Giapponesi si nasce (Gli emersi narrativa) (Italian Edition)

Artifacts, as symbols of state power, and oaths, as discursive element of the coronation, are stated as the central elements of the ritual. Full Text Available The function of English as a lingua franca for communication needs rethinking in the teaching of English as a foreign language classroom as a consequence of globalisation.

The present contribution is an empirical study carried out in an Italian university environment which aims to show how teachers should take on board awareness raising activities in the recognition of other varieties of English which, albeit not exploited as benchmarks for language testing and certification, must nevertheless boast a relevant place in the global scenario.

This can be achieved in practical terms by interrogating an expressly made corpus of Chinese English news texts and carrying out simple concordance activities. There is a lack of research on the impact of study abroad SA on the development of L2 English when students study in non-anglophone countries. The English language sometimes fails in its ability to describe the severity or complexity of medical symptoms and complaints.

In frustration, patients or families occasionally create new words to convey the subtleties of their medical history. Although medicine has created a comprehensive technical lexicon for physicians, we have failed to develop a corresponding patient-centric vocabulary lingua patientis that provides more accurate symptom description. The social networking of lingua patientis words might enhance history taking and afford improved appreciation of disease impact on individual patients.

The English language is renowned for its capacity for flexibility and adaptability - we need to exploit this capacity for the benefit of our patients. A Lingua Franca for Africa. The actual possibilities for communication among Africans are unsatisfactory. While the north has adopted Arabic as its lingua franca, most African states south of the Sahara still use the language s of their former colonial masters as official languages, thereby neglecting their native languages.

This situation excludes many people from higher…. This article will provide an overview of current research focussing on the use of English as a " lingua franca" in international business contexts. It selectively reviews research investigating the role of written and spoken communication in English and the work that has been done on specific text genres used by the international business….

English as a Lingua Franca: Over the past 15 years or so there has developed a school of thought within English language education and applied linguistics globally which refers to the phenomenon and use of English as a lingua franca ELF. The thinking of ELF movement researchers has placed their work at the centre of current debates about the form, function and legitimacy…. It has long been maintained that the etymology of zani, zanni — the servant or buffoon of the commedia dell'arte — is a northern Italian variant of the proper noun Giovanni, or its shortened form, Gianni.

In Tommaseo and Bellini's Dizionario della lingua italiana , published in Turin between and , it is stated that the The analysis of speech, particularly for emotional content, is an open area of current research. Ongoing work has developed an emotional speech corpus for analysis, and defined a vowel stress method by which this analysis may be performed.

This paper documents the development of Lingua Tag, an open source speech analysis software application which implements this vowel stress emotional speech analysis method developed as part of research into the acoustic and linguistic correlates of emotional English as a lingua franca used at international meetings. Full Text Available The paper deals with the use of English as a lingua franca. It concentrates on the environment of international meetings where English is used as a lingua franca. The aim of the research conducted through a survey of members of a NATO working group is to find out how native and non-native speakers feel about English used as a lingua franca during international meetings and how these two groups of speakers see each other in multinational interaction from the point of view of linguistics.

The sections dealing with non-native speakers concentrate on the level of knowledge of English and on how native speakers cope with the English used during the meetings. The sections dealing with the views of English native speakers should establish the approach they take towards mistakes made by non-native speakers, whether native speakers should adjust the way they speak at international meetings and how they generally view the fact that their mother tongue is used all around the world.

The origin of the notion of P. Exploring solidarity and consensus in English as lingua franca interactions. The purpose of this paper is two-fold: These instances are dealt with through laughables and laughter sequences. Sequential analysis of these naturally occurring audio-recorded conversations indicate that participants make salient and orient to what Un sistema di supporto alle decisioni per Rete Ferroviaria Italiana. It traditionally operates with a consistent view on innovation, safety and quality, and with a strong opening to processes optimization. RFI solutions provide total process integration: Italian as lingua franca, the law of connected vessels and the improvement of the results into the multilingual class.

About a teaching experience. Influenze lunguistiche romanze nello sloveno letterario di Trieste. La lingua di Boris Pahor. Per comparare il comparabile sono state messe a confronto alle opere di Pahor v. Full Text Available The issue of the interference of English in modern Italian has always been of interest to researchers in Italy.

This paper outlines how this interference has affected the Italian language over the last two decades. Arrigo Castellani and Tullio De Mauro. The most widespread English loanwords of the economic crisis found in the three major Italian newspapers from 1 September to 1 March have been taken into account and it has been verified whether they are present in three wellknown Italian monolingual dictionaries. It will also be shown that most of these loanwords have been adequately integrated into the Italian language in both written and oral texts.

