Desidero, inoltre, ringraziare tutti le persone intervistate durante la ricerca di dottorato e coloro che han- no letto una prima versione di questo contributo dando signi- ficativi suggerimento per migliorarlo. An Over- view, in D. International Approaches, Assessment and Application, , Routledge. Inno- vative Activities and Models, Sterling: Preparation for living in a heterogeneous world, Strasburgo: Issues and Tools, in D. Tools for Self-Assessing Intercultural Competence.
Inside and Outside the Classroom, edited by J. Definition, approach- es, and rationales, Journal of Studies in International Education, 8 1 , Fondazione Intercultura Onlus Paolone, A. Conceptual and operational framework, Parigi: Policy and Practice in Higher Education, 18 2 , Policy and Practice in Higher Education, 19 1 , Policy and Practice in Education, Cham: It shows their views on mobility and study abroad in connection with this concept as well as the perceptions of the validity of cosmopolitanism for this age group.
However, students perceived mobility as a bonus not as a condition for cosmopolitan afiliations, because diversity, whether cultural, social, political and so on can be experienced also in local settings. This captures the essence of the Ancient cultural, rooted and banal cosmopolitanism. Furthermore, students believed that the concept of global citizenship should be natural to contemporary societies because of their multicultural set up and the global challenges they tend to face. Finally, cyber space often substituted mobility and was seen as an enabler and a uniier in terms of banal cosmopolitanism, because it facilitated diversity and enhanced online communication.
It is also a premise to the idea of global citizenship mitigated by cosmopolitan virtues as a subset of intercultural competences. These are important nuances for some of the challenges of the contemporary world. The world is becoming an increasingly interconnected space in terms of cultures, politics and economics; this is believed to be the case mostly thanks to the pervasive forces of globalisation. As a catalyst, globalisation is perceived both positively and negatively in this regard.
Yet a strong drive, motivation and curiosity are arguably innate to humanity, this is often omitted in this context. Similarly, the concept of otherness has its historical legacy, as it sets the present international context and impacts on general perceptions. International students also represent a historical phenomenon. They are a diverse sub-group of global migration and mobility, with a corresponding variety of experiences and mindsets.
There exist an amplitude of concepts and coined terms regarding international student mobility ISM , such as: This is followed by its operational deinitions that have been adopted by this study and used also in its empirical section to present this concept to the participants of this study. It then lays out the methodological aspects of this research. Cosmopolitanism Concepts of global citizenship and cosmopolitanism in literature are often connected with the phenomena of ISM, as they possess international, intercultural and transnational aspects Campbell, ; Coryell et al.
Within multiple identities, afiliations to cosmopolitanism and local communities were felt strongest by the international students Weibl, a, b. This article will investigate more thoroughly the attitudes of students towards the concept of global citizenship since the empirical evidence originates from the same dataset. Next to the cosmopolitan identities, research revealed a need for education for global citizenship, which should ideally take both, a curricula and extracurricular form Weibl, There are calls for cosmopolitan education to prepare students for this multicultural world with frequent interactions with people of different backgrounds and values Ashwill and Oanh, , because becoming a global citizen is not only practical but from an economic and moral point of view also an inevitability for the survival of humanity Adams, These should be composed by the teaching of universal values and by the development of intercultural competence Weibl, c.
The concept of cosmopolitanism crosses many ields, from diaspora and identity politics to multiculturalism, political correctness and transnationalism Hannerz, Over time cosmopolitanism has developed into several branches, such as: This study is interested in moral or philosophical cosmopolitanism because it is committed to the idea of solidarity and the attachments between human beings; as well as, in the promotion of human rights, justice and providing aid to those in need and to those who suffer.
A rift exists between the economic and moral cosmopolitanism, because the later criticizes the former of advocating for the single global market and neoliberal free trade without political involvement, which triggers global economic inequality Ibid. Apart from the moral and cultural cosmopolitanism, this research is also inspired by banal or everyday cosmopolitanism, because it describes all aspects of culture consumed frequently, which is the forte of international students.
Banal cosmopolitanism also bridges the national, with the transnational through the process of cosmopolitanisation Beck, Consequently, this study adopted the following understanding of global citizenship: These deinitions were used in the empirical part of the study to familiarize students with this concept. Similarly, they were chosen to comprise the historical and contemporary understanding of cosmopolitanism, which include: Even though this study focuses on ISM, cosmopolitanism does not entail mobility as Diogenes, the self-proclaimed cosmopolitan, chose not to travel Kleingeld and Brown, This notion has been arguably ampliied by the advancement of communication through the internet, social media and cyber space, which support the concept of rooted cosmopolitanism.
It helps to dismiss the fears of globalisation and the tendency of using this term interchangeably with cosmopolitanism, because it is principally against the stances that native cultures are being threatened by foreign cultural contamination Appiah, It helped to coin the term cosmopolitan patriot ism Ibid. This study sought to identify these nuances through the ideas and perceptions of international students in regards to cosmopolitanism.
