Weiss, Per la storia degli studi greci del Petrarca: Giangrande, Note su un codice del De Lapsu Susannae, Ragghianti, Epiloghi guardeschi, Pagnini, Tradizionalismo e autoctonismo linguistico nei confronti dell' inglese d'America, Annual of the British School at Athens Londres.
Boardman, Pottery from Eretria, 1. Hankey, Late Helladic Tombs at Khalkis, Fraser, Inscriptions from Commagene, Tod, Notes on some Inscriptions from Kalyvia Sokhas, Cook, A List of Clazomenian Pjottery, Dunbabin, Cretan Relief Pithoi in Dr. Woodhead, Painted Inscriptions on Chiot Pottery, Cook, 'The Cnidia, A Reconsideration of Some Goroplastic Fundamentals, Schefton, The Dedication of Callimachus. Heurtley, A Sherd from Pelikata, Itha- ka, Annuario della ScuolaArcheologica di Atene Rome. Blegen — A Mycenaean Breadmaker, Demangel, Anecdota Dorica I, Condis, Capitello eolico di Eresso Ricci, Una Hydria ionica da Caere, Pugliese Carratelli, Kouros arcaico di Megara Hyblaea: Pallot- tino, Un grande nudo maschile della officina plastica veiente, Richter, Greeks in Etruria, Zancani Montuoro, Un mito italiota in Etruria, Paribeni, Un torso di peplophoros da Piazza Barberini, Wace, Design and execution, Mustilli, Leda e l'uovo di Nemesis, Dikonomos, Ercole ed Auge.
Specchio in bronzo della Colle- zione di Elena A. Beazley, Etruscan red-figure in Rome and Florence, Adriani, Precisazioni su alcuni ritratti ellenistici, Becatti, Un gruppo ostiense di lottatori, Maiuri, Rilievi con quadrighe da Ercolano, Schizzo della sua evoluzione e sua posizione nella storia dell' arte antica, Paribeni, Un nuovo ritratto romano repubblicano, Arias, II piatto argenteo di Cesena, Salmi, La decorazione della.
Salvatore a Spoleto, Guarducci, Note di epigrafia siceliota arcaica, Guarducci, Le iscrizioni del Santuario di Cefiso presso il Falero, Marabini, Iscrizioni rupestri di Egina, Pugliese Carratelli, Tituli Camirenses, Segre, Documenti di sto- ria ellenistica da Cipro, Frammento di catalogo rinvenuto a Rodi, Gibert, El Derecho medieval de la No- venera, Ortiz, La desingualdad contributiva en Castilla durante el siglo xvii, Fuenteseca, Varia Romana, Myres, Cupola Tombs in the Aegean and in Iberia: Humphreys, The Horn of the Unicorn, Nichtingale, Ploughing and Field Shape, Gordon, Swords, Rapiers and Horse-riders, Gjes- sing, The Circumpolar Stone Age, Piggott, The Tholos Tomb in Iberia, Humphreys, Magic and Medicine, Gordon, Fire and the Sword: Ralegh Radford, Hod- dom, Ventris, Greek Records in the Minoan Script, Wain- wright, Souterrains in Scotland, Ward Perkins et R.
Good- child, The Christian Antiquities of Tripolitania, 1. Stanford London, The Roofbosses in St. George's Chapel, Windsor, Hunter Blair, Baronys and knights of Northumberland, A. Charlesworth, The battle of Hexham, , Craster, The early history of the Craster family, Scott, Earl Waltheof of Northumbria, Luxmoore, The lieutenancy of the county of Durham, Hildyard, A Roman site on Dere Street, Gillam, Further exploration of the Atonine fort at Corbridge, Guarducci, Dedica arcaica alia Hera di Posidonia, Becatti, Sulle orme di Kephalos, Giglioli, Bronzetti italici ed etruschi di arte popolare, Floriani Squarciapino, L'ara dei Lari di Ostia, Orlandini, Ritratto femminile inedito del Museo Vaticano, Guards cci, Iscrizioni greche su vasi locali di Caere, Pallottino, Un ideogramma araldico etrusco?
Turano, La prostituzione sacra a Locri Epizefiri, Orlandini, A proposito di una cista Castellani, Guarducci, Un nuovo vasetto da collirio con iscrizione greca, Scerrato, Su alcuni sarcofagi con leoni, Romanelli, La tomba della Cristiana e il suo mistero, Ward Perkins, — L'aggere di Leptis. Vorbeck, Das Museum Carnuntinum, Freyh, Narses Todesjahr, Holtzmann, Propter Sion non tacebo. Chenu, L'Homme et la Nature. Archivio Glottologico Italiano Firenze. Ma- strelli, La composizione nominale nella traduzione slava dei Vangeli, Meriggi, Schizzo della declinazione nominale dell' eteo geroglifico, Corti, Contributi al lessico predantesco.
Archivio Storico Italiano Firenze. Palmarocchi, Lorenzo de Medici e la nomina cardinalizia di Giovanni, Vidal, La fine del regime costitiizionale in Toscana secondo gli Archivi del Quai d'Orsay gennaio-marzo , Corti, Consigli sulla mercatura di un anonimo trecentista, Aliprandi, La stenografia in Italia nel Settecento, Felloni, Per la storia della popolazione di Genova nei secoli xvi e xvii, Curato, II Parlamento di Francoforte e la prima guerra d'indipendenza italiana.
Lodolini, Formazione dell' Archivio di Stato italiano, Soranzo, Lorenzo il Magnifico alla morte del padre e il suo primo balzo verso la Signoria, Curato, Ut supra, II, Guillemain, Punti di vista sul Papato avignonese, Fiumi, Economia e vita privata dei fiorentini nelle rileva- zioni statistiche di Giovanni Villani, Kent Hill, A Roman earth-mother from Egypt, Los Aelii Optati, Gaya Nuno, Gronologia del Egeo, Monteagudo, Torques castrenos de alambres enrollados, Lantier, Las excavaciones del santuario solutrense de Roc-de-Sers Charente en , Marchetti-Longhi, Religione e teatro, 3.
Monteagudo, Provincia de Corufia en Ptolemeo, Vilaseca, Sobre un hacha de piedra a medio construir, de Villa- plana provincia de Tarragona , Tarradell, Tres notas sobre arqueologia punica del Norte de Africa, Balil Illana, La arqueologia de la Maresma, Balil Illana, Prospecciones arqueolo- gicas en el valle del Mogent Barcelona , Balil Illana, Excavaciones en Elna, Balil Illana, La fecha de los vasos de Vicarello, Macabich, Insula Augusta, Belic, Constant Features in Language, Chadwick, Investis and Vesticeps, Honey- man, The Etymology of Mammon, Potter, On the Etymology of Dream, Alfieri, I due a- spetti della teoria del conoscere in Democrito, Gabba, Ancora sulle cifre dei censimenti, Meriggi, I nuovi frammenti e la storia di Kargamis, Manni, Note di cronologia ellenistica.
Due battaglie di Andro? Colonna, Mimnermo e Callimaco, Sama- ran, Le plus ancien cartulaire de Saint-Mont Gers xie-xme s. Theu- rillat, L'acte de fondation de l'abbaye de Saint-Maurice d'Agaune, Ar- tonne, Froissart historien. Vernet, Les livres de Richard de Bazoques, Dresden, Le dilettantisme de Montaigne, Chassignet, Le Mespris de la vie et la consolation contre la mort, Foulet, La chanson de croisade reproduite par Pierre Desrey, Mayer, Le texte de Marot fin , Silver, Differences between the third and fourth collective editions of Ronsard, Delarue, Trouvailles bibliographiques, Greore, Word-Formation in Du Bartas, Adler, The topos Quinque lineae sunt amoris used by Ronsard, Donati, Leopardi e gli umanisti, Meylan, Ut supra, Pour le commentaire de Rabelais Pantagruel, V, 12 , Droz, Jean de Sponde et les Rochelais, Ciotti, Rilievo romano e plutei medioevali ritrovati a Castel S.
