In his original journal s covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land "New Wales", named after Wales. However, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he "revised the wording" to "New South Wales". The first British settlement was made by what is known in Australian history as the First Fleet ; this was led by Captain Arthur Phillip , who assumed the role of governor of the settlement on arrival in until After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh , a new governor, Lieutenant-Colonel later Major-General Lachlan Macquarie , was sent from Britain to reform the settlement in Macquarie's legacy is still evident today.
During the 19th century, large areas were successively separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania proclaimed as a separate colony named Van Diemen's Land in , South Australia , Victoria and Queensland Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in At the end of the 19th century, the movement toward federation between the Australian colonies gathered momentum. Conventions and forums involving colony leaders were held on a regular basis.
Proponents of New South Wales as a free trade state were in dispute with the other leading colony Victoria, which had a protectionist economy. At this time customs posts were common on borders, even on the Murray River. Travelling from New South Wales to Victoria in those days was very difficult.
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Edmund Barton , later to become Australia's first Prime Minister, was another strong advocate for federation and a meeting held in Corowa in drafted an initial constitution. All votes resulted in a majority in favour, but the New South Wales government under Premier George Reid popularly known as "yes—no Reid" because of his constant changes of opinion on the issue had set a requirement for a higher "yes" vote than just a simple majority which was not met.
In further referenda were held in the same states as well as Queensland but not Western Australia. All resulted in yes votes with majorities increased from the previous year. New South Wales met the conditions its government had set for a yes vote. In the years after World War I, the high prices enjoyed during the war fell with the resumption of international trade.
Farmers became increasingly discontented with the fixed prices paid by the compulsory marketing authorities set up as a wartime measure by the Hughes government. In the farmers formed the Country Party , led at national level by Earle Page , a doctor from Grafton , and at state level by Michael Bruxner , a small farmer from Tenterfield.
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The Great Depression , which began in , ushered in a period of political and class conflict in New South Wales. The mass unemployment and collapse of commodity prices brought ruin to both city workers and to farmers. The beneficiary of the resultant discontent was not the Communist Party , which remained small and weak, but Jack Lang 's Labor populism. Lang's second government was elected in November on a policy of repudiating New South Wales' debt to British bondholders and using the money instead to help the unemployed through public works.
This was denounced as illegal by conservatives, and also by James Scullin 's federal Labor government. The result was that Lang's supporters in the federal Caucus brought down Scullin's government, causing a second bitter split in the Labor Party. The subsequent election was won by the conservative opposition. By the outbreak of World War II in , the differences between New South Wales and the other states that had emerged in the 19th century had faded as a result of federation and economic development behind a wall of protective tariffs.
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World War II saw another surge in industrial development to meet the needs of a war economy, and also the elimination of unemployment. Labor stayed in power until Controversy over the cost of the Sydney Opera House became a political issue and was a factor in the eventual defeat of Labor in by the conservative Liberal Party led by Sir Robert Askin.
Sir Robert remains a controversial figure with supporters claiming him to be reformist especially in terms of reshaping the NSW economy. In the late s a secessionist movement in the New England region of the state led to a referendum on the issue. The new state would have consisted of much of northern NSW including Newcastle. The referendum was narrowly defeated and, as of [update] , there are no active or organised campaigns for new states in NSW. Askin's resignation in was followed by a number of short lived premierships by Liberal Party leaders.
Wran was able to transform this narrow one seat victory into landslide wins known as Wranslide in and After winning a comfortable though reduced majority in , Wran resigned as premier and left parliament. His replacement Barrie Unsworth struggled to emerge from Wran's shadow and lost a election against a resurgent Liberal Party led by Nick Greiner. Greiner called a snap election in which the Liberals were expected to win.
However the ALP polled extremely well and the Liberals lost their majority and needed the support of independents to retain power. Greiner was accused by ICAC of corrupt actions involving an allegation that a government position was offered to tempt an independent who had defected from the Liberals to resign his seat so that the Liberal party could regain it and shore up its numbers. Greiner resigned but was later cleared of corruption.