International Student Mobility and Internationalisation of Universities - The role of serendipity, risk and uncertainty in student mobility and the possible development of cosmopolitan mindset and identity through knowledge transfer and intercultural competence. It employed a mixed-method analysis and a variety of methods of data collection in order to gain an in-depth perspective on the research interests of the study. The participants were irst time international students, both postgraduate and undergraduate, enrolled at New Zealand universities, the University of Oxford and Charles University in Prague.
The empirical part was conducted between the years — The participants were recruited by an invitation letter to the online anonymous survey containing the survey link and distributed by the international ofices of their host universities; print advertisements and the online snowball method of distribution were also employed in order to attract participants. The face-to-face interviews were conducted with all those students who expressed willingness to further participate in this study; they did so by typing in their email addresses at the end of the anonymous survey and were contacted by the author.
From that point the students entered the longitudinal phase of the study which in some cases lasted over a year. Students were rewarded with vouchers from Amazon for their participation in the longitudinal study. All interviews and data collection was conducted by the author of this study. Some of the indings of this research were already published and are referred to in this paper Weibl a, b, c. The following three questions served as the main source of information for this publication. In terms of the challenges of data collecting, the empirical task proved to be a rewarding, albeit time consuming exercise.
The biggest dificulty was to attract students to the initial anonymous survey and then later in keeping students motivated for the longevity of the research. The launch of the research was also delayed by two strong earthquakes in the city of Christchurch, New Zealand and by dificulties in gaining access to students through oficial avenues at individual universities. Results Most of the students believed that cosmopolitanism does not require mobility, meaning that the lack of mobility would not prevent one from becoming a cosmopolitan individual.
Although students added that it would be a welcome addition, a bonus and would help in comprehending this concept due to the more intense learning from experiences of diversity and self-relection. International students are most likely to merge into different cultures on a daily basis, in comparison to an individual living a multicultural setting in their home environment. However, it is also true, as the students mentioned that the quality of interaction and integration of different communities, which are often based on sound intercultural competence, can make a culturally diverse home environment a greater learning environment than an international setting without any or minimal social interaction.
Furthermore, students appreciated the new venues offered by cyber space as the use of internet and social media can go a long way in easing interaction between different cultures worldwide. Students also comment that although cyber space is not without challenges, for example communication across continents requires scheduling and so on; it is quick, cheap and can be more spontaneous than face to face interaction would be. Moreover; a quarter of them expressed a particular interest in this concept, based on their acquired values and personal beliefs, as the outcome of their experiences studying abroad.
One of the main reasons for the majority of students to be interested in cosmopolitanism and the concept of global citizenship was their realisation, also outlined by the literature, that this concept is necessary for the survival and functioning of the modern globalised world due to its beneits to all humans and to the broader environment. What interest do you have in the concept of global citizenship or cosmo- politanism? Thus moral cosmopolitanism turned out to be the most appealing concept for students.
Furthermore, there were signs or precursors of banal cosmopolitanism, as students thought that societies globally have embedded diversity. The nature of reality is multicultural and globalised they said, which was their perception based on their experiences, rather than a wishful expression or support of a policy or an ideology.
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Conclusion and Discussion While mobility and study abroad are believed to contribute to the development of cosmopolitan identities and global citizenship Campbell, , the indings of this study revealed that they represent a bonus in this regard, but are not necessary preconditions for an individual to become a cosmopolitan or to embrace the concept of global citizenship. Thus, the indings conirmed the relevance of the ancient rooted and also patriotic cosmopolitanism, especially mitigated by the advancement of online media and the existence of cyber space as a catalyst for cosmopolitanisation.
The respondents collectively identiied and proclaimed interest in the concept of global citizenship and globalisation, especially with the moral or ethical variant of cosmopolitanism. Empathy has the capacity to leverage diversity and enhance the understanding of others. Critical Inquiry 23, no. The Sage Handbook of Intercultural Competence. Global Networks 4, no. Grounded identities, transcient lives: The emergence of international student voices, in an era of cosmopolitan learning. Journal of International Students, 2 2 , Institute for Public Policy Research.
The International Migration of Human Capital. Martha Nussbaum on 21st Century Enlightenment [Video ile]. His research interests lie in the idea of cosmopolitanism, intercultural competence, inter- national student mobility, knowledge transfer and employability, the internationalization of higher ed- ucation and political communication through social media. The Way of St. James, pilgrimage route and first Cultural Route of the Council of Europe, is considered an example of diversity and mutual understanding as well a symbol of European identification though serving as a channel for intercultural dialogue, and providing a better understanding of the history of Europe through cross-border exchanges of people, ideas and cultures.
This paper analyses the evolving concepts of identities tracing the question which role plays the network of pilgrim routes to Santiago de Compostela within the process of constructing a European identity. Starting from the presumption that the interaction with the pilgrimage environment contributes significantly to peaceful encounters and mutual understanding as well as a better understanding of spiritual and cultural tourisms.
