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Notes Includes bibliographical references and index. HathiTrust Digital Library, Jerry Middleton , Sports fan violence in North America. Digital Library Federation, December View online Borrow Buy Freely available Google at http: Related resource Table of contents only at http: Click link to access at http: Other links OverDrive at https: Set up My libraries How do I set up "My libraries"?
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Similar actions have also happened in ice hockey and Australian Football League matches. High school, college, and even professional sports teams often include initiation ceremonies known as hazing in the USA as a rite of passage. Violence may also be related to nationalism or as an outlet for underlying social tensions. It is often alcohol -related. Violence by supporters of sports teams dates back to Roman times, when supporters of chariot racing teams were frequently involved in major riots.
The Nika riots of were especially deadly, with tens of thousands reportedly killed. In periods when theatre was considered a form of mass entertainment, there were phenomena of rival fans supporting rival actors or theatrical teams, occasionally leading to violent outbursts having many similarities to present-day violence of sports fans — the Astor Place Riot in New York City being a conspicuous example. The actions of English football hooligans and firms in the s caused English teams to be banned from European competition for six years after the Heysel Stadium disaster in Although the level of football-related violence was significantly reduced in England after this event, in the recent Euro tournament, England were publicly warned that any violence by supporters at matches could result in their ejection from the tournament.
Many known hooligans were prevented from traveling to the tournament in Portugal.
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Violence has been a part of ice hockey since at least the early s. According to the book Hockey: A People's History , in alone, four players were killed during hockey games from the frequent brawls and violent stickwork. Unique to North American professional team sports, the National Hockey League NHL and most minor professional leagues in North America do not eject players outright for fighting [46] but major European and collegiate hockey leagues do.
The debate over allowing fighting in ice hockey games is ongoing. Despite its potentially negative consequences, such as heavier enforcers or "heavyweights" knocking each other out, some administrators are not considering eliminating fighting from the game, as some players consider it essential.
Sports Fan Violence in North America
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Sports riot and List of violent spectator incidents in sports. Violence in ice hockey. Fighting in ice hockey. Society, Culture, Leisure and Play.
University Press of America. Retrieved October 8, Retrieved July 20, Archived from the original on February 26, Retrieved July 23, Retrieved September 7, Baseball Hall of Shame. Retrieved October 13, Retrieved May 13, Retrieved November 29, The Sydney Morning Herald.
Archived from the original on June 29, Retrieved June 6, Archived from the original on October 3, Retrieved June 27, Alkmaar to start from scratch". Retrieved December 29,