Curriculum Guide for Italian Language Arts. A curriculum and teaching guide for introductory literature appreciation in the Chicago public schools is an orientation for the bilingual teacher of Italian students. Concepts such as rhyme and personification are developed for the teacher. For each of the two levels included, the section begins with a list of specific performance objectives,….

The historical issue in film genre Commedia all ' italiana: Full Text Available The theme chosen for this article was to join "Cinema and History" to the cinematographic genre commedia all' italiana. First, there is a general introduction that discusses the italian genre. Promoting lingua franca English in Europe. The paper is based on a longitudinal study of factors influencing the local language learning and the improvement in English language proficiency among exchange students coming to Scandinavia.

The study included four Scandinavian universities: The paper presents findings on the students' perceived patterns of interaction and language use while in Scandinavia and discusses some of the consequences of EU exchange programs on the use of ELF English as a lingua franca in higher education. The last decade has brought a number of changes for higher education in continental Europe and elsewhere, a major one being the increasing use of English as a lingua franca ELF as the medium of instruction.

With this change, EAP is faced with a new group of learners who will need to use This overview paper first discusses the changes that have taken place in the field of EAP in terms of student body, followed by an outline of the main findings of research carried out on ELF. It is argued here that EAP needs to be modified accordingly to cater for the needs of this group.

These revolve around the two major issues: If the aim of EAP I tre giorni del congresso sono stati caratterizzati da letture, sessioni scientifiche, corsi educazionali, incontri con gli esperti, sezioni poster, corsi di aggiornamento su temi speciali, e diversi simposi. Dal punto di vista clinico, sono The Development of Lingua Bytes: Full Text Available Young children with multiple disabilities e.

Stimulating the adult-child communication can decrease these limitations. Within Lingua Bytes, a three-year research program, we try to stimulate language development by developing an interactive and adaptive play and learning environment, incorporating tangible objects and multimedia content, based on interactive storytelling and anchored instruction. The development of a product for such a heterogeneous user group presents substantial challenges. We use a Research-through-Design method, that is, an iterative process of developing subsequent experiential prototypes and then testing them in real-life settings, for example, a center for rehabilitation medicine.

Can Englsh fulfil the role of a Lingua Franca? Full Text Available Abstract — The debate which surrounds the role of English as a lingua franca has been lively and extensive over the last twenty years or so. Numerous conferences and specific publications in the field testify to the interest and importance that the question of the development of a possible international functional language has stimulated.

The present article aims to critically reassess the claims made for ELF and, at the same time, highlight the profound significance of the issues the debate has raised. Discussion of ELF has touched upon the perception of linguistic diversity, inaccuracy and variation, intelligibility and the potential functions of an international language. Other topics of profound importance that are part of the debate relate to the role of any language in creating and maintaining identity, enabling social mobility and empowering its users.

Some criticisms of ELF proposals have been easily rebutted, but this paper aims to underline the serious linguistic and socio-linguistic aspects of the debate in order to emphasize the need for a theoretical underpinning to our understanding of how language can operate in the global environment.

Clarification of what we can and cannot know about language change and behavior will also contribute to ideas as to future research in ELF but will also bring us to the conclusion that predictions of the future development of ELF are of little purpose beyond the curiosity value they may possess. English1; lingua franca2; non-native speaker3. Luces y sombras de la historia de la renta italiana.

La contabilidad nacional se ha planificado en Italia sin dar lugar a una democracia liberal, como fue el caso de los Estados Unidos. La narrativa italiana racconta la politica contemporanea. Full Text Available Recensione di: Claudia Boscolo e Stefano Jossa a cura di, Scritture di resistenza. Sguardi politici dalla narrativa italiana contemporanea, Roma, Carocci Editore, , p. Clinical strategies for the management of intestinal obstruction and pseudo-obstruction.

Moreover, a general agreement in this field is currently lacking, thus SICUT Society designed a consensus study aimed to define their optimal workout. The Delphi methodology was used to reach consensus among 47 Italian surgical experts in two study rounds. Consensus was defined as an agreement of Four main topic areas included nosology, diagnosis, management and treatment.

A bowel obstruction was defined as an obstacle to the progression of intestinal contents and fluids generally beginning with a sudden onset. Panel also recommended a surgical admission, a multidisciplinary approach, and a gastrografin swallow for patients presenting occlusions. Criteria for immediate surgery included: Moreover, rules for non-operative management to be conducted for maximum 72 hours included a naso-gastric drainage placement and clinical and laboratory controls each 12 hours.

