Vesper

Its existence in the fourth century is also confirmed by St. Ephraem , and, a little later, by several councils in Gaul and Spain , and by the various monastic rules. In the sixth century the Office of Vespers in the Latin Church was almost the same as it has been throughout the Middle Ages and up to the present day. In a document of unquestionable authority of that period the Office is described as follows: The evening hour, or vespertina synaxis , is composed of four psalms , a capitulum , a response, a hymn , a versicle, a canticle from the Gospel , litany Kyrie eleison, Christe eleison , Pater with the ordinary finale, oratio , or prayer, and dismissal Regula Sancti Benedicti , xvii.

The psalms recited are taken from the series of psalms from Pss. This disposition is almost the same as that of the " Ordo Romanus ", except that the number of psalms recited is five instead of four. They are taken, however, from the series to Here, too, we find the capitulum , versicle, and canticle of the " Magnificat ".

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The hymn is a more recent introduction in the Roman Vespers; the finale litanies, Pater , versicles, prayers seems all to have existed from this epoch as in the Benedictine cursus. Vesper time varied according to the season between the tenth hour 4 p. As a matter of fact it was no longer the evening hour, but the sunset hour, so that it was celebrated before the day had departed and consequently before there was any necessity for artificial light Regula S.

This is a point to be noted, as it was an innovation. Before this epoch this evening synaxis was celebrated with all the torches alight. The reason of this is that St Benedict introduced in the cursus, another hour—that of Compline —which was prescribed to be celebrated in the evening, and which might be considered as a kind of doubling of the Office of Lucernarium. As has already been remarked, the institution of the office of compline transformed the lucernarium by taking from it something of its importance and symbolism, the latter at the same time losing its original sense.

Benedict called it only Vespera , the name which has prevailed over that of lucernarium cf. Ducange, " Glossarium med.

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The Gallican liturgy , the Mozarabic Liturgy , and, to a certain extent, the Milanese , have preserved the lucernarium cf. The Eastern Orthodox Church retains the " Lumen hilare " and some other traces of the ancient lucernarium in the offices of vespers and compline cf. In the Rule of St.

Columbanus , dated about , Vespers still has twelve psalms, amongst which are Pss. The " Antiphonary of Bangor ", a document of Irish origin, gives for vespers Ps. For modifications since the 12th century, cf. The decree " Divino afflatu " November 1, involves important changes in the old Roman Rite office. There is an entire rearrangement of the psalms see Reform of the Roman Breviary by Pope Pius X with new ones appointed for each day of the week.

On feasts which are doubles of the second class and a fortiori of the first class, as well as on feasts of the Blessed Virgin Mary , the Holy Angels, and Apostles , the psalms are proper to the feast as heretofore. On all feasts, of whatever rite, the second part of vespers, that is, the capitulum , hymn , antiphon of the " Magnificat ", is taken from the Sanctorale. The office of Vespers in general use before continues to be used today by those adhering to the Roman Rite as in or to earlier versions. The structure of Vespers prior to is as follows:. Notwithstanding the changes brought about in the course of time, Vespers still remains the great and important Office of the evening.

As already pointed out, it recalls the sacrificium vespertinum of the Old Law. In the same manner as the night is consecrated to God by the Office of the Vigil , so also is the end of the day by Vespers. It terminates, as Matins formerly terminated, and Lauds at present terminates, by a lection, or reading, from the Gospel , or canticum evangelii , which, for Vespers, is always the " Magnificat ".

This is one of the characteristic traits of Vespers, one of the liturgical elements which this particular Office has retained in almost all regions and at all times. There are, however, a few exceptions, as in some liturgies the " Magnificat " is sung at Lauds cf. Cabrol in " Dict. This place of honour accorded so persistently to the canticle of Mary from such remote antiquity is but one of the many, and of the least striking, proofs of the devotion which has always been paid to the Blessed Virgin Mary in the Church.

The psalms used at Vespers have been selected, from time immemorial, from Pss. The series of hymns consecrated to Vespers in the Roman Breviary also form a class apart and help to give us some hints as to the symbolism of this hour. The hymns are very ancient, dating probably, for the most part, from the 6th century. They have this particular characteristic—they are all devoted to the praise of one of the days of the Creation, according to the day of the week, thus: On weekdays that are not major feasts Vespers features hardly any ceremonies and the celebrant wears the usual choir dress.