Arias, II piatto argenteo di Cesena, 9. Rosi, La Reggia Normanna di Salerno, Arslan, Sui Montegazza, Zeri, Una pala d' altare di Gerolamo da Cremona, Barberini, Pietro da Cortona e l'arazzeria Barberini, I, Morricone, Scavi e ricerche a Coo , Maetzke, Resti di una basilica paleocristiana in Firenze, Rossi, La basilica di S. Maria dell' Impruneta, Maurizio a Man- tova, Maiuri, La parodia di Enea, Guglielmi, Affreschi inediti in Santa Scolastica a Subiaco, Petrucci, L'incisione carrac- cesca, Morozzi, Ritrovamenti e restauri in quattro pievi toscani danneggiate dalla guerra, Lavagnino, Restauro del Tempio Malatestiano, Iacopi, Specchio in bronzo da Medma, Calza, Statua iconica femminile da Ostia, Reg- giori, La rinascita della Basilica Ambrosiana, Provincia di Treviso, Salmi, Gli affreschi di Andrea del Castagno ritrovati, Vitali, Un disegno di Alb.
Planiscig, Una scultura di Agostino Fasolato, Morricone, Scavi e ricerche a Goo , Maetzke, Restauri nel Museo di Chiusi, Amaldi, La Cappella Muzzarelli in S. Francesco in Bologna e il suo restauro, Valcanover, Nuovi restauri nelle Provincie venete, Becatti, Rilievo con la nascita di Dioniso e aspetti mistici di Ostia pagana, 1.
Ronci, Antiche affreschi in S. Sisto vecchio a Roma, Arslan, Breve nota su Pittoni, Elia, Scoperta di dipinti a Stabiae, Degrassi, Restauri e sistemazioni museografiche al Capi- tolium di Brescia, Frova, Pitture di tomba paleocristiana a Milano, Forlati, Restauro di edifici danneggiati dalla guerra: Banti, Vasi attici arcaici del Museo Archeologico di Firenze, Matthiae, Note di pittura laziale del Medioevo, Bearzi, Considerazioni di tecnica sul S.
- Symphony No. 7 in A Minor, Op. 42: Movt. 4.
- Périodiques - Persée;
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- Between Hell and High Water.
- My Lil Homies?
Ludovico e la Giuditta di Donatello, 1 Bottari, Un pittore siciliano del Quattrocento: Zampetti, Un polittico poco noto di Carlo e Vittore Crivelli, Zeri, Intorno a Gerolamo Siciolante, Bendinelli, Un monumento statuario inedito di Giuseppe Ceracchi, Pesce, Pitture sabratensi, Carettoni, Nuove sculture del Palatino, Brusin, II sepolcreto paleocristiano di Concordia Sagittaria, Pietro in Tivoli, Morozzi, Architetture e dipinti ehe ritornano in luce, Piazzo, II restauro della chiesa di S. Francesco in Udine, Petrucci, Rembrandt fra noi, Becatti, Nuovo frammento del Dodekatheon prassitelico di Ostia, Stucchi, Un nuovo volto della famiglia imperiale Constantiniana: Castelnovi, Giovanni Barbagelata, Ghierici, II Castello de l'Aquila, Maltese, Otto paesaggi di D.
Cianfarani, Sculture rinvenute negli scavi di Alba Fucense, Carli, Relazione sul restauro della Madonna di Guido da Siena del , Bartoli, II restauro del rosone centrale del duomo di Orvieto, Despy, La rocca di Ostia, Sampaolesi, Una scultura di Bernardo Buontalenti, Banti, Olpe Corinzia del Museo archeologico di Firenze, Garrison, Addenda ad indicem II, Faldi, Contribute a Raffaelino da Reggio, Maiuri, Terme di Baia.
Scavi, restauri e lavori di sistemazione, Barreca, Museo Nazionale dell' Aquila, Cianfarani, Proplasma dell' Antiquario Teatino, 1. Maiuri, Nuove pitture di giardino a Pompei, 5. Golfieri, Le ceramiche di Picasso al museo di Faenza, Squarciapino, Ornamento per fontana da Ostia, Maetzke, II riordina- mento del Museo archeologico di Arezzo, Marzini, Resti di un ciclo senese trecentesco in S. Paccagnini, Una proposta per Domenico Veneziano, Arslan, II polittico di S.
Feinblatt, Un sarcofago ro- mano inedito nel Museo di Los Angeles, Squarciapino, Coppa cri- stiana da Ostia, Puerari, Gli affreschi cremonesi di Giovanni Pietro da Cemmo, Taylor, Uno scultore ignoto: Sestieri, Scoperte presso la Punta Tresino, Mariacher, Dipinti restaurati al Museo Correr di Vene- zia, Provincia di Vicenza, Leone a Capena, Vigni, Tre dipinti di Antonello da Messina, Bartoli, Marsia e Apollo sul Palatino, 1.
Sestieri, Statuine eburnee di Posidonia, 9. Pantoni, Santa Maria di Trocchio ele sue pitture, Accascina, Gli affreschi di S. Procacci, Distacco di tempere ducentesche sovrapposte, Zeri, Una pala d'altare di Lorenzo da Viterbo, Ivanoff, Angelo Trevisani, Ceschi, Restauro di edifici danneggiati dalla guerra. Caprino, Ara romana con la raffigurazione della leggenda di Kleobis e Biton, Floriani Squarciapino, L'Artemide del Palatino, Schettini, L'anastilosi del ciborio di Alfano nella Cattedrale di Bari, Faldi, Note sulle sculture borghesiane del Bernini, Refice, In margine alla Mostra del Mezzogiorno: Orlandini, Vasi fliacici trovati nel territorio di Gela, Becherucci, Note brevi su inediti toscani, Se- stieri, II nuovo Museo di Paestum, Bulletin de l'Association G.
Liebschutz, La contexture du bouclier d'Achille dans l'Iliade, 6. Saulnier, Remarques sur la tradition des textes de Mellin de Saint-Gelais, Gagnepain, Celtes et civilisation, Nemo, Un humanisme constructeur, Duchemin, Note sur le commentaire du Barbier de Seville, Sur un fragment de Pindare, Charnkux, Inscriptions d'Argos, Pons, Le Spill de Jaume Roig, 5.
Street, La paternidad del Tratado del Amor, Denis, En marge de la conjuration de Gellamare. Le retour en Espagne, Le Gentil, Le mouvement intellectuel au Portugal. Aspects du roman contemporain, Helmer, Les papiers de Fr. Ricard, Saragosse et Syracuse, Montesinos, Notas a la primera parte de Flor de romances, Besso, Bibliografia sobre el judeo-espanol, Rapport succinct des fouilles, Isis et Osiris ch.
Sauneron, Une conception anatomique tardive, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research London. Ross, The English baronage and the income tax of , 1. Koebner, The imperial crown of this realm: Rude, The motives of popular insurrection in Paris during the French Revolution, Carter, The Dutch notarial archives, Betley Miss Butcher , The influence of the Polish and Belgian revolutions on international relations, with special reference to Great Britain and Russia, Betts , The neo-manichean hersey in Germany, the Low Countries and England in the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth centuries, Carus- Wilson , The commercial relations of Holland and Zeeland with England from the late thirteenth century to the close of the middle ages, 5.
Da- vies, Common Law and Returns: Richard I to Richard II, Meekings, Martin Pateshull and William Raleigh, Diffie, Alleged fifteenth-century Portuguese joint-stock companies and the articles of Dr. Papadopoulos, Lord Salisbury and the projected Anglo-German alliance of , Platiau, Anciens fonts baptismaux d'Oye, Coolen, Insula Sithiu, Rousseau, Urbain Chevreau, loudunais, Salvini, Les retables dans le Haut Poitou, Vasselle, Chronique des souterrains, Benveniste, La construction passive du parfait transitif, Haudricourt, Les occlusives uvulaires en thai, Lhote, Au sujet des haches polies de petites dimensions, Harmand, Remarques sur les bords abattus: Bordes, Typologie et statistique.
Observations sur la Note de Me nee Alimen et Vignal, Guillien, Le gel comme facteur de fossilisation, Guillien, Dents de Renne et migrations, Blanc, La grotte de Terrevaine. Bouchud, La petite faune de la grotte de La Chaise Charente , Pointes Levalloisiennes et pointes pseudo-levalloisiennes, Bourdier, Pseudo-industries humaines sur galets de quartzite glaciaire, Bouchud, La faune des grottes des Orders et de Cottier, Arn al, Mors en bois de cerf de Roucadour Lot , Pottier, Mammouths et Mastodontes, Lacorre, Sur les bois et les dents de Renne de Badegoule, Rijken-Fontein, The technical name for the surface-layer on greek and roman pottery, Byvanck, De opgravingen onder de Pieterskerk te Rome, The Art Bulletin New- York.