Conversely, consensus was not reached regarding the exact timing of CT scan and the appropriateness of colonic stenting. This consensus is in line with current international strategies and guidelines, and it could be a useful tool in the safe basic daily management of these common and peculiar diseases. Delphi study , Intestinal obstruction, Large bowel obstruction, Pseudo-obstruction, Small bowel.

Front-line window therapy with cisplatin in patients with primary disseminated Ewing sarcoma: Response was assessed using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours criteria, and Simon's two-stage design was applied. Twelve consecutive patients were enrolled in stage 1. Only one objective response was observed. Since the target response rate was not achieved, accrual was stopped and CDDP as a single agent in ES was judged unworthy of further assessment.

The use of anthracycline at first-line compared to alkylating agents or nucleoside analogs improves the outcome of salvage treatments after relapse in follicular lymphoma The REFOLL study by the Fondazione Italiana Linfomi. Follicular lymphoma FL patients experience multiple remissions and relapses and commonly receive multiple treatment lines.

A crucial question is whether anthracyclines should be used at first-line or whether they would be better "reserved" for relapse and whether FL outcome can be optimized by definite sequences of treatments. Randomized trials can be hardly designed to address this question. The addition of rituximab to first-line chemotherapy had no significant impact HR: Autologs stem cell transplantation performed better than any other salvage treatment HR: The outcome of second-line treatments, either with salvage chemoimmunotherapy or with autologs stem cell transplantation, was better when an anthracycline-containing regimen was used at first-line.

Repertori retorici e negoziazione culturale nei racconti di vita di rifugiati: Lingua Franca e implicazioni ideologiche. Full Text Available Abstract — This chapter analyses the storytelling performance of an asylum seeker speaking in English for an international audience and recorded on a video released by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. The primary purpose of the study is to investigate the rhetorical structuring of the narrative in an ethnopoetic perspective Hymes , and to identify the presence or, even more significantly, marked absence of dialogic signs of intercultural negotiation deployed in the process of conveying to a culturally diverse audience a highly culturally situated story embedded in a personal narrative of displacement.

At the same time, the study also intends to contribute to the current debate on English as a Lingua Franca ELF by addressing the issue of the inherently situated nature of ELF, and of the political and ideological implications of an ELF approach to intercultural communication in both asymmetric and programmatically symmetric power situations. Because of their global outreach, these videos qualify as instances of ELF usage in a broad international context and are eminently suited to the investigation and discussion of ELF approaches to conventionally asymmetric institutional communication.

The growth of English into a lingua franca has inevitably created linguistic deviations and innovations in the use of English. These emerging uses that result from the needs and preferences of speakers whose mother tongues are all different can be broadly identified as lexico-grammatical and pronunciation features and they compose one of the main…. The main feature of Monty Lingua is the coverage for all aspects of English text processing from raw input text to semantic meanings and summary generation, yet each component in Monty Lingua is loosely-coupled to each other at the architectural and code level, which enabled individual components to be used independently or substituted.

However, there has been no review exploring the role of Monty Lingua in recent research work utilizing it. This paper aims to review the use of and roles played by Monty Lingua and its components in research work published in 19 articles between October and August We had observed a diversified use of Monty Lingua in many different areas, both generic and domain-specific.

Although the use of text summarizing component had not been observe, we are optimistic that it will have a crucial role in managing the current trend of information overload in future research. Il panorama editoriale italiano offre pochi strumenti dedicati: Il linguaggio della medicina, Bonacci, e Daniela Forapani, Italiano per medici, Alma edizioni, Particolare attenzione viene prestata al lessico registrato nei glossari dei volumi. Learning the language of medicine in l2: Italian publishers offer few dedicated tools: Il linguaggio della medicina, Bonacci, and Daniela Forapani, Italiano per medici, Alma editions, This study aims to compare the two texts, highlighting their features and language teaching setting, showing how linguistic content is proposed, which skills are promoted, what the learning objectives are and what tools are provided.

Particular attention is paid to the vocabulary in the glossaries.

