Construction Safety Standards
It also applies to rope used on hoists and hoist blocks. NOTE In view of the fact that the exclusive use of synthetic sheaves or metal sheaves incorporating synthetic linings is not recommended when single-layer spooling at the drum, due to the inevitability of wire breaks occurring internally in large numbers before there is any visible evidence of any wire breaks or signs of substantial wear on the periphery of the rope, no discard criteria are given for this combination.
The standards provide the safety requirements for scaffolding, steel erection, safety nets and fall protection. Demolition operation standards address debris net systems, rope-guided and non-guided workers' hoists, commercial explosives and blasting agents, digger derricks, rigging qualifications and hearing loss prevention.
The requirements for the safety of the public near construction sites and the health and safety of employees of construction environments are also supplied in this package which includes more than 30 construction and demolition standards. This standard is also available to be included in Standards Subscriptions. Standards Subscriptions from ANSI provides a money-saving, multi-user solution for accessing standards. Subscription pricing is determined by: As the voice of the U.
Back to Workplace Safety Standards Home. Fall Protection Systems Available for Subscriptions. Available in Packages Standard is included in: Proceed to Checkout Continue Shopping. At the present time, much of the information and regulations concerning food and food products remain in a form which makes it difficult to apply automated information processing, storage and transmission methods and techniques.
Data systems that can process, store and transfer information about food and food products need formal specifications for the representations of data about food and food products in order to operate effectively and efficiently. Development of formal specifications for food and drug data with the necessary and sufficient clarity and precision for use specifically by digital computing systems have begun to emerge from government agencies and standards organizations.
The United States Food and Drug Administration has published specifications for a "Structured Product Label" which drug manufacturers must by mandate use to submit electronically the information on a drug label.
Recently, ISO has made some progress in the area of food and drug standards and formal specifications for data about regulated substances through the publication of ISO [26]. In many contexts, particularly software, specifications are needed to avoid errors due to lack of compatibility, for instance, in interoperability issues.
For instance, when two applications share Unicode data, but use different normal forms or use them incorrectly, in an incompatible way or without sharing a minimum set of interoperability specification, errors and data loss can result. In one specific instance, the combination of OS X errors handling composed characters, and the samba file- and printer-sharing software which replaces decomposed letters with composed ones when copying file names , has led to confusing and data-destroying interoperability problems.
Applications may avoid such errors by preserving input code points, and only normalizing them to the application's preferred normal form for internal use. Such errors may also be avoided with algorithms normalizing both strings before any binary comparison. However errors due to file name encoding incompatibilities have always existed, due to a lack of minimum set of common specification between software hoped to be inter-operable between various file system drivers, operating systems, network protocols, and thousands of software packages.
A formal specification is a mathematical description of software or hardware that may be used to develop an implementation. It describes what the system should do, not necessarily how the system should do it. Given such a specification, it is possible to use formal verification techniques to demonstrate that a candidate system design is correct with respect to that specification.
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This has the advantage that incorrect candidate system designs can be revised before a major investment has been made in actually implementing the design. An alternative approach is to use provably correct refinement steps to transform a specification into a design, and ultimately into an actual implementation, that is correct by construction.
In hardware, software, or enterprise systems development, an architectural specification is the set of documentation that describes the structure , behavior , and more views of that system. A program specification is the definition of what a computer program is expected to do. It can be informal , in which case it can be considered as a user manual from a developer point of view, or formal , in which case it has a definite meaning defined in mathematical or programmatic terms. In practice, many successful specifications are written to understand and fine-tune applications that were already well-developed, although safety-critical software systems are often carefully specified prior to application development.
Specifications are most important for external interfaces that must remain stable. In software development , a functional specification also, functional spec or specs or functional specifications document FSD is the set of documentation that describes the behavior of a computer program or larger software system.
The documentation typically describes various inputs that can be provided to the software system and how the system responds to those inputs. Web services specifications are often under the umbrella of a quality management system. These types of documents define how a specific document should be written, which may include, but is not limited to, the systems of a document naming, version, layout, referencing, structuring, appearance, language, copyright, hierarchy or format, etc.
Specification (technical standard)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Specification disambiguation. List of Web service specifications.
- Specification (technical standard) - Wikipedia.
- What Do ‘Acceptable Industry Standards’ Add to a Contract? - ConstructionAdvisorToday!
- Otherwise.
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- Building & Construction Standards - ASTM International?
Benchmarking Change control Guideline Defense Standard Design specification Diagnostic design specification Documentation Document management system Formal specification Functional specification Identification of medicinal products List of ISO standards List of Air Ministry specifications Manufacturing test requirement design specification Open standard Performance testing Process specification Product design specification Publicly Available Specification Revision control Requirements analysis Shop drawing Specification and Description Language Specification tree Standardization Statistical interference Systems engineering Submittals construction Technical documentation Tolerance engineering Verification and validation.
Retrieved 5 January Bly , The Elements of Technical Writing , pg.
