Indianas Catholic Religious Communities (Images of America)

Comparing Catholic and Protestant missionaries in North America can be a herculean task. It means comparing many religious groups, at least five governments, and hundreds of groups of Indians. But missions to the Indians played important roles in social, cultural, and political changes for Indians, Europeans, and Americans from the very beginning of contact in the s to the present.

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By comparing Catholic and Protestant missions to the Indians, this article provides a better understanding of the relationship between these movements and their functions in the history of borders and frontiers, including how the missions changed both European and Indian cultures. The Catholics, both Spanish and French, arrived in the Americas first. These types of overt religious and divine interpretations scared historians away from studying missions. After five hundred years of occupation, the Spanish managed to push the Muslims out of southern France and Spain, which they took as a victory for Christianity and an expression of their muscular Catholicism, referring to their use of military force to expand Christianity.

Within months of this victory, Columbus arrived in Spain, touting the riches he had discovered in Asia the Americas in reality , including the unconverted natives. To many Spaniards it appeared that in exchange for protecting Catholicism and Christianity from the Muslims, God had granted Spain thousands of infidels to convert or tame through enslavement. Priests followed quickly on the heels of explorers, arriving in New Spain in By , the Spanish government required that two priests accompany every expedition.

The situation changed in with the Royal Orders of New Discovery. This order established that conversion and pacification came first. From this point onward, Franciscans spread quickly: Florida in and New Mexico in , among other places. It took longer to expand into California, up the Pacific Coast, and into Texas. Early Spaniards saw similarities between Spanish Catholic culture and the Indian cultures they encountered and presumed that the Indians had been exposed to Christianity in their past.

Everything from motifs of crosses on Pueblo kivas to burial practices seemed to point to the Indians as being lapsed Christians. Early European commentators, such as the Portuguese rabbi Menasseh ben Israel, latched on to these similarities and proposed that the Indians might be one of the lost tribes of Israel. These beliefs created the concept of the noble and rational savage and shaped how the Spanish approached the development of their missions.

Mission life revolved around and resembled rural European Christianity as much as possible, creating communities of Indians who ate, slept, and worked under the aegis of Christianity. Most missions had compulsory attendance at matins and masses, required all able bodies to work within the mission, and set up systems of governance using the patriarchal family as a model.

Every day, Indians went to matins, worked in the fields, went back to church, worked in the fields, and then went home to a system where fathers and men ruled and met as councils, mimicking European societies more than biblical ones. Much of this conflicted with traditional southwestern and Mexican Indian patterns of governance. Early Spanish missionaries resisted any form of syncretism, the melding of religious beliefs, leading to conflict between the missionaries and the Indians whom they served.

Sometimes these conflicts erupted violently, as at Acoma Pueblo, where the local Pueblans threw the priests to their deaths. Such resistance and conflicts led the Spanish to eventually adjust their mission plans, if ever so subtly. On the surface, missionaries still encouraged Indians to assimilate to Spanish Catholic mores and ways of living. In reality, they tried to incorporate some native ideas and beliefs into Catholicism. Focusing on the Virgin Mary to appeal to matrilineal cultures, allowing Indians to decorate church structures, adopting kivas as churches, all these means represented a small attempt to let Indians help define their beliefs and demonstrated a change in missionary attitudes toward their native charges.

The Spanish mission system functioned in myriad ways beyond simply converting the Indians. Yet the mission system provided an opportunity to learn the language of these occupiers and their systems of government and military. In , the Apaches tried to use a promise to join the missions to secure an alliance from the Spanish against the Comanche, demonstrating an understanding of the importance of the missions to the Spanish.

More Indians moved into missions when famine, increased warfare, or other stresses made life outside the missions difficult. When those stresses disappeared, Indians moved back out of the missions, bearing with them communications and information about the Spanish that they shared with their specific tribe and allies. For the Spanish, missions served military and colonial purposes; they helped to settle and stabilize the frontier.

The government supplied money, tools, and the military to help protect the missions. In return, the missions stabilized the frontier and produced translators, food, and trade for the military and the colonists, especially in northern New Spain, where other empires, like the French, tended to prowl.

This dual role created more tensions within the empire between Indians, mestizos, and Spaniards. While serving as one arm of the triumvirate that ruled the empire, the Catholic Church did sometimes override Spanish government rules and regulations, most evident in New Mexico between and This relationship also created a unique tension: Who held the best interests of the Indians in their hands?