About the author(s)

Incoming exchange students' learning and use of lingua franca English and local languages in Scandinavia. Each interview concluded with two tests: Findings relating to the interviewees' language goals, interaction with others and language use in such interaction will be presented and discussed Full Text Available Si fa una breve desorizione della funzione degli Osservatori Scientifico-Sperimentali del Servizio Meteorologico deU'Aeronautioa, militare italiana OSSMA, con particolare riferimento a quello di Messina, clie tra i suoi coinpiti ha anche quello degli studi e delle ricerclie sulla radiazione solare, con la gestione di una Rete attinometrica di 31 stazioni.

Si passa quindi ad una rapida rassegna evocativa degli studi sulla radiazione solare su scala mondiale, notificando il contributo italiano e mettendo in particolare rilievo quelli della radiazione globale D -j- I anche a scopo sinottico, che formano oggetto di particolari applicazioni da parte dell'OSSMA di Messina. Inoltre fatta una breve descrizione del funzionamento della Rete attinometrica A. Detti fenomeni, unitamente all'azione delle correnti superflciali marine calde, a circolazione ciclonic.

Si auspica pertanto una maggiore collaborazione t r a Meteorologia e Oceanografla. Inline, in relazione tra i fenomeni sopra detti e l'andamento della acqua precipitabile notturna e diurna, ricavata dai radiosondaggi, si emette l'ipotesi che una parte dell'ossigeno atoinico atmosferico possa trovare la sua origine nella scomposizione delle molecole del vapor d'acqua dell'aria,.

Filmowa commedia all' italiana w latach In the time of 70's Italian and foreign critics thought about possibility of existence comedy movie all' italiana. Turn of the unmodernised time, comedy movie all' italiana will come into impure hybridize form. The deepest transformation give way for comedy of manners.

Directors bravely trespass on politic sphere and kitsch, movie scribblers and pornography. Old masters of this genres has duplicated typical features schematic diagrams, they used incompetent narrative techniques and differen Ma come parlano i bambini stranieri nati in Italia? Second generation Italian speakers. In Italian schools there is an important change which regards foreign children enrolled: How do foreign children, born in Italy, speak?

This observational study focused on some foreign 5-year-old children in Italian preschools and attempted to describe the language used by these second-generation speakers, between hesitations, silences, achievements and linguistic creativity. Il concetto di storia della lingua nell'opera grammaticale di Benedetto Buommattei.

A questo dato di fatto si deve senz'altro l'opinione altrettanto estesa che prima dell' non esistesse il concetto di linguistica diacronica o cambiamento linguistico in senso scientifico, come pure quella non meno erronea che la linguistica, come scienza, sia stata fondata solo nell' In formal organizations, VCs are regarded as dynamic; people or work processes move back and forth between formal business processes and VCs. It is interesting to see how VCs in enterprise landscapes can execute using a common understanding Applied Linguistics, Marxism, and Post-Marxist theory.

My reading leads me to claim that traditional Marxist thinking is compromised by its association with authoritarian and totalitarian stances, as opposed to Post-Marxist views of pluralism, libertarianism, and openness to the cultural climate of postmodernism. Estudio comparativo de los aportes de las inmigraciones italiana y portuguesa a la vida nacional venezolana. This article explores the issues of pronunciation and comprehension in the English as a lingua franca ELF context of pilot--air traffic controller radiotelephony communication, and how these are handled in the proficiency rating scale globally used to assess pilots and air traffic controllers engaging in international flight and air traffic….

Planning for a Global Lingua Franca: In this paper I outline the challenges for feminist language planning in the context of a global lingua franca--English. Drawing upon the views of speakers of "World Englishes" I discuss their reactions as well as reported practices in relation to gender-inclusive language use. This reveals the complexities of managing the tension between the…. Determinati e direttrici della politica finanziaria italiana.

Determinants and trends of Italian financial policy. Altri due tendenze - privatizzazione e deregolamentazione - sono stati molto meno in primo piano rispetto al resto del mondo. L'autore fornisce un'ampia panoramica dello stato della politica finanziaria italiana , guardando le circostanze economiche e le politiche macroeconomiche , l'innovazione finanziaria , il processo di liberalizzazione e privatizzazione di regolamentazione.

Italian financial policy in the eighties has been aimed mainly at improving the relevant segments and achieving a better mix of the whole range of instruments and intermediaries. Two other trends - privatisation and deregulation - have been much less to the fore than the rest of the world. The author provides a broad overview of the state of Italian financial policy, looking at economic circumstances and macro-economic policies, financial innovation, the deregulation-regulation process and privatisation.