His replacement as Liberal leader and Premier was John Fahey whose government secured Sydney the right to host the Summer Olympics. Like Wran before him Carr was able to turn a narrow majority into landslide wins at the next two elections and During this era, NSW hosted the Sydney Olympics which were internationally regarded as very successful, and helped boost Carr's popularity.
Carr surprised most people by resigning from office in He was replaced by Morris Iemma , who remained Premier after being re-elected in the March state election , until he was replaced by Nathan Rees in September Baird resigned as Premier on 23 January , and was replaced by Gladys Berejiklian. The current Governor is David Hurley. The Governor commissions as Premier the leader of the parliamentary political party that can command a simple majority of votes in the Legislative Assembly.
The Premier then recommends the appointment of other Members of the two Houses to the Ministry, under the principle of responsible or Westminster government. As in other Westminster systems, there is no constitutional requirement in NSW for the Government to be formed from the Parliament—merely convention. Under the Australian Constitution, New South Wales ceded certain legislative and judicial powers to the Commonwealth, but retained independence in all other areas. The New South Wales Constitution says: Elections are held every four years on the fourth Saturday of March, the most recent being on 28 March At each election one member is elected to the Legislative Assembly from each of 93 electoral districts and half of the 42 members of the Legislative Council are elected by a statewide electorate.
New South Wales is divided into local government areas. The state has two fire services: There is some overlap due to suburbanisation. The estimated population of New South Wales at the end of March was 7,, people, representing approximately As of the census , the principal ancestries of New South Wales's residents are: In June Sydney was home to almost two-thirds Passage through New South Wales is vital for cross-continent transport. The majority of railways in New South Wales are currently operated by the state government. Some lines began as branch-lines of railways starting in other states.
For instance, Balranald near the Victorian border was connected by a rail line coming up from Victoria and into New South Wales. Another line beginning in Adelaide crossed over the border and stopped at Broken Hill.
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Major roads are the concern of both federal and state governments. Kingsford Smith Airport commonly Sydney Airport, and locally referred to as Mascot Airport or just 'Mascot' , located in the southern Sydney suburb of Mascot is the major airport for not just the state but the whole nation.
It is a hub for Australia's national airline Qantas. Other airlines serving regional New South Wales include: Spirit of Tasmania ran a commercial ferry service between Sydney and Devonport, Tasmania. This service was terminated in Private boat services operated between South Australia, Victoria and New South Wales along the Murray and Darling Rivers but these only exist now as the occasional tourist paddle-wheeler service.
The NSW school system comprises a kindergarten to year 12 system with primary schooling up to year 6 and secondary schooling between years 7 and Schooling is compulsory from before 6 years old until the age of 17 unless Year 10 is completed earlier. Primary and secondary schools include government and non-government schools. Government schools are further classified as comprehensive and selective schools. Non-government schools include Catholic schools, other denominational schools, and non-denominational independent schools. Typically, a primary school provides education from kindergarten level to year 6.
A secondary school, usually called a "high school", provides education from years 7 to Secondary colleges are secondary schools which only cater for years 11 and The NSW Education Standards Authority classifies the 13 years of primary and secondary schooling into six stages, beginning with Early Stage 1 Kindergarten and ending with Stage 6 years 11 and Eleven universities primarily operate in New South Wales.
Sydney is home to Australia's first university, the University of Sydney founded in The total population of the Outback in Australia declined from , in to , in The largest decline was in the Outback Northern Territory , while the Kimberley and Pilbara showed population increases during the same period. In former times, serious injuries or illnesses often meant death due to the lack of proper medical facilities and trained personnel. In most outback communities, the number of children is too small for a conventional school to operate.
Children are educated at home by the School of the Air. Originally the teachers communicated with the children via radio, but now satellite telecommunication is used instead. Some children attend boarding school, mostly only those in secondary school.
