Enacted in various western states and prevented Japanese and other Asian immigrants from purchasing agricultural land. California's Alien Land Law, enacted in , it prevented ownership of land by "aliens ineligible for citizenship" and restricted leases to such people to three years.
Tomoya Kawakita was a California-born Nisei who lived in Japan from to While in Japan, he was enrolled at a Japanese university and worked as an interpreter for a company that used the labor of American prisoners of war in its mines and factories. After his return to the United States, he was recognized by a former prisoner of war and reported to the FBI. He was later charged with 15 counts of treason, related to allegations of mistreatment of prisoners of war. On September 2, , Kawakita was found guilty on eight counts of treason and also found that he had not expatriated himself of American citizenship.
Although Kawakita was initially given a death sentence, President Eisenhower commuted the sentence in November 2, , to life imprisonment. President Kennedy later granted him a presidential pardon on the condition that he return to Japan and never seek entry into the United States.
Kawakita spent approximately 16 years at the Alcatraz penitentiary. Tokyo Rose was the name coined by American soldiers to refer to any female radio broadcasters heard on Japanese-controlled radio stations. Iva Ikuko Toguri d'Aquino is the person often associated with this name. A California-born Nisei, she went to Japan in to care for her sick aunt.
Unable to get clearance to return to the United States, she remained in Japan for the duration of the war. In , she was ordered by the Japanese government to broadcast over Radio Tokyo. After the war, she was the only one of the 14 English-speaking radio announcers at Radio Tokyo, arrested and tried for treason. She was fined, sentenced to prison, and lost her citizenship. On January 19, she was pardoned by President Gerald Ford. And we still had problems with Tule Lake The PC, to me, was very instrumental in keeping the community together in that respect.
People out on the East Coast couldn't afford to subscribe to a daily newspaper like the Rafu Shimpo because it was too expensive. So PC had a very definite place as far as Japanese American families were concerned. At that time, families would have to subscribe. Right now, by being a member [of JACL], you would get the paper. But in those days, even a member has to shell out a little extra. Immediately after the war, families were occupied with rebuilding their lives, and the Japanese American community remained somewhat disenfranchised.
At what point would you say was the turning point for the Japanese American community in re-establishing itself? Well, just that when they first resettled, it was more the terms of each family's survival, and at what point did the Japanese American community come together and really form a community, or do you think that was happening all along?
I think the camp experience welded the community a lot closer than people think, because here they were a whole camp full of a same kind, you might say. Being cooped up together for three, four years, they form very fast and solid friendships. Some of them who had farms in Central Valley or Imperial Valley didn't want to go back, because they knew there was nothing for them.
So they would move to L. So you could say the community, as you see it today, really was there all along. It's just that they were dislocated because of the war. Now it's being spread out a lot more. Somehow maybe the REgeneration[s] project will pinpoint where we start to fall apart. I'd like to talk a little bit about family life after the war. What notable changes in the family structure were evident in you or your family in the postwar era?
Well, in my case, my youngest sister had already been married during the war years in Chicago, and she stayed in Chicago. So in Los Angeles it was just my sister, Fusako, my parents, and I. And of course, our family was small in terms of numbers. We only had one set of cousins, unlike others that had four, five cousins, families.
So our family was fairly tight from the standpoint of being knit. The Issei were able to stay together because of kinship by prefecture, kenjinkai.
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Important Japanese American social organizations made up of people who originate from the same prefectures in Japan. I think the postwar picnics were a great gathering place for the Nisei. Aside from the races, and the games, and the entertainment, it was a chance to get together. Some hadn't seen each other since camp, maybe. In my case, some of the guys that I had met in the army were at picnics—not knowing that their folks and my folks were from the same prefecture.
And eventually, the Nisei leaders were able to carry on the picnics. The Issei leaders were getting old. Somewhere in the late-'60s and maybe in the early-'70s, it was getting to be a big job, so they dropped the picnics all together which is too bad. But I think those picnics are now being duplicated, you might say, by clan picnics. My wife happened to have six brothers and sisters married. So chuckles , their kids, our kids, and grandkids get together, you have a picnic all in itself, where it's a chuckles family picnic [with] the same proportion from the standpoint of numbers.