The government argued that the king as a divine right ruler protected the poor indios. The Catholic Church made the same argument, claiming that the pope truly had the souls of the Indians in his hands. Contact with the Indians changed the Spanish and their missionaries. Policy makers incorporated the Indians into the Spanish system bureaucratically after the Pueblo Revolt, and missionaries began to make distinctions between those Indians who might be saved and civilized and those who could not.

Where the Spanish Empire integrated missionaries and the Catholic Church into their government, the French Catholic missionaries roamed on the edge of the French colonial empire. The state allowed them in but did not provide funding, tools, or military intervention. Under strict instructions to neither disrupt trade nor annoy the Indians, missionary groups in the first hundred years of the French colonial empire moved in and out of New France as the government recalled them. French Catholic missionaries operated differently from Spanish ones. French Catholic missionaries arrived, begged transportation and support from the Indians, and then often disappeared into the wilderness, individually.

This method required the missionaries to live like the Indians while convincing them of the efficacy of Christianity. The immersion may account for their ability to repackage Catholicism in ways that made it more attractive to the Indians. By working with one group at a time, French Catholic missions created fewer cross-tribal alliances and less contact.

French missionaries did not provide a stabilizing force on the frontier, but they did promote cultural understanding as they learned native languages and the Indians learned French. Once in the villages, the French returned to the pattern set by the Spanish missionaries: Like the Spanish, they built their religious systems around the idea that conversion required submersion in the French Catholic lifestyle, using syncretism to play up similarities between native religions and Christianity, like emphasizing the importance of the Virgin Mary to entice matrilineal societies and striving to insert themselves into the role of shaman in the villages.

Missionaries in New France latched on to native Catholic converts, like the Mohawk girl Kateri Tekawitha, who might attract other Indians. Indians represented a challenge for both Spanish and French Catholics. In Spain, the Indians became a subject of intellectual and theological debate: Did they have souls?

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Owing to longer immersion in Indian cultural systems and contact than later Protestants, Catholic missionaries often developed a slightly better understanding of the differences between various groups of Indians. The Jesuits in New France slowly gained an understanding of the political and economic tensions that existed between the Iroquois and the Huron, subtly changing their views of the Indians and the complexity of their societies. Yet their fallback position remained conversion.

If only these people would convert, then these hostilities would fall by the wayside. Additionally, as some Indian groups produced converts and others did not, some Catholic missionaries became apologists for their particular Indian group. Missionaries downplayed savage behavior if the group managed to have some converts. Groups who rejected Christianity or were slow to convert found themselves portrayed as more violent with less rationale than those that at least attempted conversion.

On both the Spanish and French frontiers, the methods employed by the missionaries evolved as the missionaries changed their views and understanding of specific Indian groups. As the Spanish and Catholic missionaries expanded their missions throughout the s, Protestant groups began to arrive on the East Coast of North America. The Puritans of New England and some settlers in Virginia became the first Protestant groups to engage in mission work in the early s. Conversion of the Indians served a different purpose for these missionaries.

In Virginia, mission work mitigated corporate guilt. Eventually, missionaries in New England and Virginia hoped that Indians would either assimilate, through praying villages, or move out of the way of English settlements.

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Puritan missions created a system not unlike the Spanish Catholic mission system. They learned English, engaged in regular church attendance, lived in Puritan-like houses, farmed, and so on, essentially recreating the pastoral aspects of England. Coming from societies that relied on various generations to carry on traditions as well as the economic and political life of the community, survivors, many of whom were young adults, found themselves afloat in a new world and in search of family. The praying villages functioned as de facto families and communities.

While they received some support from the colonies, the praying villages remained independent from the colonial government, relying on charity to survive. Protestant missionaries used praying villages to teach and preach Protestant-defined self-sufficiency. From the Puritan era onward, Protestant missionaries believed stoutly that Indians should learn to be yeoman farmers. They needed to learn to farm and produce so that they could help pay for their own conversion. Catholics required Indians to work for the upkeep of the mission, but little evidence suggests that Catholics expected converts to pay for the conversion of others as well.

Catholics assumed that the missions might remain in place for years. Beginning with the Puritans, Protestants expected a speedy conversion that would lead to immediate assimilation. They expected tithing on par with white congregations to help pay for the next round of conversion. To the missionaries, with the emphasis on settlement and farming, praying villages represented a way station on the journey to being full-fledged, tithing Protestants.