Creswell, Problems in Islamic Architecture, 1. Novotny, Reflections on a Drawing by Van Gogh, Lindsay, The Genesis and Meaning of the. Meiss, Trecento Scramble, Their Influence upon American Domestic Architecture, Phoenix Belknap, Feke and Smibert: A Note on Two Portraits, Standen, The World of Silk, Wilkinson, Life in Early Nisha- pur, Goldsmith Phillips, Medals on the Renaissance, Howell, Craftmanship in Wrought Iron, Simmons, Crosscurrents in Chinese Silk History, Lippe, A Gift of Chinese Bronzes, Day, Silks of the Near East, Andrus, Andrew Gautier's Silver Bowl, Priest, Landscapes-Green and Blue, Gardner, Portrait of an Actress, Scott, The Metternich Stela, Lippe, Enjoying the Moon, Forsyth, The Vermand Treasure, Freeman, Late Gothic Woodcarvings from Normandy, Rousseau, A Flemish Altarpiece from Spain, Schoenberger, A Goblet of Unicorn Horn, Perry, List of Gifts and Requests of Mr.
Clark, Egyptian Jewelry, Fenton, The Palace made of Windows, Dimand, A Saljuk Incense Burner, Fenton, Portrait of a Victorian Painter, with Dogs, Mayor, The World of Atget, Forsyth, The Medieval Stag Hunt, Rodney, Ishtar, the Lady of Battle, Taylor, The Archaic Smile: A commentary of the Arts in Times of Crisis, Ten Eyck Gardner, Ingham in Manhattan, Dorra, la Orana Maria, Gardner, An Altarpiece of the Death of the Virgin, Godel, Note sur arm. Classica et Mediaevalia Copenhague. Jacob- sen, The Fable is invested or Donne's Aesop, 1.
Ross, Letters of Alexander. A new partial MS of the unabbreviated Julius Valerius, Otto, Magister Johannes Dacus und seine Schriften, Mac Kendrick, A Renaissance Odyssey. The Life of Cyriac of Ancona, Dyggve, The Origin of the Urban Churchyard, Roques, Pour le commentaire de Renart: Cintas, La Grande Dame de Carthage, Demargne, Les fouilles de Xanthos en Lycie campagne de , Hahnloser, Nicolas de Verdun, la reconstitution de son ambon de Klosterneubourg et sa place dans l'histoire de l'art, Fulcinius Trio, premier gouverneur de la Lusitanie, sur une Tabula paironatus, Grant, A Capricorn on Hadrian's coinage, 1.
Paratore, Sul problema del- l'identificazione di Ligdamo con Ovidio, I 16, , Garcia Calvo, Ob oriuntur, Vallejo, Sobre las frases condi- cionales latinas, Ernout, Les mots grecs dans la Peregrinatio Etheriae, Pa- riente, Nota a sublicius, Garzya, Osservazioni sulla lingua di Crizia, Pabon, Las primeras traducciones espanolas de Salustio, Drexler, Hexameterstudien V, Monteagudo, Carta de Corufia romana, Vallejo, De nuevo Polibio y el tratado del Ebro, Pariente, Sobre inuidia, inuidiosus e inuidiam facere, Sinko, De lineamentis Platonicis in Cebetis q.
Srebrny, De Aeschyli Heraclidis, Dziech, Graeci qua ratione Indos descripserint, Plezia, De Aristotelis epistulis observationes criticae, Szelest, De Herodiani clausulis metricis, Strzelecki, De polymetris Senecae canticis quaestiones, S dej, De versu Asclepiadeo minore apud Romanos obvio, Swoboda, De numero histrionum partiumque in comoediis Plautinis quaestiones, Sinko, Literatura polsko-lacinska problemy i zadania , 3.
Kalisz, Liryka Kniaznina a poezja klasyczna. Czerniatowicz, Euripides w komedii attyckiej, Zawadz- ki, W kwestii interpretacji Sallustiusa Ep. II, 4, 2, Martin, Variatio and the Development of Tacitus' Style, Armini, Ad locum Historiae Augustae, Brachin, L'humour dans la Camera Obscura, Grappin, Romain Rolland et Hermann Hesse, Colleville, Rudolf Hagelstande, Durand, Les rapports de G.
Brandes et de J. Gravier, Strindberg et Kafka, Thieberger, Un nouvelliste autrichien: Oscar Jellinck , Brachin, A propos du conte flamand, Kritische Betrachtungen zur romanischen Substratetymologie, 1. Mediocritas im Romanischen, Auerbach, Sermo humilis, Heisig, Zum Fortleben von lat.
Wagner, Pro domo, Leo, Literaturvergleichung und Monographie, Jeux de mots de Rabelais, 9. Nardin, La recette stylistique des Lettres persanes suite , Un projet de conciliation, La date du mot en allemand, Vendryes, Le mot dans la phrase, Nardin, Ut supra, Rapin, Le genre, indice de grandeur, Mon- not, Datations nouvelles, Brun, Pour l'histoire du lexique ferroviaire, Temple-Patter- son, La colocasia de Victor Hugo, Machiels, Proust et la langue de Saint-Simon, Gazay, Message, un terme de la Suisse romande d'origine languedocienne, Goosse, Datations nouvelles ; notes lexicologiques, Marouzeau, Encore la place de l'adjectif, Gougenheim, Notes d'histoire de la prononciation: Renchon, Vanter, mentionner, Lalanne, Indice de polyonymie.
Indice de polyphonie, Feydit, Concordance des temps, Monnot, Datations nouvelles, Lacher, Marceau, borsaut et sau-salingue, Pohl, Ut supra, Fouilles de , 1. Caen ; Saint- Aubin-sur-Mer ; Eure: Saint-Eanne ; Charente Maritime: Bernos ; Marinbault Pessec ; Bordeaux, Cahors ; Luzech, Duval, Notes sur la civilisation gallo-romaine. Patte, Figurine en bronze de Chalais Indre , Niaux ; Larnat ; Biert ; Haute-Garonne: Benisovich, Liotard et sa collection de tableaux, Bouffard, Vierges romanes et gothiques du Valais, Benisovich, Quelques secrets de Liotard, Morton, Neue Bronzefunde aus dem Salzkammergut, Morton, Das Goldarmband von Hallstatt, Lange- wiesche, Teutoburg-Forschung auf neuer Grundlage, Tackenberg, Ueber einige wenig bekannte Reiterscheiben, Gesamtplan und Periodenteilung, Raddatz, Ein skythischer Fund aus Scheuno, Kr.
Gebhard, Zu den Hausangaben der lex Bajuvariorum, Sturms, Zur Deutung einiger neolithischer Kulturen, Vogt, Neues zur Horgener Kultur, Werner, Langobardische Grabfunde aus Reggio Emilia, Giornale Storico della Letteratura Italiana Torino. Pernicone, Sul testo delle Stanze del Poliziano, 1. Marti, Revisio- ne ed interpretazione di due sonetti di Rustico di Filippo, Figurelli, Un inedito del Leopardi. Appunti e note di variazioni ed aggiunte al Discorso di un italiano intorno alla poesia romantica, Petrocchi, La prima redazione del No- vellino di Masuccio, Studio sul mo- tivo poetico fondamentale dell' Orlando Furioso, Petronio, La rima nell' Intelligenza, Koppe, Die Hansen und Frankfurt am Main im Assman, Die Stettiner Zollrolle des Scheel, Tondem zwischen Wiking und Hansezeit, Giornale Italiano di Filologia Naples.
Meloni, L'intervento di Cleonimo in Magna Grecia, Tescari, De Lactanti Div. Frassinetti, II Panegyricus Messalae documento storico, Della Corte, L'autore della cosiddetta Laudatio Turiae, Pepe, La chioma di Berenice e il nuovissimo Gallimaco, Frassinetti, L'aceto di Annibale, Del Monte, Due note, Ferrero, Osservazioni sugli interessi storici ciceroniani, Mogni, Umo- rismo e mimo in Properzio, Frenzel, L'episodio di Olimpia e una sua fonte nordica, Pepe, Si vitam puriter egi Gatullo, 76 , Serafini, Corne lavorava il Poliziano, Pastorino, La Sempronia della congiura di Gatilina, Frassinetti, Un frammento di Pindaro?