Standard is included in:
Macmillan Publishers , Retrieved 15 June Los Angeles Unified School District. Retrieved 8 November US Department of Defense. Retrieved 16 Sep Graphical symbols in general". Retrieved 10 June Retrieved 27 March Archived from the original on 5 April Architects and other design professionals are held to this standard by virtue of their education, knowledge, training and experience.
The application of this standard to design professionals can only come from expert testimony since, as a custom and practice, it is not committed to writing. In many cases, contractors lack the education and certification to perform any service other than the mechanical process of construction. Some states do not even require that contractors be licensed.
California has no education requirement for license applicants and no continuing education requirements for licensees. For the most part, every direction or instruction that a contractor needs to execute the specifications for a given project is provided in writing. Prior to bidding a job, contractors are given drawings, specifications, project manuals, schedules of fixtures, appliances, windows and doors. They are even told what size nails to use and how they are to be spaced. Additionally, they are given a copy of the contract, general conditions of the contract, a sample of the invoice to be used and a list of insurance coverage to be provided.
Contractors are even given instructions on the process of how to fill out the bidding forms. Nothing is left to the discretion of the contractor. It might be argued that a general contractor has the responsibility to manage the execution of the various trades contributing to the project. That takes the claim back to the written laws and rules. Consequently, the standard of care doctrine does not apply to contractors. The manufacturers of appliances, equipment, fixtures and devices that are used in the construction of a building create specific installation instructions that guarantee compliance with the building codes or are requisites for a warranty.
ICC-ES is a nonprofit, public-benefit corporation that does technical evaluations of building products, components, methods, and materials. The evaluation process culminates with the issuance of technical reports that, because they directly address the issue of code compliance, are used by both regulatory agencies and building-product manufacturers. Additionally, numerous accrediting agencies, working under the authority of OSHA establish accepted standards that are incorporated into the body of the building codes by reference.
These standards can be found in the appendices of the code volumes. Building authorities use evaluation reports to help determine code compliance and enforce building regulations; manufacturers use reports as evidence that their products meet code requirements and warrant regulatory approval. There are also products used in construction which do not require certification but nonetheless, have very precise specifications for the proper use and installation. Quite often, the manufacturer will withdraw their warranties if their instructions are not followed.
That warranty is voided if the contractor does not paint all six sides of the door as indicated in the product literature that comes with the door.
The application of elastomeric paint, for example, is not a code issue, but the manufacturer will withdraw its warranty for longevity if the contractor does not apply the product in strict conformance with the instructions on the container. Even though this product specification is not enforceable under the code, it is a standard that universally applies to every contractor who installs a particular product; listed or not. The building codes are always subject to challenge and interpretation from numerous parties.
Even though the written building codes represent the standards to which contractors are held, there is one higher authority that can overrule or approve a modification of the written codes: Quite often, when a particular provision of the code cannot be met, the building official will approve an alternative method of compliance if, in their judgment, the provisions of safety are being met by the alternative. The time to secure the approval for an alternative to the code is when the project is under construction and prior to the installation or construction of the alternative.
That does not preclude the building official from approving an alternative modification after the project has been completed and before the certificate of occupancy has been signed. This is an important issue to be considered during litigation; seeking a post-construction approval from the building official can effectively dismiss an issue from the litany of complaints of violation of industry standards. Quite often, contractors, when being challenged on issues of code compliance, fail to consult with the local building authority for acceptance of a literal violation of the code when, in fact, the as-built feature satisfies the intent of the code.
The sheer force of the arguments does not add sufficient validity to the claim of failing to meet multiple industry standards. The introduction of subjective standards causes confusion and the possibility that a contractor following one standard may be held to have breached another. Lessons learned over the past 30 years of evaluating construction defect litigation have revealed a few things about the process.
Some of the more evident lessons are:. The only industry standards that universally apply to and are enforced concerning construction activities performed by contractors are written laws and specifications; the building codes and the listed product-specific requirements for installation and use as incorporated into the codes. Local Customs and Practices are not industry standards. The contract, project plans and specifications are not industry standards; however, they are enforceable between the parties of a specific project as a component of their contractual obligations.
When evaluating construction defect claims, lawyers on both sides of the dispute will be better able to represent their clients by keeping in mind the fallacy of claims based upon violations of inapplicable industry standards. Certainly a broader knowledge of the codes by contractors is a requisite toward higher levels of compliance.
Standards of Practice in Construction Specifying
Likewise, a higher level of understanding by contractors, construction experts, arbitrators and judges of the applicable laws and standards might significantly reduce the inordinate amount of time and extraordinary expense of construction defect litigation, which might lead to an efficient adjudication of claims of defective workmanship — which may not be at all defective under the applicable industry standards. I believe that, when used properly, "Industry Standard" is very useful for both the designer and the contractor. The pluses for the designer include focusing on the challenging or unique details of the project instead of regurgitating well known standard details that are precisely delineated by organizations like UL.
The pluses for the contractor include the latitude to use the industry standard detail with which he is most familiar. If the designer can state that all fire stopping shall comply with UL listed assemblies, it is counter-productive to literally include the details in the set. Plus, if all but ONE or TWO of the applicable details are in set, the contractor will claim that that gave him license to "invent".