Praying villages often became something altogether different for the Indians. By tossing together people from different tribes and nations within the Northeast and providing them with a common language, English, praying villages became a center for the development of early ideas of what became pan-Indianism and expressions of frustration with the English status quo. Indians in praying villages, like those exposed to Spanish Catholic missions, learned the language and the governing tactics of the conqueror and tried to apply it.

Additionally, the praying villages helped create bicultural Indians who could act as intermediaries between the colonial powers and the various Indian groups. Praying villages also sped up the reduction of the Indian population. Attacks on praying villages became another form of suffering. Praying villages became targets for whites bent on revenge against Indians. Often white settlers attacked praying villages in retaliation for Indian attacks from other groups.

Every time a praying village came under attack, it weakened the lure of Christianity to Indians. Catholic missionaries accepted more deathbed conversions than Protestants. Protestant missionaries saw deathbed conversions as the act of a desperate soul and rejected them. Virginia approached the conversion of the Indians in a different manner.

They also thought conversion to Christianity would lead to less conflict and would co-opt the Indians. Initially, they began by asking Indian families to send boys to the colony, thereby exposing them to Christianity and civilization. When few volunteered their children for this program, the colony shifted tactics, offering land, homes, and cattle to Indian families who chose to live in the colony.

Unlike praying villages, the Indians lived surrounded by white colonists, exposing their families to the market economy. This program also received little interest from the Indians. Virginia then chose to offer an education through their established colleges, a privately funded initiative. Though those who took advantage of the offered education developed peaceful relations with the colonists, they also returned to their home tribes and to their own religious practices.

Both the New England and Virginia models laid the basis for the rise of Protestant missionary societies in the 19th century. The Puritan and Virginia missions to the Indians faded away as colonial violence and conflict with England increased. By the early 19th century, Protestant groups made new efforts to start up a mission system of their own to rival both the Spanish and French Catholic missions.

Though both the French and the Spanish empires shrank during this period, their missions remained stable, with some new ones planted on the West Coast. Catholic missions remained viable and important throughout the 19th century, as they sought to influence government policies toward the Indians. Historic American Buildings Survey. Between and the late s, several Protestant mission groups formed in England, Canada, and the United States with the sole purpose of creating a worldwide system of missions that would quickly and efficiently convert the heathen populations.

To succeed, they needed organization and plans that would work for all cultures. Earlyth-century Protestant missionaries believed that heathen lifestyles shared similarities. Following in the footsteps of early racial theorists, early missionaries believed that climate, environment, and other factors shaped culture, race, and beliefs. They turned these ideas into a plan for mission work, which would quickly engulf the world with Christianity. To their great credit, over the course of the 19th century, they slowly changed their plans as their understanding of culture, race, and belief became better informed, transformed by their frustration with the slow pace of conversion.

The majority of Protestant missionary societies in England, Canada, and the United States followed a simple plan for conversion of the heathen.

Indiana's Catholic Religious Communities

They would send sponsored missionaries into a region. The missionary would then begin to learn the local language, translate the Bible, and begin acting as an example of Christian life. Lake effect snow accounts for roughly half of the snowfall in northwest and north central Indiana due to the effects of the moisture and relative warmth of Lake Michigan upwind.

In a report, Indiana was ranked eighth in a list of the top 20 tornado-prone states based on National Weather Service data from through Indiana is one of thirteen U. Indiana's time zones have fluctuated over the past century. At present most of the state observes Eastern Time ; six counties near Chicago and six near Evansville observe Central Time.

Debate continues on the matter. Before , most of Indiana did not observe daylight saving time DST. Since April the entire state observes DST. Indiana is divided into 92 counties. As of [update] , the state includes 16 metropolitan and 25 micropolitan statistical areas , incorporated cities, towns, and several other smaller divisions and statistical areas. Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana and its largest city. The state's population density was Hispanic or Latino of any race made up 6.

German is the largest ancestry reported in Indiana, with Persons citing American Hamilton , Hendricks , Johnson , and Hancock. The other county is Dearborn County , which is near Cincinnati , Ohio. Hamilton County has also been the fastest-growing county in the area consisting of Indiana and its bordering states of Illinois , Michigan , Ohio and Kentucky , and is the 20th fastest-growing county in the country. With a population of ,, Indianapolis is the largest city in Indiana and 12th largest in the United States, according to the Census. Three other cities in Indiana have a population greater than , Fort Wayne , , Evansville , and South Bend , Indianapolis has largest population of the state's metropolitan areas and 33rd largest in the country.

Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number. Based on population estimates for , 6. Census demographic data for Indiana, the median age is As of the U. Indiana is home to the Benedictine St. Two conservative denominations, the Free Methodist Church and the Wesleyan Church , have their headquarters in Indianapolis as does the Christian Church. Spanish is the second-most-spoken language in Indiana, after English.

Indiana has a constitutional democratic republican form of government with three branches: The Governor of Indiana serves as the chief executive of the state and has the authority to manage the government as established in the Constitution of Indiana. The governor and the lieutenant governor are jointly elected to four-year terms, with gubernatorial elections running concurrent with United States presidential elections , , , , etc.

Special sessions of the General Assembly can be called upon by the governor as well as have the power to select and remove leaders of nearly all state departments, boards and commissions. Other notable powers include calling out the Indiana Guard Reserve or the Indiana National Guard in times of emergency or disaster, issuing pardons or commuting the sentence of any criminal offenders except in cases of treason or impeachment and possessing an abundant amount of statutory authority.

The lieutenant governor can only vote to break ties. If the governor dies in office, becomes permanently incapacitated, resigns or is impeached, the lieutenant governor becomes governor. If both the governor and lieutenant governor positions are unoccupied, the Senate President pro tempore becomes governor.

The Senate is the upper house of the General Assembly and the House of Representatives is the lower house. Both the Senate and House of Representatives can introduce legislation, with the exception that the Senate is not authorized to initiate legislation that will affect revenue. Bills are debated and passed separately in each house, but must be passed by both houses before they can be submitted to the Governor. The General Assembly has no authority to create legislation that targets only a particular community.

It also can oversee the activities of the executive branch of the state government, has restricted power to regulate the county governments within the state, and has exclusive power to initiate the method to alter the Indiana Constitution. The governor selects judges for the supreme and appeal courts from a group of applicants chosen by a special commission. After serving for two years, the judges must acquire the support of the electorate to serve for a year term. Local circuit courts are where the majority of cases begin with a trial and the consequence decided by the jury. The Supreme Court does have original and sole jurisdiction in certain specific areas including the practice of law, discipline or disbarment of Judges appointed to the lower state courts, and supervision over the exercise of jurisdiction by the other lower courts of the State.

The remaining two counties, Dearborn and Ohio, are combined into one circuit. Many counties operate superior courts in addition to the circuit court. In densely populated counties where the caseload is traditionally greater, separate courts have been established to solely hear either juvenile, criminal, probate or small claims cases. The establishment, frequency and jurisdiction of these additional courts varies greatly from county to county.

There are 85 city and town courts in Indiana municipalities, created by local ordinance, typically handling minor offenses and not considered courts of record. County officials that are elected to four-year terms include an auditor, recorder, treasurer, sheriff, coroner and clerk of the circuit court.

All incorporated cities in Indiana have a mayor and council form of municipal government. Towns are governed by a town council and townships are governed by a township trustee and advisory board. Among individual categories, Indiana ranked above average in budget transparency 1 , government digitization 6 , and fiscal stability 8 , and ranked average in state integrity From to , a resident of Indiana was included in all but one presidential election. Hendricks was elected Vice President of the United States. He served until his death on November 25, , under President Grover Cleveland.

He remains the only U. Indiana Senator Charles W. Indiana has long been considered to be a Republican stronghold, [] [] particularly in Presidential races. Indiana was one of only ten states to support Republican Wendell Willkie in Bush won the state by a wide margin while the election was much closer overall. The state has only supported a Democrat for president five times since Roosevelt won the state again in Johnson over Republican Barry Goldwater.

While only five Democratic presidential nominees have carried Indiana since , 11 Democrats were elected governor during that time. Indiana elects two senators and nine representatives to Congress. Historically, Republicans have been strongest in the eastern and central portions of the state, while Democrats have been strongest in the northwestern part of the state.

Occasionally, certain counties in the southern part of the state will vote Democratic. Marion County, Indiana's most populous county, supported the Republican candidates from to , before backing the Democrats in the , , , and elections. Indiana's second most populous county, Lake County, strongly supports the Democratic party and has not voted for a Republican since Five Indiana cities were mentioned in the study. On the liberal side, Gary was ranked second and South Bend came in at Among conservative cities, Fort Wayne was 44th, Evansville was 60th and Indianapolis was 82nd on the list.