Tescari, De quaestiuncula quadam insulsissima quam saepius mihi posui, 6. La formazione della leggenda. Vaccaro, Introduzione allo studio della lingua dell' uso in Ca- tullo, Ferrari, II problema cronologico di Commodiano, Grosso, Gli assedi di Locri, Merone, Dolere uvam, Cam- poresi, La sestina del Petrarca e l'interpretazione di un passo di Benvenuto da Imola, Nota a Tibullo II, 4, , Sansone, A proposito di una nuova stilistica, Pepe, Un nuovo codice di Apuleio del sec. Pieraccioni, Una nuova edizione della Genealogia deorum gen- tilium di Giovanni Boccaccio, Raffo, Sulle distribuzioni di viveri a Roma nel m secolo D.
Frassinetti, La conversione di L. Gigante, II carme 45 di Catullo o il canto dell' amore, Romussi, La venuta di Partenio a Roma, Bufano, Lucrezio in Lattanzio, Pieraccioni, Ancora per una nuova edizione della Genealogia deorum gentilium di Giovanni Boccaccio, Garzya, Nota euripidea Andr. Pitzalis, Tre catanesi antichi calunniati nel secolo ventesimo, Petrocchi, Un inedito trattatello ascetico sulla vita di Cristo, Carugno, Malta o Mileto?
Merone, Su un verso di Orazio nell' in- terpretazione del Ritter, Bosco, II Giusti dopo cento anni, Pepe, Manius e Mania, Grosso, II caso di Pleminio. Merone, Luci ed ombre nel poemetto di Museo, Specchia, A proposito di Eroda I, 8 , Marmorale, Le vendette della Greco, La frase nominale, Peirone, Iacopone da Todi e la rima siciliana, Simone, Note- rella dantesca.
Pepe, Tracce di orfismo fra greco-siculi del vi secolo, Massa Positano, Frustula, Santoro, La polemica Poliziano-Merula, Scivoletto, Augilberto abate di S. Turolla, Una prima e una seconda poesia nelle. Problems which are imposing themselves on every thoughtful creature of our times and on which the destiny of the human race is depending, undoubtedly are those which are the topic of this and other worldwide endeavours in our times.
Let me explain in a few lines why I consider that questions with which the seminar is dealing are not only of vital interest for the further development of our civilization and its role in the humanization of society, but as well of vital importance for its very survival. I have surveyed material prepared for this seminar and studied it as carefully as I could, and I wouldn't like to repeat what is written there for I want to save your precious time.
- The How To of Leadership and Management (The How To Series Book 6).
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- Résurrection – I (French Edition).
- Making Sense of Your Surgical Attachment: A Hands-On Guide.
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- Where is Dolly Duck and Friends (Interactive Toddler Picture Book Book 1).
- Herbal Crafts and Projects (Herbal Books 1-3 by Danigi Soaps).
- The Carnival Of Cruelty.
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We all want, and in our vision of the future we strive, that our image of the future should be more human than the total pre-history of contemporary civilization. What premises for this vision do we have? The main characteristics of the present times are the geometrical progression of the birth rate and the increasing expansion of population of our planet; and the exhaustion of classical energy resources, whereas energy resources are the roots of development of every civilization.
That means that we are at a turning point between old and new civilizations, or, as Pecujlic would say in his study, we are on the threshold of "the future which has begun. Our generation, and generations that are coming, have to carry a heavy burden, because this change of civilizations causes revolutionary changes in the structure of human society: You know all this better than I do, because you are dealing with these problems as specialists.
Therefore, from the domain of sociology and political economy, I shall move to the field I am more familiar with. Besides the nuclear resources of energy which nowadays exist as a reality, but are as well as a monopoly of super-powers, technology is using electronics in different ways: No reasonable man would expect, taking into consideration these conditions of our times, that technological development by itself can remove the increasing potential differences which from day to day threaten ever more to cause a spark.
Furthermore, no reasonable man would expect that the increase of population will stop by itself or that technological development by itself will provide the humanization of human society. We must be well aware that only by the conscious endeavours and active efforts of all progressive forces, by agreements and regulations agreed upon and based on scientific results, may threatening dangers to the survival of the human race be overcome. These dangers are not only in the destructive power of nuclear weapons, in the event of their application, but, although invisible at the first sight, far-reaching consequences for the human race lie hidden in biological discoveries, genetic mutations caused by chemical means, and pollution of the human environment by an unreasonable struggle for profit.
Even today the situation in the human environment has been brought to an alarming state in technologically developed countries, and especially in developing countries which are procuring obsolete technology and thus becoming subject to neo-colonialistic dependence on technologically developed countries. In such a complex situation as the contemporary world is, we come to the conclusion that it is necessary to organize endeavours of all progressive forces in order to provide that scientific achievements serve the majority instead of the minority.
It is not a question of whether it should be done in the interests of morality, but whether it should be done in the interests of survival of the human race. In order to be more explicit, I shall use an example from the history of the Spartan people who, in order to survive, hurled from the Tarpeian cliff all cripples, because they were only a dead weight and endangered the survival of this people.
Our civilization is facing the same problem; in the interest of the human race's survival and the further development of productive forces we must find a Tarpeian cliff from which not people but all obstacles on the path to the aims of their more human life shall be hurled. That means, firstly, to be aware that the interests of the people are above the interests of individuals or particular castes; that social responsibility for the application of scientific and technological achievements should be enhanced; that the developed must endeavour to contribute to the development of the economically and technologically underdeveloped in order to accelerate the process of development of productive forces and to avoid the perilous consequences of existing and increasing contradictions.
I would like to stress the following contradiction which governs the development of human society: This means that a man invents, but society undertakes the use, and responsibility for the use, of discoveries and technological processes in the interest of the community. I point to this in contrast to utopian and totally senseless tendencies to stop the process of development of science and technology, to stop progress because the world is going to perish because of new inventions.
It seems absurd, but it is true, One need only observe mass movements against the erection of nuclear plants, movements that are developing in technologically developed countries. It would be enough to inform people that they are under full and responsible control of science. But they also frequently undertake senseless endeavours to stop progress, to turn the historical course, as at the time of the introduction of the first railway or electricity.
At the end, I would like to express my sincere belief that the efforts which we put forward may make science and technology become the properties of society as a whole, providing for the humanization of human relations and creating the basis for a different, more human morality which conforms more to the conscience and welfare of people than one based upon the right of the stronger.
I welcome you once more and wish you success in your work. Introduction This international seminar is dedicated to the investigation of one of the crucial topics of our age: Science and technology are part of a new civilizational wave of new gigantic powers that has conquered and which brings us to the threshold of a new world. But science and technology have found themselves at a great historical crossroads. Scientific and technical forces, which no epoch of previous human history could have dreamed of, have entered life.
These are forces which have the wonderful power of making human labour freer, creative, and worthier of man, of liberating mankind from the yoke of poverty, and of narrowing the gap between rich and poor countries. However, it is a dangerous illusion to believe that technology would automatically, on its own, solve man's existential problems. As if by some fateful magic spell the new sources of productive power - as opposed to their great liberation potentials - can become destructive both for nature and man.
They can be misused and they can serve for subordinating people and entire communities, for widening the gap between the rich and the poor - the gap which is turning contemporary society into true volcanic ground. Science and technology are not neutral.
They are developing not in a vacuum but in human space. In order to make technological growth become human progress at the same time, it is necessary not to stop it but to give it a new direction, a connection with the broad cultural horizon of a human society, with the transformation of the world. The age in which we live, and particularly the gigantic development of science and technology, has opened a glorious but also critical era of universal interdependence. The former isolated and autarchic societies, like oases separated by deserts, have come closer together and have become connected by thousands of links.