You have maybe 70 or 80 people together. Established in April , Elysian Park is a downtown recreation area. During the s and '50s, many Nisei were getting married and starting their own families. Does that include yourself? I'm a late-bloomer, you might say. A lot of Nisei—I wouldn't say a lot, but many Nisei couples were married in camp.
They didn't want to be separated, so they got married in camp or before evacuation perhaps. And I'm sure they must have struggled, huh? Getting back to your role as editor at the Pacific Citizen, could I have you describe a little bit more about your position as editor once the offices moved in '52 to Los Angeles? Well, a lot of that is written up in that story that I just gave you. But in a nutshell, when I took over the paper in '52, [it was] just myself as a writer. Then I had a young lady [employed] to take care of the business side—circulation, ads—and then, we [also] had a typesetter.
The typesetter and myself were able to put the paper together. And then, it was sent to the printer. And when it came back [from the printer], we had a part-timer address the papers and who would bundle them off to the post office. The business manager at that time also happened to be the JACL regional director who did double-duty.
We had a pro bono accountant take care of the books. So it was a very humble beginning. It was more fun, than hard work as far as I was concerned. Otherwise, I wouldn't be in this business to this day. What it was—there were long hours involved, and I banked on people making contributions and sending us stories. We had columnists, of course. And Bill Hosokawa In , he worked with the Des Moines Register, and moved to the Denver Post in and eventually became the Post's editorial page editor.
Masaoka played a decisive role in shaping the history of the Japanese American community during World War II, and the resettlement years. He was one of the prime supporters for Nisei participation in the armed forces, and viewed military service as the best way to demonstrate the loyalty of Japanese Americans. But I think the best role for the paper was during the war years when it started to publish the casualty list of those who were killed in action, who were wounded in the war. Their names and the next of kin would be on the front page of the paper.
It was a very anticipated list of names that people wanted to see in late-' But in my case, those days were over, so it was more or less routine to keep up with what was happening around the country. I was able to develop contributors from different parts of the country who served as a columnist from Seattle, someone from San Francisco, someone from Chicago.
Bill Hosokawa was in Denver. So we had kind of a glimpse of what was happening around the country. We even had a columnist from the Rafu Shimpo to write on what was happening in the L. And also, did the Pacific Citizen document any of the activities? Discrimination was still very much a concern for JACL, as well as the community at large.
PC had a column called "Minority Week" in which we reported in not more than maybe 50 words, different events that were happening in the minority field, especially with the blacks, just to make the Japanese American community conscious of what a minority problem was like. Of course from that, JACL was able to focus on civil rights.
I've read that the Pacific Citizen is now mostly Sansei-run. And how did that transition come about from the Nisei to the Sansei? Well, it' s a matter of age, you might say. Some of our writers have just begged off or resigned. Bill Hosokawa who is now in his mid-eighties is still writing for us. But I think the trend today is that those who are active in the writing field are basically very young Nisei in their sixties or Sansei who are pushing But there's no definitive line—you might say—when the change took place.
So it was very gradual. We've had youth writers. This is now 30 years, so they must be pushing 50 [years old] today. At least the paper tried to be a place where comments, contributions from all walks of life would find a place. Well, I'll always believe that as long as there are problems affecting Asian Americans and Japanese Americans in particular, there will be a need for JACL or an organization like it. And for an organization to be effective, it needs a public media, a public voice, a public way of disseminating information.
And Pacific Citizen is able to fulfill that role. As long as it's a newspaper trying to show a balanced picture of what's happening, the paper will survive. I mean, there is a role to fill. And the fact that PC goes across the country is a plus. I tell everybody I shook hands with Alberto Fujimori Fujimori is the current president of Peru.
Elected on July 28, , Fujimori is the first person of Japanese ancestry to be elected head of state of a Latin American country. I met the priest in Mexico City 10 years earlier, a gentleman speaking fluent Japanese. Of course, he spoke English, so I was able to get along real well with him. And we corresponded and kept it up, for he was the one that told me that Professor Fujimori was going to run for presidency.
I reported that in the PC, saying that the Peruvian-born Nisei was a candidate for the presidency in Peru. I think we were perhaps the first U. It was like a national agricultural university. So when the news broke out in the major press, the U. State Department had to scramble to find out who the young man was that's going to campaign to be president of Peru. They had no idea that there would be a minority person in Peru running for the presidency. To me, that's the most outstanding chuckles event.