It takes a closer look at the ideas and tools behind the concept of Cultural Routes, asking about the relationship between this pilgrimage route and the individuals who are starting their voyage with an individual approach leading them to interconnect constantly with other travelers and creating a new understanding. On the other hand, talking about regional and collective identity, the question is what does the Way of St. James do with those regions through which it passes? A lot of them are classified as rural, structurally lagging regions and receive special attention from the rural development policy of the European Union EU and its rural development programs providing co- funding for projects with economic, environmental or social objectives.
Therefore, tourism and regional development are two concepts that are being discussed in relation with a sustainable development of those regions. James, are experiencing nowadays revitalization and try to combine a volume of visitors with predominantly religious interests and tourists visiting also for other reasons. A critical thinking requires also the question if EU policies on culture and identity as theoretical concepts stand in contrast with the pilgrimage phenomenon itself which can rather be described as an unregulated, hardly controllable bottom-up concept.
Jean-Pied- du-Port in France. But actually, there is no official starting point because the idea is that everyone can be a pilgrim and normally the voyage starts at the doorstep. Every year the numbers of pilgrims increase, which shows also the growing popularity of the Way. Table 1 Number of Pilgrims No.
Oficina de Acogida al Peregrino, The motivation for starting a pilgrimage can be ambivalent. It is not always of an exclusive religious nature, but also involves widely secular culture. In most cases a search for identity plays an important role. This diversity in motivations makes it challenging to distinguish between pilgrims and tourists. The reason for this seems simple: This includes the rediscovery of pilgrimage or journeys to sacred places.
Legends say that the body of the St. James, who was beheaded in Palestine, was brought by boat to the Iberian Peninsula where he reportedly preached the gospel. James quickly became one the most famous pilgrimage site in the Christian world apart from Rome and Jerusalem. The appearance of the legends about St. James and the beginning pilgrim traffic are in a proximate relationship with the Reconquista — the Christian reconquest of the peninsula from the Muslim kingdom. The worship of the apostle led to the development of an extensive network of routes as well as a complex infrastructure, particularly along the old trade routes, which for centuries were used as a logistical network.
After the phenomenon had reached its climax in the 15th century, the pilgrimage began to decay as a result of wars, epidemics, failure of crops and starving in addition to the beginning of the Reformation and the criticism on pilgrimage Herbers, Spanish nationalism and St.
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James as national hero were emphasized as part of this regime. However, it took until the last quarter of the 20th century for the authentic contemporary resurge of the peregrination and the interest for the Camino to be awakened. Simultaneously religious tourism became more important and the number of participants of religious and spiritual events and pilgrimages increased.
Many destinations, apart from the Way of St. James, are experiencing a current revitalization and are catering to a large number of visitors with predominantly religious interests and tourists alike. A milestone was the declaration of the Way of St. James as the first Cultural Route of the Council of Europe. James 25th July falls on a Sunday. The Holy See As a result of pilgrimage in the Middle Age, a rich heritage was formed in form of tangible heritage such as places of worship, hospitals, bridges as well as non-tangible heritage in form of legends, poems and songs that have been conserved and are appreciated today.
There are various dimensions of tradition which take a vital role when talking about identity. In order to improve regional and local identity it is necessary to strengthen the awareness and responsibility of local and regional communities towards their environments, landscapes, cultures and other unique values. This plays a key role, for example, within the territorial development policy of the European Union, including the promotion of Cultural Tourism. The EU supports the protection, rehabilitation and utilization of heritage through a place-based approach.
It primarily constitutes a larger European theme, which enables us to better understand the history and memory of Europe in a continental continuation extending from the Atlantic to the Southern Caucasus and from the Baltic to the Mediterranean. The European ideas currently go far beyond an economic union and the process of European integration has been coupled with identity negotiation and geopolitical re-organization within the member states. The fundamental idea of the Treaty of Maastricht is a European citizenship overcoming political and juridical boundaries and establishing the basis of a self-concept based on cultural diversity and shared values.
Through this program the Council of Europe implements some of its fundamental tasks, promoting the principles, which underlie all its work and values: It contributes to the conservation and valorization of European heritage, raises awareness for a common cultural identity in Europe and supports the development of cultural tourism under consideration of sustainable, social and ethnic values. Additionally, cultural routes represent a resource for innovation, creativity, small business creation, cultural tourism products and services development.
Many pilgrimage routes are organized to the highest international standard with the provision of traditional tourism management tools such as interpretation materials, signage, publications and ancillary facilities including accommodation. Importance is given to the regional level that plays a key role in European territoria development. One of the priorities regarding the EU framework for rural development programs fosters knowledge transfer and innovation in agriculture, forestry and rural areas.
There are cultural territorial cross-border projects, and they need to be linked within the regions they cross in order to become effective and operative. Participation of the inhabitants of the territories and sites are crucial part of this process. Through the appreciation of the past and hence bonding it to the present, it is possible to raise awareness and promote the strengthening of a regional consciousness. Similar strategies are applied for regional development where the promotion of Cultural Tourism is considered an important factor. Not only cultural itineraries certificated by the European Council contribute to those effects.