Suitability of linear scoring in meat sheep: Full Text Available Linear scoring is widely applied in domestic animal species, mainly in cattle and horses. There are only few cases of linear scoring in sheep, probably because the small body size and the narrow range of the classes make difficult to correctly evaluate the measures. In this paper the results of a linear scoring test carried out on Merinizzata Italiana sheep breed in order to verify the feasibility of this method in sheep, are reported.

Twenty untrained people, with three different levels of scoring experience in meat sheep morphology, evaluated 52 pluriparous ewes for body length, chest circumference, chest width, rump height, rump width, and withers height; to check for misclassification, their scores were compared with a reference score, previously obtained measuring the same animals by the suitable tools measuring tape and a Lydtin stick. The percentage of correct scoring ranged from These results encourage to further verifying in practice the linear scoring in the Merinizzata Italiana sheep and in other meat breeds.

Lists statistical surveys, research papers, and…. Conceptualising English as a lingua franca ELF as a tertiary To explore the clinical characteristics and speech therapy of 62 children with lingua -apical articulation disorder. PPVT was used to measure receptive vocabulary skills. The speech test was adopted to assess the speech development. The children received speech therapy and auxiliary oral-motor functional training once or twice a week. Firstly the target sound was identified according to the speech development milestone, then the method of speech localization was used to clarify the correct articulation placement and manner.

It was needed to change food character and administer oral-motor functional training for children with oral motor dysfunction. The 62 cases with the apical articulation disorder were classified into four groups. The combined pattern of the articulation disorder was the most common 40 cases, The third was palatal disorder 4 cases, 6.

The substitution errors of velar were the most common Oral motor dysfunction was found in some children with problems such as disordered joint movement of tongue and head, unstable jaw, weak tongue strength and poor coordination of tongue movement. Some children had feeding problems such as preference of eating soft food, keeping food in mouths, eating slowly, and poor chewing. After 5 to 18 times of therapy, the effective rate of speech therapy reached The lingua -apical articulation disorders can be classified into four groups.

The combined pattern of the. Data came from a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. A hundred Turkish EFL teachers working at two universities in Istanbul responded to the questionnaire. Ten randomly selected EFL teachers and 10 teacher educators working in language teacher education departments of two universities were interviewed to elicit their views about the role of ELF in language teacher education.

Findings of the study revealed a number of important results and implications for the field. Full Text Available The parallel existence of languages and cultures brings forward the necessity of studying this linguistic phenomenon and designing special methods of speech development for the bilingual children. The particular attention should be given to the preschool age, for according to A. The peculiarities of language interference are described with the reference to the Russian-Tatar bilingual environment. The author believes that the bilingual interference problems are not caused by the phonetic and grammar system differences of the two languages.

To find out the potential source of inter-language transition and interrelations between the native and non-native languages, it is necessary to identify the cognitive, neurolinguistic and psycho-linguistic aspects. Therefore, the regional phenomenon of mass bilingualism among the Tatar population is examined by the author in the framework of the psycho-linguistic and cognitive approaches. The paper presents the model of the lexical and grammar categories formation based on differentiated preschool teaching of the bilingual children. The proposed model makes it possible to overcome the limited viewpoint on the general speech dysfunctions, as well as the specifics of lexical and grammar categories development.

It can be used for the further development of educational programs in psycho-linguistics, ethno-linguistics, onto-linguistics, cognitive linguistics, social-linguistics, contrastive linguistics and the language theory by means of extending the teaching course content.

Polilinguismo nella scrittura murale urbana: Note sulla lingua spagnola. Full Text Available Abstract — In this paper I focus on the polylinguistic and polycultural landscape of Milan on the theoretical basis of daily life studies , the sociolinguistics of globalization, and intercultural pragmatics. The relevance of this field is determined by the need for urban anthropology to semiotize the urban spaces as an interpretative bridge between the microsystem the individual level and the macrosystem the social level.

More concretely, I investigate the presence of the Spanish language in the superdiversity of Milan and, methodologically, I collect ethnographically and interpret qualitatively a corpus of daily life texts of various types of street writing. The results show the significant presence of Spanish in the urban landscape and a high level of hybridism which is, nevertheless, totally functional in communication. I also detect the emergence of linguistic, pragmatic and intercultural awareness in the writers. Finally, with some precautions, I confirm the scientific potential of the daily life documents to investigate complex urban dynamics.

Il valore di questo approccio risiede nel privilegiare una messa in discussione della corrispondenza univoca tra due termini in due diverse lingue: Focus on language sensitivity: Reporting on the preliminary findings of an ongoing research project into the use of translation in language learning at the University of Warwick, UK in collaboration with the University of Monash, Australia, the authors investigate the advantages of a specific translation model in terms of linguistic sensitivity and cultural awareness.