I can't think of anything else. Not many people can say, "I shook hands with Fujimori. Just wrapping up the interview, is there anything else that you'd like to add that we left out? Well, I hope your REgenerations project is a success, and I'm sure it will be. However if it's going to be distributed, disseminated, when it's done, we're here to help get the word out. You can count on that. Present in the room besides the narrator and the interviewer, is Sojin Kim, who will be videotaping this particular interview. In your last interview there wasn't as much information on your parents.
Can you tell me about your parents? You mentioned that you attended Fukuoka kenjinkai picnics. What part of Fukuoka were your parents from? First of all, both of my parents were from Fukuoka- ken, [which is in the] western part of Japan. My father was in the next mura, 1. Well, the family history shows that my dad came in the lates to San Francisco, and he spent one or two years up in Alaska in a cannery.
And my mother came in It so happened that my dad was fortunate enough to have enough funds to go back to Japan to get married, and they came back together. I take it back. They did not come back together. My mother had some eye problems so she was detained at Yokohoma until the eye condition was cleared up. She came the following year in late And yes and by that time, they were all in Los Angeles, and that's where I was born. Very quiet, hard working gentleman. I think he was the third son in the family. He had an older brother who was a very successful nurseryman in Los Angeles.
My mother was the youngest of them. I think there are four or five. I don't remember now, but four or five children in that family. She was the youngest. That's about all I can say. The thing about recalling family history is that I didn't have the opportunity to really get to know that. Because one of the best ways to get know family was during the camp years when the kids were able to talk to their parents day in and day out. And that's how children were able to understand what it was like when their parents were growing up. In my case, I was already in the service, so I missed all of that.
You have mentioned before that you had sisters. How many sisters did you have and did you have any brothers? Kayoko, the youngest one, passed away 25 years ago in Chicago, and the other sister, Fusako, resides in L. So there were just three of us kids in the family. Did your parents first settle in the Temple and Figueroa area of Los Angeles, or elsewhere? When they came to Los Angeles, it was basically in the same area where we were before— in the Temple Street area. And what was that area like? You mentioned in the previous interview that it was ethnically diverse.
It was a very, very mixed neighborhood in the s. There were Japanese families, Korean families, Chinese families, and a number of Jewish families. The area, at one time, was solid Jewish, a solid Jewish community with three synagogues within a four-block square. So you can see how thoroughly Jewish it was until the s when they started to move to Brooklyn Avenue 2. Towards the s, Temple and Figueroa at that time had several restaurants, barbershops, and bars that also catered to the Filipino community.
Some were calling it Little Manila. During the s, Filipinos established a presence in Los Angeles. With the passage of the Immigration Act of , which effectively ended Japanese immigration to the United States, Filipinos were able to fill a void in the agricultural labor force.
Filipinos were neither citizens nor aliens, but they were able to legally enter the country. Most came to work temporarily in agricultural or canning jobs, and eventually return to the Philippines. So, because it was called Little Manila— then ethnic group-wise— it was more numerously Filipino then? Yeah, I should also mention there are a number of Mexican families as well.
So, we had a very— well I should say, a friendly neighborhood with all the different people. Predominantly what were families doing occupation-wise in that area— looking at the different groups? My dad was a shoe repairman. Let's see what else did they have? One Chinese family sold herbs. I think a lot of the women were working in garment factories at that time. Some were running a hotel or an apartment. So it was kind of a small, real small community with a little bit of everything.
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We also had a number of Caucasians and one— now that I think back happened to be— [he had] come from Scotland, and he was a milkman. Of course, milk people, [those] who delivered milk were all through by noontime. So he would be home around noon and he would drag out and play his bagpipe to keep in practice. To this day, I remember playing with Bruce Kaji, 4. He played a crucial role in allowing the Fifth Army to attack Anzio and then Rome, which fell on June 5, Anna May Wong was a popular Chinese American actress during the s. Well, she was a silent movie star [many years ago], so we're talking about— what 60, 70 years ago.
So you'll permit me that, then? I'm interested in your impressions of Chicago during the postwar period. I wanted to find out, first off, when did your sister leave Rohwer, Arkansas to go to Chicago? This is your youngest sister?