We are living in a world planetary society; but it is of crucial importance what it will be like. In order to make the world a human community, a society which is not uniform and undistinguishable but rich in its Promethean quest for life, which is becoming worthier of man, it is essential to have a pluralism of cultures, their mutual enrichment. Only full independence, autonomy, equality of rights, freedom, and one's own identity can be the road leading to the universal richness of the world, a world which every culture is contributing to with its endogenous "intellectual creativity - understood as the contribution of the countries or cultures to human civilization; the study of how to give creativity precedence over mere transfer" UNU project.
Deprived of this, interdependence is not a road to mutual enrichment but an impersonalization, a halting of civilizational development. This transformation is visualized by the SCA project as being the combined output of three major sets of formative influences: The rise of so-ciocultural alternatives within the developed western countries is connected with the radicalization of the social processes. The socio-cultural development alternatives in a changing world are connected with national liberation and socialism as the world process. The aim of this international seminar is the investigation of these characteristics of social practice which enable technological growth to coincide with authentic human progress.
As an illustration of this we propose a dialogue based on the following: A strategy of economic-social and technological development which leads to the narrowing rather than growth, of such essential social differences that endanger the survival and development of large sections of the population, entire social groups, and countries or regions. A technological development that benefits the working people, and not primarily the privileged position of narrow strata of certain countries.
A way of modernization which is not destructive - destructive in the sense that it destroys the positive cultural and productive heritage of original civilization, not creating new living and working conditions for the population, but creating gigantic masses of pauperized populations that have lost their roots. A mode of technological development which preserves progressive cultural and productive tradition and turns it into a point of departure for the creation of new forms of social organization, for a great mobilization of human energy - a development that suits society's own needs.
Some fundamental forms of life and mentality - cultural and civilizational values such as solidarity, a tendency towards egalitarianism, and a collective spirit - represent important components of the human community. But traditional forms of sociability had great limitations: Secondly, the local community and its solidarity was kept in life by using the undeveloped productive forces which had not changed for centuries - by their conservation.
The key problem is how to attain greater sociability - more human and more solidary forms of social life - on a larger scale, not within the framework of small local communities, and on the basis of revolutionary productive forces. The problem is how to preserve positive values and unite them with the modern. Human or Repressive Role of Science and Technology - Distinctions Where do the distinctions lie between a science and technology which serves the authentic progress of individuals and communities and, on the other hand, an application which turns science and technology into new instruments for controlling and manipulating people, for technological subordination?
The discussion should show the differences both in the goals and ways of application of the same technology and in the formation of alterative technologies, which are more suitable to a specific natural and social environment. This general guiding thought should be materialized in systematic discussions in a few fields of utmost importance.
Alternative patterns of urbanization, collective conditions of living. The crisis of the megalopolis; the city which is developing according to human needs, rather than according to a profiteer-bureaucratic logic that alienates people, turning the city into a modern anthill. Various types of industrialization modernization.
Two sides of technology transfer - independent development and progress, or a way of transferring knowledge which maintains subordination and widens the civilizational, economic gap between societies. The strategy of scientific and technological development which is not limited exclusively to the copying of the patterns of others.
Greater reliance on one's own forces and a larger share of endogenous creativity in technological development, development of cities, production of food and raw materials, organization of labour. How to develop endogenous scientific creativity its autonomy, specificity and reject autarchy, sterile confinement, simultaneously.
How to open bridges to the world, enrich one's own experience with the most valuable heritage of other cultures, with knowledge, and with universal values - to create a new economic and social order in the world. Connections between social processes and the conception of development, and agrarian relations and science, social agronomy. The character and mode of application of science and technology which leads to emancipation and to the solution of the existential needs of the population. Possibilities for an alternative technology, for combining traditional methods, knowledge, experience, and contemporary productive forces.
A character and mode of application of science and technology, of modernization, which leads to the ruin of the land, to a decrease in the fertility of the soil, to a decrease in the quality of food and an expansion of hunger, to biological degradation, to mass pauperization of the agrarian population, to a larger dependence on developed world centres. The relationship between the organization of labour and way of work, working hours, social contradictions, and the human organism.
To what extent does the way of using the labour force and working conditions truly influence the human organism, the span of human life, illness. Does medicine, as a practice and as a science, bring about knowledge about this and critically investigate the social conditions which lead to the mass improvement or deterioration of health as the basic value.
The social direction in medical and pharmaceutical research - to what extent are innovations directed towards the fundamental upgrading of the quality of health, and to what extent are they directed solely towards variations which prevent repletion of the market and the reduction of profit. Biology in the service of the promotion of man's health and life, or the creation of new kinds of control and manipulation of people through genetic engineering. The constituent principles - organization, professional ideology and culture, the way of formation of experts narrow specialization and "parcelization" on which modern science, as a special sphere of human practice, rests.
For instance, to what extent are the principles on which the prevailing pattern of scientific knowledge is based those that exclude from their perspective the positive traditions - the results of the experience of people as to how the fertility of the soil is preserved or how one can live better in human settlements, what people feel as good or bad; e.
Why do they not ask those questions of themselves? Probably not only because of commercial interests but also because of professional ideology, because they have pedagogically been formed to think as narrow specialists, only within the framework of their limited sector, and to exclude the social dimension. Are they being formed as one-dimensional people? What kind of transformation in its social direction, internal principles, and professional culture should science undergo in order to take part in the transformation of the world, representing an aspect of the transformation towards a more human world.
Universities as the protagonists of such scientific research, pioneers in the discovery of new possibilities for development. The university as the watchhower of the world development of science, but also from the point of view of endogenous, original creativity and the needs of society. The pedagogical principles of such a formation of young intelligentsia who will be masters of knowledge but with a deep social feeling, who will seek the best technical but also human solution, adapted to the needs of their own society.
The formation of research workers whose minds will reach the horizons of world science but whose feet will firmly rest on the foundations of endogenous national culture and needs. I want also to express, in the name of all the non-Yugoslav participants, our deep appreciation for the hospitality of our colleagues from this great country. I must not fail to insist on the fact that it is especially fortunate that we could hold this seminar in this country, which is indeed the meeting place between East and West, and North and South, since here we can best acquire a good sense about the transformation of the world.
Nowadays, science and technology are treated with a much more critical mind than before, mainly for the following two reasons. Firstly, because science and technology tend to be monopolized by the major powers, monopolizing knowledge in view of their nuclear hegemony. This creates a hierarchical world order with the super-powers on the top and the developing countries on the bottom.
Yugoslavia, through its non-aligned position, takes a position clearly most relevant to the first aspect I have just mentioned. Through its experiment in self-management and decentralization, it provides also an interesting answer to the second problem mentioned above.
This is why the UN University is extremely happy to hold this seminar in this great country. The UN University tries to become an international scientific forum of researchers of different cultural backgrounds and ideologies, and who hold different paradigms. This is a difficult task, especially when it has to deal with problems so controversial as the one to be treated in this seminar. Many international organizations which seek to produce reports at the end of their expert meetings are stressing the points of agreement, emphasizing consensus. The UN University encourages rather diversifying views and a frank and critical debate aiming at determining clearly the roots of divergence's.
This approach, only possible within a university, must make the UN University a place where new alternative perspectives on the world in transformation can be formulated freely by the researchers collaborating with this institution. This is why I urge all the participants of this meeting to feel free to disagree. We share, I hope, at least a common interest in ascertaining that science and technology serve humanity and guarantee its survival, and not that science and technology serve the cause of the destruction of human life, welfare, and development. Being sure to agree on this essential point I call upon all the participants of this seminar to contribute, to sharpen this debate which is of special relevance in the UN calendar coming as it does after the UNCSTD Conference in Vienna.
Thus it is at this historical moment that I call upon all the participants to put forth their reflections on Science and Technology in the Transformation of the World. Anouar Abdel-Malek We are honoured and delighted today to inaugurate the first international seminar of the series devoted to examining the prospects for The Transformation of the World, in the capital city of the Federal Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia, at a time when Belgrade vigorously proceeds along the path of constructive mediation between the different spheres in the worlds of power and culture at work in our times.
This first international seminar of the series on The Transformation of the World, deals with Science and Technology in the Transformation of the World. It is thus the first of a series of six international seminars devoted to implementing a sub-project on The Transformation of the World TW. A parallel series is devoted to the theme of another sub-project on Endogenous Intellectual Creativity.