Indiana is home to several current and former military installations. The largest of these is the Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division , located approximately 25 miles southwest of Bloomington , which is the third largest naval installation in the world, comprising approximately square miles of territory.

The Army's Newport Chemical Depot , which is now closed and turning into a coal purifier plant. Indiana was formerly home to two major military installations; Grissom Air Force Base near Peru realigned to an Air Force Reserve installation in and Fort Benjamin Harrison near Indianapolis, now closed, though the Department of Defense continues to operate a large finance center there Defense Finance and Accounting Service. Indiana has an extensive history with auto racing. The name of the race is usually shortened to "Indy " and also goes by the nickname "The Greatest Spectacle in Racing.

Indiana is also host to a major unlimited hydroplane racing power boat race circuits in the major H1 Unlimited league, the Madison Regatta Madison, Indiana. Muncie has produced the most per capita of any American city, with two other Indiana cities in the top ten. Although James Naismith developed basketball in Springfield , Massachusetts in , Indiana is where high school basketball was born. In , Naismith visited an Indiana basketball state finals game along with 15, screaming fans and later wrote "Basketball really had its origin in Indiana, which remains the center of the sport.

Indianapolis is home to the Indianapolis Colts. The Colts have roots back to as the Dayton Triangles. They became an official team after moving to Baltimore , MD , in In , the Colts relocated to Indianapolis, leading to an eventual rivalry with the Baltimore Ravens. While in Baltimore, the Colts won the Super Bowl. In recent years the Colts have regularly competed in the NFL playoffs. The following table shows the professional sports teams in Indiana. Teams in italic are in major professional leagues. The Purdue Boilermakers were selected as the national champions in before the creation of the tournament, and have won 23 Big Ten championships.

The Boilermakers along with the Notre Dame Fighting Irish have both won a national championship in women's basketball. In , Indiana had a civilian labor force of nearly 3. Indiana has an unemployment rate of 3. Despite its reliance on manufacturing, Indiana has been less affected by declines in traditional Rust Belt manufactures than many of its neighbors. The explanation appears to be certain factors in the labor market. First, much of the heavy manufacturing, such as industrial machinery and steel, requires highly skilled labor, and firms are often willing to locate where hard-to-train skills already exist.

Second, Indiana's labor force is located primarily in medium-sized and smaller cities rather than in very large and expensive metropolises. This makes it possible for firms to offer somewhat lower wages for these skills than would normally be paid.

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Firms often see in Indiana a chance to obtain higher than average skills at lower than average wages. Northwest Indiana has been the largest steel producing center in the U. Indiana is home to the international headquarters and research facilities of pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly in Indianapolis, the state's largest corporation, as well as the world headquarters of Mead Johnson Nutritionals in Evansville.

Indiana is located within the U. Corn Belt and Grain Belt. The state has a feedlot-style system raising corn to fatten hogs and cattle. Along with corn, soybeans are also a major cash crop. Its proximity to large urban centers, such as Indianapolis and Chicago, assure that dairying, egg production, and specialty horticulture occur.

Other crops include melons, tomatoes, grapes, mint, popping corn, and tobacco in the southern counties. Many parcels of woodland remain and support a furniture-making sector in the southern portion of the state. In Indiana was ranked first in the Midwest and sixth in the country for best places to do business according to CEO magazine. Indiana does not have a legal requirement to balance the state budget either in law or its constitution.

Instead, it has a constitutional ban on assuming debt. The state has a Rainy Day Fund and for healthy reserves proportional to spending. Indiana is one of six US states to not allow a line-item veto. Indiana has a flat state income tax rate of 3. Many of the state's counties also collect income tax. Property taxes are imposed on both real and personal property in Indiana and are administered by the Department of Local Government Finance.

Property is subject to taxation by a variety of taxing units schools, counties, townships, municipalities, and libraries , making the total tax rate the sum of the tax rates imposed by all taxing units in which a property is located. In Fiscal year , Indiana reported one of the largest surpluses among U.

Indiana's power production chiefly consists of the consumption of fossil fuels, mainly coal. Indiana is also home to the coal-fired plant with the highest sulfur dioxide emissions in the United States, the Gallagher power plant just west of New Albany. The state has an estimated coal reserves of 57 billion tons; state mining operations produces 35 million tons of coal annually. While Indiana has made commitments to increasing use of renewable resources such as wind, hydroelectric, biomass, or solar power, however, progress has been very slow, mainly because of the continued abundance of coal in Southern Indiana.