In general, pilgrimage and heritage tourism foster the finding of meaning and identity in the past. Important is the development of strategic partnerships and an entrepreneurial leadership with support to the local economy and especially to small and medium-sized enterprises SMEs. Another issue is to gain cultural influence on sustainable and less sustainable tourism development agendas and processes Council of Europe, European Identity and its Significance Regarding Pilgrimage When attempting to discuss European identity, one quickly gets caught between many different concepts and ideas.
This topic has spawned a lively academic debate in recent decades and has generated hundreds of references ranging from abstract theoretical treatment to political discussion results from surveys. The validity of a concept of European identity has itself been questioned.
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However, at this point the author wants to discuss some aspects relating to pilgrimage. According to Alberto Melucci , p. It is a perception of a shared status or relation, which may be imagined rather than experienced directly. Furthermore, it is distinct from personal identities, although it may form part of a personal identity. Collective identity is neither fixed nor innate, but rather emerges through interaction and reaction of different actors to each other.
As stated in a policy review from the European Commission , p. It is the contrast of inclusion and exclusion, at the same time using empathy as a basis for solidarity and loyalty. When talking about European identity it means that people in Europe are cognitive and emotionally bound to a defined area, in this case Europe as a political or geographical category, or more precisely the European Union with its 28 Member states.
This idea becomes important when analyzing the dynamics of pilgrimages and especially the Way of St. In general, the phenomenon of pilgrimage is shaped by the idea of discovering and overcoming borders and boundaries, trying out new dimensions and forming new relationships. Establishing bonding and reflecting identity is part of the spiritual experience and comes along with the fact, that on the Camino linguistic encounters are multiple.
Possible language barriers, unlike in history, are tried to overcome by the means of language, symbols, emotional expressions, songs and poetry. It is a universal understanding as part of a wide activity with many people following without putting the focus on language training, yet accepting the variety of linguistic encounters. The world of the pilgrims is a unique sphere apart from the normal world, but everyone gets access for it. On the Way of St. James, as a network of an endless number of branches everywhere in Europe all marked through the schematic yellow scallop shell on blue ground colors of the European Union , people use a spatial structure guiding towards the southwest of the Iberian peninsular.
The pilgrimage on the Way of St. James in general is easy to access though being open to everyone. Besides, there is no need for huge amount of money or knowledge about the activity, since it mainly consists in walking or cycling and satisfying the basic, daily needs.
Not even a special preparation becomes necessary, since every individual is planning the course accordingly to his or her physical condition. Its symbolic character derives from the fact that very different people come together for one purpose: As shown in Table 1, pilgrims represent many different nationalities, but travel also with different motivations, religious and non-religious.
The pilgrimage serves as an interactive event that allows participants to formulate and perform alternative spirituality and identities, also blurring the distinctions between pilgrim and tourist, sacred and profane. But something else forms a typical pilgrimage more significantly: The exposure of both, locals and pilgrims or travelers, is a typical situation leading to experiencing interculturality in the places the route is passing through. A pilgrim is a stranger, being distant and outside of his or her familiar environment.
Moving in unison for many hours, in a sometimes barren countryside such as the Meseta in central Spain, and suffering together, not only helps the pilgrims to find their own selves, but also connects with others in this concrete, limited space. In addition, irritation can cause the situation of proximity to other pilgrims, which is unusual to most of the participants sleeping every night in a dorm room with many persons, sharing daily routine with others.
This proximity and the exceptional emotional state due to a situation of steady self-concern can provoke exceptional emotions. Not only personal identities are at stake here but also social and collective ones. The pilgrim is experiencing difference, is threatening with dissimilarity.
Through this, he or she is constantly crossing borders. This situation can be irritating, however, it offers a possibility: Repeatedly the role of the Way of St. Looking at other topics of European policy many parallels can be drawn: It highlights the importance in public policies in progress, the role and activities of the local associations and the valorization of implemented projects as related to those itineraries recognized by the Council of Europe.
The Cultural Routes of the Council of Europe are in line with the key trends of cultural tourism development in Europe today. They have achieved a noteworthy impact and progress within the last two decades, and shown enormous potential for the development of rural regions, SMEs, clustering, networking intercultural dialogue , and promoting the image of the Council of Europe and Europe in general. After twenty years of experience, the Cultural Routes program continues to promote and render more visible these common values and principles rooted in the cultural, religious and humanist heritage of Europe, a heritage at once divided and enriched by its diversity.
Cultural Routes encourage widespread community participation in cultural activities raising awareness of a common cultural heritage. The identification of citizens with Europe, the European Union and its integration project is an issue of perennial concern for EU institutions. How is European identity promoted and perceived — for example by European cultural tourism? In the minds of different actors, how relevant are language and culture to national identity and cohesion.
Both pilgrimage and cultural tourism provide a space and an experience that offer individuals the potential of constructing meaning and negotiating identity. James provides an intense human experience and creates a sense of fraternity amongst travelers and a strong bond with the regions through which it passes. Pilgrimage is not only a form of identity building, but also a superb example for cross-border communication and fostering mutual understanding.