The seminars dealing with The Transformation of the World, after this first seminar devoted to science and technology, cover: The first international seminar is organized jointly by the United Nations University and the University of Belgrade, thanks to the perceptive help and deep commitment of Dr. In launching this series, the SCA project members are aware that it thus fulfills an important part of the moral and scientific obligations of the international scientific community, of the United Nations University proper, and of our joint quest for a New International Order, according to fundamental decisions by the United Nations Organization and the charter of the United Nations University.
These decisions reflect the aspirations and decisions of the Group of Developing and Non-Aligned Countries. This systematic, comparative, and critical study of the different dimensions of the transformation of the world is conceived as the all-encompassing general frame and mould of the scientific and theoretical workshop now being developed toward providing the international community with a deeper and more genuine understanding of linkages and differences, of our differing priorities, through their complex dialectical paths from contradictions to convergence.
As such, our wish is that this series of international seminars devoted to The Transformation of the World implements the aims and ideals of the United Nations University, as defined in its charter: The University shall devote its work to research into the pressing global problems of human survival, development and welfare that are the concern of the United Nations and its agencies, with due attention to the social sciences and the humanities as well as natural sciences, pure and applied Article 1, point 2, UNU Charter ; The research programme of the institutions of the University shall include, among other subjects, co-existence between peoples having different cultures, languages and social systems; peaceful relations between States and the maintenance of peace and security; human rights; economic and social change and development; the environment and the proper use of resources; basic scientific research and the application of the results of science and technology in the interests of development; and universal human values related to the improvement of the quality of life Article 1, point 3, UNU Charter.
The central character of our times, of the real world in our times, is in the transformation - not evolution or transition all historical periods are periods of transition - of all dimensions of the life of human societies. To be sure, this transformation, acknowledged all over the world, is neither unilinear nor synchronic. At the first level, we see major differences in the quality, quantity, and, especially, the tempo and impact of processes of transformation in different sectors of social life and activity - economic production, patterns of power, societal cohesiveness, cultural identity, civilizational projects, political ideologies, religions, philosophies, myths, and so on - in short, all sectors of what is usually termed the infrastructure and superstructure of society.
At a second, more visible, and forceful level, we do acknowledge distinctions between different types of societies, for example, in the different types of socio-economic formations and the accompanying political ideologies basically capitalism, liberal capitalism, and monopoly capitalism, and socialism, national progressive socialism, and communism. And even more so, in the hitherto neglected dimension of civilizational, cultural, and national specificity, we encounter major, more resilient, and protracted sets of differences.
This transformation of the world can be recognized in the following three sets of factors, which lend themselves to being recorded according to different conceptions of priorities. The historical processes of national liberation and independence, coupled with national and social revolutions, have gathered momentum since their inception in modern times, during the early part of the nineteenth century, until they became the dominant factor of contemporary history beginning in , especially in the period from to Western specialists have seen this vast transformation as a socio-political process within the traditional conception of the world's history as consisting of one centre - Europe, later Europe and North America: On the other side, especially in the Orient - Asia, Africa, and the Arab-Islamic world - this emergence was seen essentially as a renaissance of either culture or civilization, as in the Arab and Islamic "Nadah," Meiji Japan, the Chinese Cultural Revolution, and the upsurge of Africanism, while Latin America's quest for identity has brought to light the hitherto hidden Indian and Indian-African elements of the culture.
The hitherto equanimous front of the bourgeois in power was suddenly faced with the eruption of the labouring people into power, coupled with a populist Weltanschaunng geared toward a persistently more humane life for the have-nots. Sixty years later, nearly half of mankind lives under socialism - four-fifths of them in Asia and Africa. Here again, while certain advanced western countries opted for such denominations or descriptions as the "scientific and technological revolution" or "post-industrial society," on the other side the vision remained paradoxically nearer to more realistic approaches, using the more traditional concepts of "revolution," "development," and "social transformation" within the implacable parameters of geopolitics.
Yet none would deny the message and ever-growing influence of the application of modern technology in our world, in the very fabric of our individual life through the complexity of societal processes. The transformation of the world: And, proceeding from there, how can this lead towards a more comprehensive study of human and social development? And, while both the priority in the presentation of the three sets of formative factors and the tone of this presentation are widely different according to national-cultural and socio-political groupings in the world, nobody hesitates to acknowledge that perhaps science and technology have both assumed primacy over the more restrictive level of economic production, being deeply at work as determining factors in armaments and geopolitics, culture and societal behaviour.
In August , the United Nations Organization Conference on Science and Technology for Development served as a focal point for deepening international discussions in this area. Allow me to quote excerpts from Dr. It is the whole international system of science and technology which is in crisis, and this crisis is not only economic; it is part of a crisis of civilization.
If science and technology have to serve effectively the cause of the survival, development, and welfare of humankind within the outer and inner boundaries limiting the growth of world economy, if science and technology are to be developed in accordance with the basic principles of equity, national autonomy, and interdependence of a New International Economic Order, the present system of science and technology is quite inappropriate. New goals - e.
New incentives for innovation and production should be institutionalized. Should technological invention continue to be an object of property right? New labour and research ethics should become the basis of a new scientific and technological awareness of the people who should participate actively in the scientific and technological development process. Scientific and technological planning must adopt a new methodology more decentralized, more location-specific, more sensitive to socio-cultural specificities, and more responsive to the people's demands and expectations The specificity of the first joint international seminar of the United Nations University's SCA project and the University of Belgrade lies in its focus.
While development was quite rightly at the centre of the UN Vienna Conference, this international seminar is intended to be but a part of a whole series devoted to studying structural modifications, to in-depth remodeling of the world we know today - science and technology being, for reasons of feasibility, the first to be tackled, This concept of science and technology as one, albeit the first, step and stage in the series devoted to exploring the prospects for transforming the world means that the stress and tone of the sub-project is more concerned with the differences, contradictions, and tensions in this, our real world, than with more strictly ethical or developmental variables.
The persistent coupling of science and technology, of culture with power, in the belief that the primacy of the political - the prince as philosopher - always at work in the history of men ought to become the meeting point of scholars and policy makers, of science and technology specialists on the one hand with analysts and theoreticians of the human and social sciences on the other hand.
This is a step, therefore, in an unfolding process, in interrelation with the parallel series of endogenous intellectual creativity. And what we have in mind is more of an intellectual and theoretical workshop than a meeting of experts. A long way, verily, from the ethos and tone of - a long, long way.
Neither atomic clouds above the North Pacific, nor the hideous convulsions of traditional imperialism and colonialism in Asia and Africa, nor the liberation of the largest country in the world in could bring sense to the massive thrust in western advanced industrial societies toward productivism, consumerism, and hedonism. Finally the golden age of man-as-demiurgos had been reached, the very frontiers of the Promethean concept so persistently at the heart of western civilization, from the age of maritime discoveries and the European Renaissance till Yalta.
And the instruments of this historic fulfillment were none other than science and technology as the driving forces in the second stage of the industrial Revolution. If man was finally the master of nature, the conqueror of the universe, geared to achieve all the pleasures he could dream of, what, if any, would be the use in keeping such "archaic" concepts and moulds as nation and state, the family, working people, and the tools of exploitation, to say nothing of such "distant" objective superstructures as philosophy, religion, the human values of love and fraternity, equity and peace - let alone civilization?
Science and Technology in the Transformation of the World (UNU, , pages)
Yet, in less than ten years, ethos and tone have shifted decisively toward the penumbra of a "Crisis. In the North, leaders are busy mending fences. A lack of oil and raw materials, receding markets, non-competitive old industrial plants: And this verdict was echoed by a large proportion of audible voices in the South, the good "westernized modernizes," busily engaged in reciprocating, even if now with more strident voices. That the crisis could be that of civilization itself was now mentioned. But this civilization was conceived of as that of the still hegemonic "centre," as opposed to the underdeveloped or developing non-western "periphery," provoking a mixture of reluctant acceptance and anguished self-interrogation.
That the crisis might be, perhaps, that of the path to civilization taken by the hegemonic West itself, much more so than its actual hegemony and precedence in power terms, began to emerge here and there. This was followed by intense reactions of either apocalyptic previsions - if western civilization was in crisis, how on earth could mankind seek alternatives?