However, on Sundays and greater feasts Vespers may be solemn. Solemn Vespers differ in that the celebrant wears the cope , he is assisted by assistants also in copes, incense is used, and two acolytes , a thurifer , and at least one master of ceremonies are needed. On ordinary Sundays only two assistants are needed while on greater feasts four or six assistants may be used.

The celebrant and assistants vest in the surplice and the cope, which is of the color of the day.

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The celebrant sits at the sedile, in front of which is placed a lectern, covered with a cloth in the color of the day. The assistants sit on benches or stools facing the altar , or if there are two assistants, they may sit at the sedile next to the celebrant the first assistant in the place of the deacon and the second assistant in place of the subdeacon.

She poses as a radio seller, working with Rene Mathis , and later as Bond's companion to infiltrate the casino in Royale-les-Eaux, in which Le Chiffre frequently gambles. After Bond takes all of Le Chiffre's money in a high-stakes game of baccarat , Vesper is abducted by Le Chiffre's thugs, who also nab Bond when he tries to rescue her. Vesper visits Bond every day in the hospital, and the two grow very close; much to his own surprise, Bond develops genuine feelings for her, and even dreams of leaving the service and marrying her.

After he is released from the hospital, they go on a holiday together and eventually become lovers. Vesper has a terrible secret, however: Her kidnapping was staged to lure Bond into Le Chiffre's clutches. After Le Chiffre's death, she is initially hopeful that she can have a fresh start with Bond, but she realizes this is impossible when she sees a SMERSH operative, Gettler, tracking her and Bond's movements. Consumed with guilt and certain that SMERSH will find and kill both of them, she commits suicide, leaving a note admitting her treachery and pledging her love to Bond.

Bond copes with the loss by renouncing her as a traitor and going back to work as though nothing has happened. He phones his superiors and informs them of Vesper's treason and death, coldly saying "The bitch is dead. Bond's feelings for Vesper are not totally extinguished; Fleming's tenth novel, On Her Majesty's Secret Service , reveals that he makes an annual pilgrimage to Royale-les-Eaux to visit her grave. Furthermore, in the novel Goldfinger , when a drugged Bond believes that he has died and is preparing to enter heaven , he worries about how to introduce Tilly Masterton , who he believes has died along with him, to Vesper.

In this version, which bore little resemblance to the novel, Vesper is depicted as a former secret agent who has since become a multi-millionaire with a penchant for wearing ridiculously extravagant outfits at her office "because if I wore it in the street people might stare". Bond played by David Niven , now in the position of M at MI6, uses a discount for her past due taxes to bribe her into becoming another agent, and to recruit baccarat expert Evelyn Tremble Peter Sellers into stopping Le Chiffre played by Orson Welles.

Vesper and Tremble have an affair during which she eliminates an enemy agent sent to seduce Tremble "Miss Goodthighs". She presumably does this for the same reason she does in the novel, as she remarks that it isn't for money but for love. Though her ultimate fate is not revealed in the film, in the closing credits she is shown as an angel playing a harp, showing her to be one of the "seven James Bonds at Casino Royale" killed by an atomic explosion.

Vesper is initially skeptical about Bond's ego and at first is unwilling to be his trophy at the poker tournament with Le Chiffre. However, she assists Bond when fighting Lord's Resistance Army leader Steven Obanno attacks him, knocking away a gun out of Obanno's hand and giving Bond the chance to kill him. She afterwards retreats to the shower, feeling that she has blood on her hands from helping to kill Obanno.

Bond kisses the "blood" off her hands to comfort her, and they return to the casino. His kindness does not prevent her from doing her job, however; she refuses to bankroll him after he goes bankrupt on an early hand. Shortly afterwards, she saves Bond's life. Poisoned by Le Chiffre's girlfriend, Valenka, Bond struggles unsuccessfully to connect a key wire to his automatic external defibrillator , but Vesper arrives and makes the proper connection, allowing the machine to revive him.

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