The Way of St James illustrates how Europe was constructed on a shared history of exchanges and encounters between people with different backgrounds, nationalities and beliefs. Living Together As Equals in Dignity. Council of Europe , Cultural Routes Management: Some Thoughts from Ireland in R. Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Festivals. Wallingford, Oxfordshire; Cambridge, MA: Geschichte und Kultur einer Pilgerfahrt. Individual, Group and Society, Bilbao: Informes anuales, h t t p: Region — Nation — Europa.
James in rural regions. In , she achieved the certiicate as Intercultural trainer from Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Germany and has been working since than as a freelance trainer, project coordinator and lecturer for intercultural communication. Given the power of sterotypes, awareness is the first step in any effort to develop intercultural sensitivity.
If stereotypes and prejudices are left unexamined, they might end up in hate and aggressive speech, but also in radical and discriminatory behaviours, that can feed dangerous and distruptive intercultural interactions. Discrimination certainly is not a new problem, but increasingly diverse and multicultural societies make the problem more complex.
Immigration is probably the most prominent issue in this respect. All the many various manifestations of extremism and radicalization contribute to erode social cohesion, but also create obstacles for building trust in the other and thus block our ability to fully benefit from the advantages of multicultural societies.
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This second part touches various aspects of this dangerous phenomena. Talking about the hate speech of xenophobic ideologists, or of minorities outside mainstreams norms, in the following section the authors describe how these phenomena are related to the fear for loss of identity, to ethnocentric attitudes and to the perception of superiority. Young people as they are looking for their place in the world often are struggling in particular with questions of identity. Stefania Lorenzini Chapter 8 shows that feelings of otherness or alienation can make adopted young people or members of a second migrant generation victims of stereotypes and prejudice, and consequently more vulnerable.
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Margherita Cardellini Chapter 9 focuses on stereotypical perceptions and prejudices about ethnicity and skin colours of children in primary schools. Both authors emphasize the educational role of families and teachers in constructing positive perceptions and in deconstructing negative meanings associated with visible diversity. If we try to understand the phenomen of radicalization, we should look at the push and at the pull factors that may put an individual at risk. A charismatic recruiter might pull the individual down a path of violent radicalization.
Other factors, such as experiencing violence, including from the state, might make an individual more vulnerable to any appeal to radicalization OSCE, 1. Chiara Fioravanti and Francesco Romano Chapter 10 focus their research on legislative texts and on official Memorandums, documents and e mails emanating from public offices in Italy, and their use of language particularly when addressing foreigners and migrants issues.
They propose a method of text and content analysis to sustain public administrations to improve the social representations which they disseminate, associated with being a foreigner or a migrant. Cristina Bosco, Viviana Patti and Marcello Bogetti Chapter 11 describe their project of using Artificial Intelligence tools to detect hate speeches against immigrants appearing in social media, and in their efforts to substiantiate anti-discrimination interventions.
Addressing specifically young Muslims who potentially might give an extreme interpretation of Islam, Aziza Benrahal, Grazia Ghellini, Salah Boudi, Ghislaine Tamisier Chapter 12 report about an experimental training tool that involved them in a theatrical role play. The young people involved learn how to balance the seemingly contradicting aspects of their identity.
This theatrical approach is especially used to address young Muslims in particular who might potentially be susceptible to engaging wih extreme interpretation of Islam. So, the crucial question is: That is, for the coexistence of elements referable to different cultural and experiential contexts?
The second question is: The present work analyzes these particular issues related to foreign daughters and sons in adoption. Esaminando i dati relativi ai primi dieci paesi di accoglienza dei minori si vede come la riduzione delle adozio- ni internazionali, tra il e il , abbia riguardato ciascuno in misura diversa: Per approfondimenti si rimanda a http: I Rapporti statistici ad oggi hanno cadenza annuale.
I continenti di provenienza dei minori adottati in Italia in ordine di rilevanza sono: Figli e iglie adottivi di origine straniera, italiani a tutti gli effetti, si trovano a vivere in un Paese in cui, specie negli ultimi anni, sono 6 Cfr. Tuttavia, come vedremo nel prossimo paragrafo, i giovani intervistati riferiscono esperienze, vissute 7 I giovani di origine extraeuropea, adottati da famiglie italiane e intervistati nel e nel , sono stati in totale 52 37 femmine e 15 maschi. In queste circostanze sono stati appellati con parole pesantemente offensive, che solo per desi- derio di chiarezza nella presente rilessione mi consento di ri- portare: Durante le interviste condotte, emergono svariati e contrastanti timori: Una domanda nasce dunque inevitabile in una rilessione inter- culturale: Richiamando gli interrogativi espressi in premessa: Questa espressione, se da un lato sembra assegnare paritetica importanza alle diverse appartenenze, da un altro pare implicare una cesura tra le parti: Io mi informo, leggo da in- ternet, dai giornali.