For it is true that major parts of the underdeveloped non-western societies are still caught in the mirage of reductionism, busily imitating the advanced industrial societies of the West. It is as if history were indeed repetitive, its formative historical moulds and real concrete processes amenable to copying, precisely, limitless productivism, consumerism and hedonism, progress equated to profit and domination, the ghettos of individualism and the negative mind.
It is as if nothing could be different from that combination of factors which completely erode self-assurance, popular and national self-reliance, the feeling of security, the hope for a more fraternal and equable future for the majority of mankind - the taming of the "acquisitive society. In science and technology, the quest is now toward "alternative technology" or "appropriate technology," with a sprinkle of "radical technology. And this set could be found in the concept of "appropriate technology. To be sure, history has it that the great majority of the nations of the three continents can hardly echo the procedures which enabled the West, in five centuries, through the concentration of historical surplus value, to gradually develop its modes of capital-intensive productivity.
The humane uses of human resources, in the advanced nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, like the socio-economic restructuring of the societal fabric, is now seen as more beneficial than previously imagined in bridging the gaps between rationality and fraternity, in giving a more humane vision of social dialectics than hitherto prevalent.
Yet numerous temptations, traditions, and fringe benefits of survival imitation lead to a reluctance to use vision as a tool for our future. For then the question would be: To which technology does vision belong? The growing criticism of the impact of science and technology on modern societies and human life, through its diversity and different motivations, gives an impression of leading toward a growing ambiguity. For although this impact, through hegemony, has had its negative and destructive effects in underdeveloped areas in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, to this day, whether through direct domination by imperial powers or more systematic pillaging by multinationals, the recently mounting criticism has come from developed areas, from the core of the West.
The tone here is alarm, and the contents ethical and normative. Industrialization and urbanization have led to ecologism. Atomic armaments and nuclear energy, to the quest for pacifism. Consumerism and individualism, at the time of the energy crisis, to the pursuit of more humane, low-key participatory patterns of social interaction. And it is from the core of the more advanced industrialized societies of the West that the most ruthless indictments of science and technology are nowadays being launched. On the other side, in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, a mounting wave of national movements, often coupled with social transformation or revolution, has always clearly proclaimed its desire - in all countries, nations, and societies in the so-called "South" - to modernize its variegated national-cultural specificities grounded in the depths of history.
The instruments and means to achieve this legitimate global desire have been defined simultaneously, in the inner circle, as the creation and reinforcement, or revival, of a stable centre of national social power, the independent national state of the tri-continental area in our times, to be accompanied in the outer circle by careful examination of the realities of the balance of power and of the evolving patterns of dialectical interrelations between major centres of power and influence in our times. For here, more than ever before, more than anywhere else, more than in any other field at any other time in the history of mankind, the massive unanimous protracted consensus of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, of the Group of Developing and Non-Aligned Countries, lies in the coupling of national independent decision-making power - only feasible with an advanced level of science and technology in economic production and state organization and a mass onslaught on illiteracy and backwardness - with a meaningful and equable share in policy-making at the world level.
Such are the roots, visible for all to see, of U Thant's call for what was then labelled the "New International Economic Order" and what has gradually become the "New International Order" at the time of the transformation of the world. Close scrutiny of the major decisions and the philosophy behind them in the series of major conferences from Bandung to Belgrade, Colombo to Havana, plus examination of the socio-political contents of politics put forth by all national independent states of these areas four fifths of mankind , through the deep diversity of their socio-economic and political ideological regimes, with exceptions - isolated societies or compradore fringes - bear witness to this reality.
The call has been and remains for a realistic political approach to human society in our times, a deep desire to fully use the contributions of science and technology as means to secure a wider and greater share in world and regional decision-making power. Such an approach is more often than not attuned to civilizational visions, cultural traditions, and national parameters - but never evasive about the deep structural integrated interrelations between power and culture, at the heart of all problems of human and social development.
As a matter of course, both sectors of world societies - the so-called North and South - meet along the more general issues, such as nuclear disarmament and the acknowledgment of the need for more rational relations between the two sectors. But, short of the extreme parameters of annihilation, the rise to contemporaneity of Asia, Africa, and Latin America is seen, by the formative endogenous schools of thought and action in these continents, in terms altogether different from those of the dedicated minority groups in advanced industrialized societies who are justly rebelling against the dangers inherent in their societies and civilizational projects.
At the same time, the power structures of modern advanced industrialized societies, with the broad support of the wide masses of the population, including the working people - industry, agriculture, and the services alike - are persistently taking action to reach an ever-growing level of scientific and technological sophistication in all fields of social life, with a view to ensure their continuous hegemony through coming generations and, with hope, centuries.
Here lies the principal contradiction between the two sides, between the hegemonic power centres of advanced industrialized societies on the one hand, and the national independent influence centres of the heretofore marginalized cultures and societies of the world. The secondary contradiction seems to lie at a much lesser degree of intensity, and, perhaps, a higher level of ambiguity, between the humanistic minorities of advanced industrial societies on one hand, and the tricontinental area on the other.
It is here, so we feel, that the confrontation of analyses, the uses of meaningful comparisons, the perceptive understanding of different types and scales of priorities can genuinely benefit the international community, leading to deeper understanding of the transformation of the world in our time. It is here, so we feel, that the challenges and difficulties of the dialectics of tradition and modernity, specificity and universality, are calling upon us to search for the deepest roots, the hidden part of the iceberg, as it were. This is a task of vital importance in our times and an imposing challenge on the international intellectual community.
It also is the duty of all concerned citizens to their nations, peoples, and cultures to answer this challenge. As Socrates, the master of interrogative dialectic, taught us many a century ago, "everyone acts according to his knowledge. For ours are the challenges and promises to jointly construct what we would propose to define as the "gear-box of priorities": As we approach the practical aspects of our research, the more practical, policy oriented aspects of our endeavours, we are bound to face the basic dialectic between specificity and universality under the guise of what we would propose to call the dialectics of priorities.
It is obvious that policy definition, differences in standpoints at theoretical and practical levels alike, relate directly to, and are grounded in, what appears at first sight to be a difference in priorities. The first level of analysis deals with the definition of categories of priorities: We would have here, inter alia, productivism and consumerism; low-key development and hedonism; individual patterns of economic organization; collective and state patterns; and so forth.
Usual distinctions between liberal and autocratic, democratic and dictatorial, populist and despotic, consensus and elitist, and so on are naturally considered and are directly relevant to defining priorities. We would then address ourselves to a second level of differentiation, that is, the different types of priorities: This maintenance is performed either facing the mounting wave of new transformational and radical demands, or just as an expression of the necessity to preserve achievements and acquisitions which had been the results of lengthy processes of transformation before crystallizing into a viable new order.
The different justifications for this conservative approach clearly mean that the contents of what is sought to be conserved can be, and are, profoundly different - yet appear for a certain time more static than their proclaimed aims and contents. Here, priorities will often appear in parallel, dual, contradictory patterns, and not just as different stages in the same type of priorities, as is often the case with conservative priorities.
Enough has been said, though sketchily at this stage, to give a sense of the immense complexity of defining priorities, let alone making sense of their differences. For while the difference in priorities - through their different categories and types - can be understood, and even accepted, as a rational discourse, the operational position of priorities through the time-dimension, that is the transition from choice to action, from decision to praxis, represents the hour of truth in the dialectics of priorities. And here again, it is important to note that different tempt are not derived only from the subjective moment of decision-making: Thus the quest for a mediation which combines the distinctions in a way that can make them understandable, acceptable to a reasonable extent, or at least properly perceived within their own objective legitimacies.
The intent here is not to solve the dialectics of priorities but rather to clarify the hidden part of the iceberg which forcefully makes for contradictions, opposition, and frontal antagonisms. A central task of the SCA project has therefore been seen as the gradual construction of the "gear-box of priorities," a gear-box whose component parts are none other than, precisely, the differentials representing the above-mentioned categories and dimensions of the dialectics of priorities.
As we sit today to initiate the series of international seminars on The Transformation of the World with the study of the domain of science and technology, let us remember the hope and urgency, the reality of our real concrete world, the vision of our converging futures. In fraternal amity and realistic lucidity, let us join hands!