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Full Text Available The article is written to identify lingua -cultural norms and axiological determinants of modern ergonomicon of Kazan implemented in borrowings from foreign languages, they serve markers of major changes in the linguistic landscape of the modern city viewed as a socio-linguistic category. The borrowed elements in the city ergonyms register synchronous state of axiological determinants of participants of interaction: The common significance of the language of this kind of phenomena is determined by the possibility of using them to predict the range and diversity of linguistic and axiological changes, including the partial loss of national and ethnic identity.

To create a high perlocutionary effect of ergonyms nominators use a variety of creative mechanisms, changing the shape and functions of native lexems, by borrowing lexems from foreign languages, resorting to different methods of derivation such as contamination, transliteration, hybridization, pun, etc. Unfortunately, at present time these processes demonstrate fast increase. Most clearly this kind of phenomenon is explicated in preferred nominator names of urban sites, and advertising slogans, transmitting an alien principles and postulates to traditional Russian culture.

La cultura italiana en la literatura argentina: Las cartas de Manuel Puig Querida Familia: La lingua 2 nel Web. Full Text Available L'articolo si compone di due parti. Nella prima si espongono alcuni punti focali del dibattito sul rapporto tra glottodidattica e tecnologie digitali dai dispositivi mobili ai software per la comunicazione, fino agli attuali socialnetwork. L2 on the Web. Digital perspectives for teaching italian to foreignersThe article consists of two parts.

In the first we illustrate some focal points in the debate on the relationship between language teaching and digital technologies from mobile devices to communication software and current social networks. In particular, we focus on the fact that the language of digital communication is a linguistic variety which L2 teaching can no longer ignore, and.

Full Text Available La lingua filmata appare oggi uno dei campi linguistici in cui il dialetto torna ad essere scelta registica e veicolo di nuove istanze comunicative, in stretta relazione con un nuovo modo di intendere e praticare il cinema. Through careful analysis of the vernacular, the paper focuses on the motivations and the communicative effectiveness of the use of dialect and questions the degree of realism or linguistic mimesis that Diritti was able to reach. A New Exegetical proposal for De lingua Latina 5, 8.

A group of undergraduate students was asked to produce an intralingual translation for the subtitles of the video Capsized in Lampedusa — Fortress Italia, which deals with the situation in Lampedusa after a boat capsized in October Young children with multiple disabilities e.

Within Lingua Bytes, a three-year research program,. From a sociocultural perspective, this study…. Il cuore del saggio si incentra sull'analisi comparativa tra la versione daveroniana e l'ipotesto manzoniano, con particolare attenzione alle scaturigini del comico. When the parody of Promessi Sposi was sent to press, Guido da Verona did not imagine he was committing the crime of lese-majesty with regard to the Manzonian totem, nor that it would be blacklisted by the Fascist regime.

This paper shows that, based on the analysis of the manuscript, the author's intention was not satirical, but a playful parody. It is a comparative analysis between the da Verona version and the Manzonian hypertext, with particular attention placed on the origin of the comic.

Translating Echoes

Besides highlighting the traits that characterize the text brimming with linguistic wit by da Verona, the paper describes the comedic strategies used by the author based on the characters and situations, as well as in the discourse itself. This structure allows her to cover a range of genres: Her focus on textual analysis is supplemented by examination of works of the visual arts: The Perfect Genre is a welcome and necessary study with a truly interdisciplinary orientation.

While this approach is not unusual in Italian histories of drama, it is under-represented in Anglo-American publishing. Phillips-Court organizes her investigations by first giving a close reading of select passages from the literary work under consideration. Her quotations appear in the original and in English, an intelligent choice that will make her work accessible both to university students and to scholars of English drama, who will see the relevance to the development of theater and the visual arts in a wider context.

In addition, she examines the biblical and classical sources of Italian Renaissance drama. Phillips-Court does not adequately justify overlooking the seminal productions of Bibbiena and Ariosto, presented with splendid sets by Peruzzi and Raphael. Although her interest is not in artists who were involved in mounting theatrical productions, it would have strengthened her art historical readings to have addressed this field of artistic exchange. Her examination of Tasso is rich and original. Tasso, like Dante and Boccaccio, inspired many artists, but Phillips-Court is concerned to demonstrate the productive dialectical relationship between word and image.