Quando mi ponevo le domande, me le ponevo tutte: Segnali di benessere paiono associati alla conciliazione tra i tanti tasselli identitari di persone dalle storie di vita artico- late. Lorenzini, , , Pregiudizi, razzismi, impegno educativo. Dalle ricerche alla prassi operativa, FrancoAngeli.
Dalle ricerche alla prassi operativa. Teorie, Ricerche, Pratiche, Vol.
Conlitti, Dialoghi e Progetti nella globaliz- zazione, Vol. Immigrazione e integrazione dentro e fuori la scuola. Quotidiani imbarazzi in bianco e nero. Problemi e punti di forza nelle rilessioni dei igli. Le voci dei igli. Storie di adozioni impossibili o fortemente problema- tiche. Immigrazione e integrazione dentro e fuori la scuo- la. Edizioni Stranieri in Italia. Dalle ricerche alla prassi operativa, Franco- Angeli Sen, A. Fa parte della Direzione e del coordina- mento scientiico della rivista Educazione intercul- turale. Teorie, Ricerche, Pratiche http: This form of discrimination is often and uncon- sciously acted through the words.
The results of this study are part of a wid- er research project with a view to detect stereotypes and prejudices related to skin color in primary school children. This research project had conirmed that the melanin prejudice is still present and widespread in this age group and it allows to focus on the words that children use to name skin colors and their meanings. Ethnocentric and white-centric shades are often hidden under these words. Tu non sei come me: Parole come race, ethnicity, diversity, ecc. Pertanto, sebbene in questo paper questi aspetti non vengano approfonditi questi temi, si ritiene esplici- tare tale rilevante differenza.
Secondo la sociologa ed esperta di colorism JeffriAnne Wilder, gli USA hanno attraversato almeno 3 tappe signiicative in rela- zione a questo particolare fenomeno Wilder, Sebbene venga istituzionalmente dissolto e condannato questo legame, a livello sociale e cultu- rale esso continua ad avere forti ripercussioni. Lo strumento della ricerca sembra scendere in campo a favore della lotta per il riconoscimento dei propri di- ritti, cercando di dimostrare scientiicamente le conseguenze della discriminazione in termini di lavoro, guadagno, selezione matrimoniale, status, educazione, potere, ecc.
Alcune di queste cita- no: Sebbene il percorso storico sinora presentato sembra mostrare una tensione rivolta al superamento del pregiudizio melaninico, la curva di cambiamento sembra non essere lineare ed attraver- sare momenti di up e down continui. Pregiudizi e stereotipi legati al colore della pelle: Cardellini, Colori della pelle: Alcuni elementi di fondamentale im- portanza, ai quali i ricercatori occorre che pongano grande at- tenzione nei focus group con i bambini sono: Importanza di elementi concreti.
Utilizzo di elementi visivi. Questo elemento, rappresenta una rilevante differenza tra i focus group svolti con adulti e quelli svolti con bambini. Si ritiene infatti di grande importanza che il modera- tore possa instaurare una relazione piacevole e di iducia con i bambini che partecipano al focus group. Sebbene esistano in letteratura alcuni esempi di focus group condotti con bambini, si osserva una maggiore attenzione ai ri- sultati emersi dai focus group e una scarsa attenzione alla par- te metodologica Baraldi e Maggioni, ; Morcellini e Grassi, ; Dejman et al.
Quali parole per parlare dei colori della pelle? Secondi il relativismo linguistico, le parole non sono solo stru- menti di comunicazione, ma anche strumenti propri del pensie- ro Castiglioni, Posso nominare i colori della pelle? Come posso chiamare la pelle scura? Da quale punto di vista? Elisa, quando dici noi a chi ti riferisci? E se venisse utilizzato un termine per deinire la pelle chiara? Il nome della scuola non viene esplicitato per ragioni di privacy. Si dice di colore! O entrambe le cose?
Posso chiedervi quali sono le parole che prendono in giro e quelle che non prendono in giro? E ci sono altri modi di dire il colore della pelle di questa ragazza qui, per esempio indica la donna con pelle scura? Le parole che utilizziamo sono iglie e madri del pensiero, culturalmente connotato, che si re- spira in un determinato contesto geograico, sociale e culturale; esse derivano e sono inluenzate dal contesto, ma sono anche potenziali portatrici di un cambiamento educativo intercultu- rale. Quali parole devo utilizzare per parlare di colori della pelle?
Quali sono le parole educate e quali quelle che possono ferire? Secondo una prospettiva pedagogica interculturale Genovese, ; Giusti, ; Portera, ; Catarci et al. Progetti ed esperienze del Laboratorio di Fano. Problematiche etni- co-antropologiche e analisi di casi. Dalla stereotipia dei pre- giudizi. Il ruolo della pedagogia nella costruzione di percorsi identitari, spazi di cittadinanza e dialoghi interculturali.
Le immagini televisive dei conlitti tra critica e proposta, Testimonianze, interviste e ricerche. I nuovi vi- cini. Famiglie Migranti e integrazione sul territorio. Per un progetto peda- gogico e politico di cittadinanza globale. I suoi interessi di ricerca riguardano la pedagogia interculturale e la discri- minazione legata al colore della pelle, con particolare riferimento alla scuola primaria.