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The concept of 'back' country, which initially meant land beyond the settled regions, was in existence in Crossing of the Blue Mountains and other exploration of the inland however gave a different dimension to the perception. The term "outback" was first used in print in , when the writer clearly meant west of Wagga Wagga , New South Wales. It is colloquially said that 'the outback' is located "beyond the Black Stump ".
The location of the black stump may be some hypothetical location or may vary depending on local custom and folklore. It has been suggested that the term comes from the Black Stump Wine Saloon that once stood about 10 kilometres 6. It is claimed that the saloon, named after the nearby Black Stump Run and Black Stump Creek, was an important staging post for traffic to north-west New South Wales and it became a marker by which people gauged their journeys. The Outback can also be referred to as "back of beyond", "back o' Bourke " although these terms are more frequently used when referring to something a long way from anywhere, or a long way away.
The well-watered north of the continent is often called the " Top End " and the arid interior "The Red Centre", owing to its vast amounts of red soil and sparse greenery amongst its landscape. The outback is criss-crossed by historic tracks. Most of the major highways have an excellent bitumen surface and other major roads are usually well-maintained dirt roads. Tracks in very sandy or exceedingly rocky areas may require high-clearance four wheel drives and spare fuel, tyres, food and water before attempting to travel them, however most outback roads are easily traversed in ordinary vehicles, provided care is taken.
Drivers unused to dirt roads should be especially cautious — it is recommended that drivers reduce their speed, drive with extra care, and avoid driving at night because animals can stray onto roads. Travelling in remote areas in northern Australia is not advisable during the wet season November to April , as heavy tropical downpours can quickly make dirt roads impassable. In the remotest parts of Australia fuel sellers are located hundreds of kilometres apart, so spare fuel must be carried or refuelling spots calculated carefully in order not to run out of fuel in between towns.
In addition, multiple trailer trucks known as Road Trains traverse these roads and extreme care must be taken when around these vehicles, due to their weight, length often three full trailers long and amount of dust thrown up by over 46 tyres. The Stuart Highway runs from north to south through the centre of the continent, roughly paralleled by the Adelaide—Darwin railway. There is a proposal to develop some of the roads running from the south-west to the north-east to create an all-weather road named the Outback Highway , crossing the continent diagonally from Laverton, Western Australia north of Kalgoorlie , through the Northern Territory to Winton , in Queensland.
Air transport is relied on for mail delivery in some areas, owing to sparse settlement and wet-season road closures. Most outback mines have an airstrip and many have a fly-in fly-out workforce. Most outback sheep stations and cattle stations have an airstrip and quite a few have their own light plane. Medical and ambulance services are provided by the Royal Flying Doctor Service.
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Visitors to the outback often drive their own or rented vehicles, or take organised tours. Travel through remote areas on main roads is easily done and requires no planning. However travel through very remote areas, on isolated tracks, requires planning and a suitable, reliable vehicle usually a four-wheel drive.
On very remote routes considerable supplies and equipment may be required; this can include prearranged caches. It is not advisable to travel into these especially remote areas with a single vehicle, unless fully equipped with good communication technology e.
Many visitors prefer to travel in these areas in a convoy. Deaths of tourists and locals becoming stranded on outback trips occasionally occur, sometimes because insufficient water and food supplies were taken, or because people have walked away from their vehicle in search of help. Travellers through very remote areas should always inform a reliable person of their route and expected destination arrival time, and remember that a vehicle is much easier to locate in an aerial search, than a person, so in the event of a breakdown, they must not leave their vehicle.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the interior of Australia. For the American restaurant chain, see Outback Steakhouse. For other uses, see Outback disambiguation. View across sand plains and salt pans to Mount Connor , Central Australia. NSW Health - 12 days ago - save job - more We deliver Wi-Fi and cellular connectivity on subways from New York to Hong Kong to Toronto and we keep Australians, from the cities to the outback , connected NSW Health - 13 days ago - save job - more NSW Health - 17 hours ago - save job - more Get new jobs for this search by email.
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