The final chapters on Tasso and Bruno deal with philosophical and metaphysical debates. Phillips-Court shows that she is equally at home with cultural history and political theory. Phillips-Court analyzes the self-fashioning of Paul III Alessandro Farnese and of his family members, in which Titian played so important a role as portraitist, while Caro filled the position of humanist secretary.

Rather, Titian took the unprecedented step of depicting a pope with his head uncovered in one of the two versions of the famous portrait, where Paul is not bald nor is his tonsure in evidence. Earlier in the sixteenth century, Raphael set a precedent in his portrait of Pope Julius II, which he followed in his subsequent portrait of Leo X. This precedent influenced Sebastiano del Piombo in several versions of Pope Clement VII, yet all of these depictions emphasized the ceremonial role of the papacy by outfitting the pope in his appropriate headgear.

Phillips-Court uses different registers of theoretical language in her study: The use of film studies is informative and judiciously handled, resulting in a greater appreciation of the technical advancements of Renaissance artists and writers. Occasionally the theory overwhelms the analysis. Was it Brunelleschi who designed the theatrical machinery?

Readers of The Perfect Genre will find themselves turning to the plays and visual works in question for a closer look — an admirable achievement worthy of the best tradition of humanist exegesis. Both the black-and-white images and the color plates are nicely produced. Women Warriors and the Dynastic Imagination in the Orlando furioso. Classical intertextuality in the Furioso has been thoroughly examined on both sides of the Atlantic.

Stoppino takes into consideration various kinds of intertextuality and the importance of gender and female genealogy within the Furioso. In the first chapter, Stoppino concentrates on Bradamante as a female warrior in the Furioso and recalls her appearance as such in the cantari and poemi cavallereschi. The primary texts discussed in this chapter include two late fifteenth-century works: The Ariostean incarnation of the Amazon-like figure was inspired by previous epic poetry Virgil, Pulci, Boiardo as well as by travel narratives e. In chapter 4, Stoppino examines how genealogy is transmitted through prophecy in the poem.

Melissa, for example, imparts prophetic knowledge about the future Este dynasty to Bradamante. The author carefully traces the relationship of Bradamante to medieval literary figures of the sorceress and the sibyl.

G.D MEMORIA E FUTURO. UNA STORIA PER IMMAGINI

The role of females within dominant patrilineal narratives becomes the main topic of this section. Specifically, she discusses how Ariosto challenges traditional patrilineal prophecy by making Bradamante the addressee of future Este dynastic knowledge. The notion of women as political subjects becomes especially apparent in marriage when loyalty is split between a family of origin and an acquired family.

In the Rocca di Tristano episode, Bradamante becomes the female founder of the Este lineage. Ariosto is able to revitalize classical tales through their medieval representations within the Furioso. The most striking is the introduction of the beauty contest for the women, absent from the French models. Gender plays an important role, and female warriors recall the longstanding but often overlooked tradition of the genealogy of gender. Her research is precise, well-documented and uncovers several intertextual references to medieval romance narratives in the Furioso.

Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, This edition of Florentine Sacre rappresentazioni gathers some of the religious plays by Feo Belcari and Castellano Castellani and places itself among recent works dedicated to a rediscovery of this genre.

The sacre rappresentazioni, plays representing the lives of saints or biblical episodes, now attract the interest of scholars since the elaboration of biblical and hagiographical models can provide significant insights into the cultural environment in which they were produced. The project behind this volume is ambitious and undoubtedly significant in the field of Renaissance studies. The sacre rappresentazioni were not aimed at the learned but at a wider public, and therefore their form and content mirror the language, tastes and social habits of the average Florentine citizen.

Successori Le Monnier, This version is the most comprehensive to this day but it cannot be considered authoritative. Perhaps new revised editions based on the manuscripts and the early prints are now necessary to substantiate or improve on the nineteenth-century versions. Such editions might, for example, be more accurate and free of ambiguities caused by either typographical or editorial errors. For example, two sentences are grammatically incorrect but they are translated without issues: The volume regrettably lacks also a complete bibliography at the end, although the footnotes provide bibliographical references, which at times appear not to be accurate or do not supply all the necessary data.

If, on one hand, Castellani satirizes the celebrated carnival songs, which probably represent to him the epitome of Medicean moral corruption Santa Maria Maddalena , p. The English translation is fluent, clear, and an excellent tool to understand especially the most difficult idiomatic sentences of this variant of Italian vernacular. With some improvements, the volume could be an authoritative and indispensable text in this area of studies. Ashgate Publishing Company, It was prepared for press, as editors Juliann Vitullo and Diane Wolfthal note in their Introduction, right before the global economy began its turn towards a recession and waves of protest voiced their outrage with corporate wealth and greed 1.