In addition, recent research on discriminatory language in the media has indicated formularies of words that in some contexts may stigmatize certain groups of people. A collaborative method to support public oficers in the process of simpliication of informative contents for immigrats are briely described.
La scelta del tema della ricerca nasceva dalla constatazione che diversi autori ad esempio Bartoli, , p. VI e anche Balbo e Manconi, , p. Sul tema vedi Bartoli, , p. I libri consultati appartengono a diversi ambiti scientiici e tematici, e i loro autori sono stati selezionati tra le seguenti aree scientiiche: Tra gli autori vi sono poi giornalisti, politici, politologi, ilosoi, giuristi, storici anche della lingua e delle idee oltre a scrittori e psicanalisti ed esperti nei processi di inclusione economica e sociale dei cittadini di origine straniera e in ricerche sociali comparate.
Vi sono inine anche esperti di mass media e comunicazione interculturale. Molte di queste parole sono mutuate dal linguaggio dei media: Si veda sul punto Bartoli, , p. Per una dettagliata descrizione della banca dati vedi Fioravanti, Rinaldi, , pp. Le categorie individuate sono le seguenti: Collochiamo in questa categoria termini come: Termini che indicano la provenienza geograica. Si tratta di parole che fanno direttamente riferimento alla provenienza di alcune persone, al loro Paese di origine, se non addirittura al continente o alla zona del mondo dalla quale provengono.
Si tratta di termini che possono sembrare desueti nel nostro lessico odierno e probabilmente lo sono. I termini inseriti in questa categoria sono: Termini legati al mondo scolastico-formativo. Le parole e le espressioni tipiche che appartengono a questa categoria sono: Termini correlati alla sicurezza.
I termini inclusi in questa categoria sono connotati: Metafore di allarme ambientale. In particolare rientrano in tale categoria parole ed espressioni quali: Sono i luoghi nei quali vivono, lavorano, o sono relegate le persone oggetto di stereotipi e discriminazioni. Sono spesso termini usati dalla stampa con connotazione negativa per riferirsi a luoghi dove vivono immigrati, o ci sono mercati abusivi, abitudini dannose, trafici loschi, o comunque sporcizia e situazioni anarcoidi e di caos Faloppa, , p. Sono termini noti a tutti e molto diffusi quali: Sono i termini classici della discriminazione che si rifanno a temi e concetti ormai superati.
Sono termini che rientrano in questa categoria parole quali: Vedi sul punto Gjergji, , p. Le parole in questa categoria sono: VIII — molto equivoco Fabietti, , p. I termini maggiormente segnalati come discriminatori sono stati i seguenti: Analoghi strumenti possono essere sperimentati per la redazione degli atti amministrativi Mercatali, Romano, , pp. Faremo un esempio di questo tipo di applicazione nel capitolo che segue. I testi sono caratterizzati, per questo, da terminologia tecnica e da un linguaggio molto ade- rente a quello delle norme da cui discendono Nel Portale, le informazioni sui diversi procedimenti sono comu- nicate attraverso schede con struttura standard che descrivono in dettaglio le procedure per ottenere i diversi provvedimenti o servizi amministrativi.
Esse contengono tutte le informazio- ni essenziali relative ai singoli procedimenti: Le schede informative sempliicate dovevano essere inoltre ido- nee alla consultazione su Web. De Mau- ro, T. Selezione delle schede informative sui procedimenti da sot- toporre a sempliicazione; 2. Veriica e riscrittura dei termini; 3.
Sempliicazione della struttura sintattica; 4. Pilotti, dirigente dei servizi educativi del Comune di Firenze. I partecipanti provenivano dai seguenti Paesi sia extraeuropei che europei: Il loro mantenimento o eliminazione; 3. Faso, La lingua del razzi- corso di lingua ita- zione smo: Naletto, Rap- porto sul razzismo in Italia, Roma, Manifestolibri, ; [ Olivieri, La critica dei cittadino di Paesi pregiudizi sui migranti terzi come strategia contro le discriminazioni razziali, in T. Faso, Lessico del razzi- inclusione smo democratico.
Le parole che escludono, Roma, Deri- veApprodi, , [ Clerici, De Petra, , pag. Infatti, la PA intesa anche in senso lato in modo da comprendere anche le istituzioni legislative nazionali e locali deve produrre informazioni e documenti in grado di integrare e costruire valori comunitari anche per i nuovi cittadini. Un vocabolario, Milano, Feltrinelli. Marcello ed , Le parole che noi usiamo.
Il lavoro vivo degli immigrati tra stragi, pogrom, rivolte e razzismo di stato, in P. Il razzismo nazista tra biologia e culturalismo. Come parlare e scrivere semplice e preciso. Uno stile italiano per capire e farsi capire.
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Editori Riuniti, XII ed. European Commission , How to write clearly.