S'agit-il de philosophie ou de science? Alors, faut-il se contenter d'une description? Mais dans quelle perspective, dans quel horizon et de quel lieu? Mise en perspective ou prospective? Pour mon compte, ici, je tenterai seulement de mettre en relation intelligible le double aspect du mondial: En effet, le mondial a un aspect pratique: Ces assauts se solderont par des bifurcations Le Mondial, Esquisse d'une Analyse 1.
Que Disent les Philosophes? Le monde moderne a-t-il pris cette orientation? Inversement, le monde en se transformant devient philosophique. Nietzsche Je me contente d'une citation. Heidegger Formules obscures et profondes. Elle ravage la nature en la dominant; son importance moderne fait partie de l'histoire de l'Etre; en elle et par elle l'Etre se manifeste mais s'occulte. L'Etre et son histoire, qui aboutit au mondial, est sans pourquoi. La rose est sans pourquoi. Ainsi la Rose du monde! Le monde selon Axelos?
Sans fin, ni but ni terme. Il faut qu'il y ait jeu. Il n'en est que le support. Or un changement quantitatif et qualitatif a lieu: Le temps se localise et chaque lieu comprend un temps; mais il n'en existe pas moins un temps mondial. J'insisterai seulement sur deux ou trois points. Enfin, il y a une pratique sociale de l'information. En particulier tout ce qui concerne la le politique risque de passer par les canaux de l'information. Jamous, appellent le roman rose et le roman noir de l'informatique.
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Pas d'ombres ni de coins sombres ni de "niches" dans cette pratique parfaite. Pas de secret ni honteux ni discret. Ce qui rend plus significatif encore la pratique politique. Reste une interrogation cruciale. Il y aurait un seuil travaux de llya Prigoline, Prix Nobel Le secret et la transparence?
Or la surprise ne peut venir que d'en bas. Elle ne montre pas le fonctionnement autonome des centres partiels et de la base. La question reste une question politique fondamentale. L'usager seul aurait une existence pratique. Or le concept d'usager devient de plus en plus suspect. C'est un concept politique. Pour satisfaire l'usager, il suffirait de faire fonctionner "normalement" tous les services.
L'emploi commercial de l'information jusque dans l'industrie culturelle est gros d'autres dangers. En effet les usagers exigent le qualitatif. Elle implique un projet global. La base ne se fraie sa voie que par des actions efficaces. Pas n'importe quoi ni n'importe qui! Maraj Introduction Gregory BIue The five position papers presented to this session and the ensuing discussion developed the theme from different points of view, but it seems that each intervention sought to focus attention on the same basic questions, namely: Science and technology for whom?
At whose serviced In addition, special attention was paid to debunking various forms of scientism and technological determinism. It was first of all pointed out that science and technology are the results of historically determined social activity. Tomovic reviewed the development of modern technology since the Industrial Revolution and considered the implications of a heritage dominated by mass production, profit optimization, hierarchical forms of management, and the abuse of natural resources.
Leite Lopes extended this historical analysis in order to situate the scientific and technological dependence of the Latin American countries; and Dr. Le Thanh Khoi related specific mechanisms of scientific and technical dependence to other aspects of the cultural domination to which Third World countries are subjected. Henri Lefebvre stressed the continuing pre-eminence of the world market in shaping scientific and technological as well as political objectives and, drawing on the example of the informational sciences, considered ways in which the development of new fields of knowledge is a scene of sharp social struggle.
Pandeya whose paper we have not been able to include in this volume in turn pointed out that in the Third World both the natural and the social sciences can flourish only if the scientists are bound closely to the people and serve the interests of the people. Barel developed these problems theoretically, working from a view of the mutual interpenetration of science and society; he distinguished two necessarily complementary types of rationality, namely, the mechanistic and the dialectical, and he spoke of the dangers inherent in pushing along with the first while neglecting the second, since human liberation requires that the dialectical or structural method must take the leading role.
Lefebvre, on the other hand, scientific truth extends rather than dilates the scope of human responsibility, and it therefore necessitates critical political struggle for differences at all levels. Pandoya and Leite Lopes emphasized that only political struggles could determine whether science and technology would play a specifically liberating role for the majority of the people in the world; and Dr. Leite Lopes in particular noted that the goal of advancing science itself gives Third World scientists an integral role in participating in such struggles.
Tomovic spoke concretely about ways and means of breaking out of contemporary technological impasses and of creating better facilities for solving individual and social problems. One of the points of conflict throughout the conference, especially in the early sessions, concerned the question of "appropriate technology.
Macura argued that the technology necessary to meet the growing needs of the population of the Third World must be appropriate, in the sense of being inexpensive, labour-intensive, energy-saving, and egalitarian in terms of providing employment opportunities and the satisfaction of basic needs. Holland spoke of the dangers of technological unemployment and noted that technological innovation is often an aspect of heightening international competition. Pandaya, on the other hand, objected strongly to the notion of appropriate technology on the grounds that what is advertised as "appropriate" for Third World countries is in fact often obsolete for the industrialized nations, and he said that implementation of such technology is in fact a recipe for continual dependence and underdevelopment.
Stambuk agreed with this and felt that problems concerning the development of science and technology as well as those concerning unemployment would properly have to be viewed within the more general context of changes in society as a whole. Pecujlic was of the opinion that "alternative" technologies which take into account both productivity and human well-being can be born only from social struggle and not from catchy slogans. Leite Lopes was unable to attend the conference, but the last section of his paper should be consulted for his own cogent criticism of the strategy of "appropriate technology.
Pandeya took part in the discussion. Report on session I Jam. Maraj The initial consideration of the sub-theme was facilitated by the presentation of four position papers whose titles give some indication of the particular perspective from which each of the main speakers approached the matter.
Lefebvre in opening the proceedings concerned himself with what was necessary and what was possible in the transformation being contemplated. In the worldwide struggle taking place, although "knowledge" was only part of the overall problem, it was nevertheless a most significant part. A strategy for coping with knowledge on a world scale was urgently required, for the emergence of information science as a result of technological development now made it impossible for any specialist to grasp the complexity and the amount of information being processed and disseminated.
Lefebvre also noted that by linking information processing to government channels which controlled financial resources, there was a tendency to emphasize consumption rather than production. The technology itself had little to do with how the information was processed and absorbed, and questions related to the production of information by whom and for whom were politically and ideologically determined rather than technologically.
Périodiques
Professor Tomovic argued that we had reached a turning point or the beginning of a new era. He wondered what universities could do. Referring to the definition of technology in his paper, he commented on the mystification of the relationship between science and technology and noted that very few powers could really develop technology from basic knowledge. Professor Tomovic felt that emphasizing technology often diverted attention from social problems.
The development of particular technologies was essentially socially conditioned. He referred to destructive effects associated with mass production based on profit motives and claimed that the management of technology often depended on authoritarian attitudes. In his view, if social conditions favoured it, enough of the basic goods could be produced and technology could be used to solve urgent urban problems or improve the delivery of health care for the masses, for example.
Professor Tomovic suggested that universities should start research on a critical history of technology and he wanted particular studies made of the interaction between specific technologies and their social consequences. He drew attention to the need for technology forecasting and assessment and the need for greater self-reliance to be promoted. In his view this self-reliance was not facilitated by transfers of techniques or educational systems whose goals required thorough reexamination.
Professor Pandeya reminded us that the focus of our concerns in considering science and technology as factors in transformation had to be seen in the context of a movement from domination to liberation. He accepted the contribution which two sciences could make, and had made, to development. Professor Pandeya emphasized, however, that there was a third science which had to be utilized for revolutionizing existing structures in order to create the new order or new varieties of order which we seek. It was not reproduction of the order as known which science and technology should be used for; rather they should be revolutionizing agents.
Relating this approach to cultural transformation, Professor Pandeya argued that there was a need to link scientific insights to "the physic impulses" of the people and that their cultural perspective should not be limited to a social. In his view, liberation will only be achieved when, on a large scale, the critical scientific insights of imaginative minds are shared by the people and become an integral part of their consciousness and cultural frame of reference.
Professor Yves Barel, commenting on his paper, "Scientific Paradigms and Human Self-determination," noted the following: Science and technology, contrary to certain well-established beliefs, have certain negative side-effects on human self-determination, i. These negative side-effects are particularly significant in three fields: This influence of science and technology is not only a problem of the social misuse of their results, but also a problem of inner methodological and epistemological orientations. These orientations, in turn, are themselves partly a social problem.