Most of the new plants in the state have been coal gasification plants. Another source is hydroelectric power. Wind power is now being developed. New estimates in raised the wind capacity for Indiana from 30 MW at 50 m turbine height to 40, MW at 70 m, and to , MW at m, in , the height of newer turbines. Indianapolis International Airport serves the greater Indianapolis area and has finished constructing a new passenger terminal.

The new airport opened in November and offers a new midfield passenger terminal, concourses, air traffic control tower, parking garage, and airfield and apron improvements. The Terre Haute Regional Airport has no airlines operating out of the facility but is used for private flying. However, the Base Realignment and Closure BRAC Proposal of stated that the st would lose its fighter mission and F aircraft, leaving the Terre Haute facility as a general-aviation only facility.

The various highways intersecting in and around Indianapolis , along with its historical status as a major railroad hub, and the canals that once crossed Indiana, are the source of the state's motto, the Crossroads of America. There are also many U. These are numbered according to the same convention as U.

Indiana allows highways of different classifications to have the same number. For example, I and Indiana State Road 64 both exist rather close to each other in Indiana, but are two distinct roads with no relation to one another. The project was divided into six sections, with the first four sections linking Evansville to Bloomington now complete. The fifth section between Bloomington and Martinsville is currently under construction, while the sixth and final phase to Indianapolis is in planning.

Most Indiana counties use a grid-based system to identify county roads; this system replaced the older arbitrary system of road numbers and names, and among other things makes it much easier to identify the sources of calls placed to the system. Such systems are easier to implement in the glacially flattened northern and central portions of the state.

Rural counties in the southern third of the state are less likely to have grids and more likely to rely on unsystematic road names e. There are also counties in the northern portions of the state that have never implemented a grid, or have only partially implemented one. Some counties are also laid out in an almost diamond-like grid system e.

Such a system is also almost useless in those situations as well. Knox County once operated two different grid systems for county roads because the county was laid out using two different survey grids, but has since decided to use road names and combine roads instead. Notably, the county road grid system of St. Joseph County, whose major city is South Bend, uses perennial tree names i. Ash, Hickory, Ironwood, etc.

There are exceptions to this rule in downtown South Bend and Mishawaka. Hamilton county just continues the numbered street system from Downtown Indianapolis from 96th Street at the Marion County line to th street at the Tipton County line. Indiana has more than 4, railroad route miles, of which 91 percent are operated by Class I railroads, principally CSX Transportation and the Norfolk Southern Railway. The remaining miles are operated by 37 regional, local, and switching and terminal railroads. The South Shore Line is one of the country's most notable commuter rail systems, extending from Chicago to South Bend.

Indiana is currently implementing an extensive rail plan that was prepared in by the Parsons Corporation. Indiana annually ships over 70 million tons of cargo by water each year, which ranks 14th among all U. In Evansville , three public and several private port facilities receive year-round service from five major barge lines operating on the Ohio River. Evansville has been a U. Customs Port of Entry for more than years. Because of this, it is possible to have international cargo shipped to Evansville in bond.

The international cargo can then clear Customs in Evansville rather than a coastal port. Indiana's constitution was the first in the country to implement a state-funded public school system. It also allotted one township for a public university. In the s, Caleb Mills pressed the need for tax-supported schools, and in his advice was included in the new state constitution.

Although the growth of the public school system was held up by legal entanglements, many public elementary schools were in use by Indiana's Catholic Religious Communities provides over rare vintage photographic memories, most printed for the first time. These images capture the heart and soul of outreach and humanity that define these historical-and very contemporary-communities.

Product details File Size: Arcadia Publishing November 2, Publication Date: November 2, Sold by: Not Enabled Word Wise: Not Enabled Screen Reader: Enabled Amazon Best Sellers Rank: With expanding Irish, Swiss, French, and German immigrant populations, the state of Indiana evolved from individual explorers, trappers, hunters, and traders into family-focused communities of farmers and craftsmen.

Emerging from the former Indiana Territory, the state's early population was in need of education, health care, and social services to assist young families, the poor, the infirm, and the elderly. These needs were frequently met by Catholic religious orders, including the Benedictines, Sisters of Providence, Franciscans, Daughters of Charity, and other established organizations of dedicated religious men and women.

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