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Publications Ofice of the European Union. La Nuova Italia Scientiica. Le parole che escludono. Strumenti per sempliicare il linguaggio delle amministrazioni pubbliche. Alcune note sulla gestione autoritaria dei movimenti migratori, in P. La xenofobia degli italiani e gli imprenditori politici della paura. Mazzarese ed , Diritto, tradizioni, traduzioni: The approach aims at integrating different knowledge sources and at applying the skills of a multi-disciplinary team, which includes computational linguistics, social network analysis and visualization. It is currently mainly focused on a local case study Piedmont, a region of Italy , but scalable over larger territories and different languages which can be considered more representative, such as European Union.
Introduction Nearly a quarter of a billion people currently live in a country other than their own, and Europe is facing an unprecedented refugee crisis. In this scenario, the way we behave towards immigration, immigrant integration and social inclusion for newcomers and their children are becoming more and more decisive and must be addressed both at a local and global level, under a political and social perspective. This phenomenon also stimulates the generation and diffusion of hate speech and hate crimes.
While several initiatives are promoted to ight against this, awareness and empathy of the receiving populations should further increase, in order to avoid polarization against immigrants. The synergy of disciplines ranging from data analysis to computational linguistics in particular Sentiment Analysis, SA , discourse analysis, computational social science and data visualization, can be useful to address the phenomena related to immigration. By developing computational tools for accessing and analyzing data about immigrants we accomplish two goals: Knowledge about immigrants is indeed diluted in a huge variety of texts from different sources - the so-called big data - which humans cannot directly access in a reasonable amount of time and manner, contrary to AI techniques that deal with natural language Natural Language Processing, NLP.
Furthermore, network analytics, 1 See http: Even policy makers can be helped in order to make more informed decisions on matters related to migration management. The way we address these challenges is innovative in that it focuses on identifying different patterns of hate and prejudice in online expressions. Furthermore, the involved phenomena will be studied in a bidirectional perspective, for instance movements and communication dynamics of immigrants, or the reactions of local community, media and single citizens.
We then illustrate how different disciplines contribute to the project in an innovative way. We conclude by discussing expected results and future developments of the project. Motivations Population change occurs as a result of two main factors: Data released by European Community about population change Eurostat, show that, from the s onwards, natural population change had a diminished role in EU demographic developments, while the role of net migration became increasingly important. In fact, between and , the population of 11 EU Member States decreased, with the biggest reductions recorded in Germany and Romania, whereas a high overall increase in population numbers was recorded in the other countries like UK a gain of 4.
It has been observed that in all these countries the decline of population is due to the negative natural population change more deaths than births. Also in Italy the same trend can be observed, but together with a very positive growth of population depending on the contribution made by migration. This makes it especially crucial to deal with immigration and related phenomena in Italy and motivates our selection of Italy and of Piedmont, as an important Italian region as reference starting point of our research project.
Given this scenario, European policies encourage to enforce integration at country, city and community level. Integration is the successful outcome of acculturation, deined as the dynamic, two-way process of mutual accommodation by immigrants and receiving communities Berry, In this perspective immigration can be a source of cultural enhancement. However, negative attitudes to immigration increased in recent years, and prejudice and more or less direct feeling of hostility towards foreign people can be found all across Europe. Episodes related to the Brexit electoral campaign in UK, or to the refugee referendum in Hungary, are symptomatic of this very worrying trend.
Therefore, it is becoming increasingly decisive to address the implications of our behaviour towards immigration, immigrant integration and social inclusion for newcomers and their children taking a local and global, as well as political and social perspective. Like a mirror of the political choices, of attitudes of the population and feeling encoded in the collective memory of a nation, words exploited for deining migrants are coined and used by people involved in the immigration challenges. Such lexicon is relevant for determining who is migrant and for classifying in categories, that often fossilize in prejudices, different forms of migrants related to different positions in the society.
Language is crucial for determining boundaries among groups and minorities, to confer them speciic social roles, rights and opportunities. It can thus be used to describe migrants as others, as outsiders of our society, often as dangerous and unwanted people notwithstanding their real nature. Conversely, language can also be effectively used by immigrants to react to the challenges of integration in a different society.
Starting from the relevance of language in the immigration phenomena and the huge variety of linguistic data available as digital traces, the main objective of our project is the development of computational tools for accessing and analyzing data from different social media, so as to acquire a deeper knowledge about anti-immigration attitudes related to prejudices and hate speech. In view of the fact that the local context is crucial when studying attitudes towards immigrants Markaki and Longhi, , we are currently focusing our activities on a case study representing Italy, and Piedmont Region in particular.
The irst step of the project consists in collecting data o creating a data set from social media where hate expressions can be carefully annotated. This form of analysis of hate allows both a greater understanding of social phenomena linked to the integration of migrants, and more targeted actions for positive interventions. The integration of migrants is strongly linked to the new cultural context where they try to rebuild their lives.
The acculturation process depends on personal and social variables of the migrant. This gives rise to four possible different outcomes: The outcome of the process of acculturation, and therefore the possibility that integration will actually take place is determined by a number of factors.
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