The philosopher Jacques Barzun argues that Romanticism has its roots in the Enlightenment. It was not anti-rational, but rather balanced rationality against the competing claims of intuition and the sense of justice. This view is expressed in Goya's Sleep of Reason , in which the nightmarish owl offers the dozing social critic of Los Caprichos , a piece of drawing chalk. Even the rational critic is inspired by irrational dream-content under the gaze of the sharp-eyed lynx. By the middle of the 19th century, the memory of the French Revolution was fading and so was the influence of Romanticism.
In this optimistic age of science and industry, there were few critics of the Enlightenment, and few explicit defenders. Friedrich Nietzsche is a notable and highly influential exception.
After an initial defence of the Enlightenment in his so-called 'middle period' lates to early s , Nietzsche turned vehemently against it. In the intellectual discourse of the midth century, two concepts emerged simultaneously in the West: After World War II , the former re-emerged as a key organizing concept in social and political thought and the history of ideas.
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The Counter-Enlightenment literature blaming the 18th-century trust in reason for 20th-century totalitarianism also resurged along with it. The locus classicus of this view is Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno 's Dialectic of Enlightenment , which traces the degeneration of the general concept of enlightenment from ancient Greece epitomized by the cunning 'bourgeois' hero Odysseus to 20th-century fascism. They mentioned little about Soviet communism , only referring to it as a regressive totalitarianism that "clung all too desperately to the heritage of bourgeois philosophy".
The authors take 'enlightenment' as their target including its 18th-century form — which we now call 'The Enlightenment'.
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They claim it is epitomized by the Marquis de Sade. Many postmodern writers and feminists e. Jane Flax have made similar arguments. They regard the Enlightenment conception of reason as totalitarian, and as not having been enlightened enough since. For Adorno and Horkheimer, though it banishes myth it falls back into a further myth, that of individualism and formal or mythic equality under instrumental reason. Michel Foucault , for example, argued that attitudes towards the "insane" during the lateth and early 19th centuries show that supposedly enlightened notions of humane treatment were not universally adhered to, but instead, the Age of Reason had to construct an image of "Unreason" against which to take an opposing stand.
Berlin himself, although no postmodernist, argues that the Enlightenment's legacy in the 20th century has been monism which he claims favours political authoritarianism , whereas the legacy of the Counter-Enlightenment has been pluralism associates with liberalism. These are two of the 'strange reversals' of modern intellectual history. What seems to unite all of the Enlightenment's disparate critics from 18th-century religious opponents, counter-revolutionaries, to Romantics, to 20th-century conservatives, feminists, critical theorists and environmentalists is a rejection of what they consider to be the Enlightenment's perversion of reason: Debates have occurred over the scope, meaning and application of reason, not over whether it is good or bad, desirable or undesirable, essential or inessential per se.
Some charge that the Enlightenment inflated the power and scope of reason, while others claim that it narrowed it. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Not to be confused with Dark Enlightenment. Rousseau and the New Religion of Sincerity". The American Political Science Review. Retrieved 12 December Baier Thirty Years' War. English Choose a language for shopping. Explore the Home Gift Guide.
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Amazon Rapids Fun stories for kids on the go. Amazon Restaurants Food delivery from local restaurants. Applicants Online form Phone: American and Canadian Studies. Cultural, Media and Visual Studies. Modern Languages and Cultures. Expertise Summary German literature and culture from the 18th century to the present day, and comparative literature. Teaching Summary My undergraduate and postgraduate teaching focuses on German literature and culture from the late 18th century to the present day. Erinnerung und Kritik des deutschen Kolonialismus in der Gegenwartsliteratur. Die Gegenwart der imperialen Vergangenheit Metropol.
Schreiben gegen Rassismus und Ressentiment: Selbstbehauptungsstrategien in neuerer Literatur von afrikanischen Migranten und Schwarzen Deutschen Der neue Weltengarten: Current Research My research focuses on German literature and culture from the 18th century to the present day, including relevant literary and cultural theory; genre theory and narratology; concepts of history, time, temporality, and memory in German literature. My principal research areas are: Modern German short prose Kleine Prosa from the Goethezeit to the present day.
Future Research My research in the next few years will continue to develop all strands of my current research interests and expertise, and across the full range of my expertise in German and comparative literary and cultural studies, from the 18th century to the present day: Post-Imperialism, Postcolonialism and beyond: Zu einem globalisierungskritischen Topos im Afrika-Diskurs der deutschsprachigen Gegenwartsliteratur. Handbuch Postkolonialismus und Literatur Metzler. Koloniale Kartographie in der Literatur des Realismus: Gutzkow - Raabe - Jensen.
Between Acceleration and Slowness Plagrave Macmillan. Zeitpoetik in Kleiner Prosa der Gegenwart. Leben - Werk - Wirkung Metzler.
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Texte des "Todesarten"-Projekts 4th edition. Afrika-Diskurs und Geschichtspolitik in neueren deutschen Namibia-Romanen. Post- Koloniale Afrikaimaginationen im russischen, polnischen und deutschen Kontext Winter. Self-Assertion, Intervention, and Achievement.
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Developments in Contemporary Black German Writing. Der Aphorismus und seine Nachbarn: Text und Kommentar 2.
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Zu einem globalisierungskritischen Topos im Afrika-Diskurs der deutschsprachigen Gegenwartsliteratur Recherches Germaniques. Post- Colonialism across Europe: Transcultural History and National Memory Aisthesis. Deutsche Kolonialgeschichte als Faszinosum und Problem in neuen historischen Afrika-Romanen und historischen Biographen zur afrikanischen Diaspora. Jahrbuch der Raabe-Gesellschaft de Gruyter. Erinnerungsarbeit und Geschichtspolitik, part II: Norms, Normality and Normalization: Le postcolonialisme dans le context allemand: Gutzkow in postkolonialer Sicht: Metropole, Provinz und Welt: Realism and Romanticism in German Literature Aisthesis.
Leben - Werk - Wirkung Sonderausgabe. Literarischer Dialog mit Albert Camus: Rekonstruktion und Remythisierung der kolonialen Welt: Literatur- und kulturwissenschaftliche Perspektiven Rodopi. Hans Christoph Buch's "Sansibar Blues" and the fascination of cross-cultural experience in contemporary German historical novels about colonialism German Life and Letters.