Several centuries beforehand, during the rise of the monetary economy between the thirteenth and seventeenth centuries , the accumulation and the expenditure of individual and institutional capital were debated in moral and ethical terms. Avarice, and not pride, increasingly began to be viewed as the root of all evils, as articulated by Thomas Aquinas in his gloss of 1 Timothy 6: This volume focuses on the competing values that emerged during the rise of the new monetary economy during the thirteenth century, a century during which mercantile Christians, for instance, had to reckon with the example of St.

The nine essays, which are pan- European and interdisciplinary, reveal the ways in which mercantile activity co- existed with prevalent views of usury and avarice. Money, Morality and Culture consists of an introduction and nine chapters divided evenly into three parts: Sturges shows that the texts reveal how workers who attempted to participate in the benefits of a new monetary economy were disempowered by restraints imposed by the landed gentry.

Murray attends to the ambivalent views toward moneychangers in the Low Countries from the thirteenth through the sixteenth centuries and to the tension between the economic and social moral status of the profession. Moulton also draws a comparison between Aretino and court poets, and prostitution. Though the play The Changeling does not stage international trade mimetically, Bradley D. Miller and Laurie Taylor-Mitchell offer a lucid presentation of the commercial activities of the order in all of its apparent contradictions and reconciliations with religious piety. The Humiliati, despite criticism, were able to engage in commercial activity in ways that were seen to benefit Christian society.

Artists were able as well to deflect the idea that usury was an infertile practice through portraiture of merchant husbands and wives. Analyzing a range of documents, music, plays, poetry and prose, together with an impressive treatment of medieval and early modern iconography, Money, Morality and Culture in Late Medieval and Early Modern offers a timely and well-rounded consideration of how these debates evolved in clerical and lay spheres. It will undoubtedly be of use to scholars in a large range of fields and disciplines, not only those under examination in these essays.

Atti del convegno internazionale di studi. Rovereto, dicembre A cura di Marco Allegri. Accademia roveretana degli Agiati, Contributi non peregrini, data la natura poliglotta e transnazionalista di questo autore, che compose le Scintille in quattro lingue e compose saggi in francese, poesie in greco e latino, testi in illirico.

CLXXI, , pp. Donatella Rasi affronta il rapporto decennale di Tommaseo con le riviste di area veneta: Tommaseo e la letteratura veneta: In questo libro Erminia Ardissino analizza le conoscenze scientifiche di Galileo esaminando la corrispondenza epistolare che Galileo aveva con i familiari, gli amici e i colleghi. Nelle lettere abbiamo un Galileo che esprime se stesso in maniera libera e disinvolta e che discute non solo di problemi scientifici ma anche di questioni della vita domestica.

Galileo fin da bambino venne introdotto alla musica dal padre Vincenzo, cantautore, suonatore di liuto e viola. Galileo fece della musica un mezzo per sviluppare le sue argomentazioni filosofico-scientifiche. Inoltre Galileo utilizzava la sua conoscenza musicale per provare le sue ipotesi riguardo ad alcune leggi fisiche. Durante gli esperimenti sulla caduta dei gravi usava ripartire il tempo secondo ritmi ed intervalli musicali Inoltre permette al lettore di immergersi nella vita quotidiana di Galileo e di ammirarlo non solo come scienziato ma anche come padre, zio, fratello, letterato, musicista e pittore.

Il secondo capitolo, La distanza della luna. Mentre il terzo capitolo Critica del moderno. Alla lettura psicanalitica del desiderio e dello sguardo leopardiano in Aspasia della quinta parte del libro Lo sguardo di Euridice. Corredano il volume una nutrita Nota bibliografica e un Indice dei nomi Capuana e Borgese costruttori. The publication of a book about two writers as important — but also systematically underestimated — as Luigi Capuana and Giuseppe Antonio Borgese, is doubtlessly an important event.

The enthusiasm and thrust for civil renovation nourished by the Risorgimento has been kept alive in his critical writings, in which culture and society are always presented as strictly entangled , After moving to Rome in , Capuana leaves partially behind the themes inherited from the European naturalist novel, and opens up to the influences of a more spiritualist stream of thought, as it is paramount in his second novel, Profumo, published in From now on his new and most relevant model of character sees the light: Il marchese di Roccaverdina: His most important text in this sense is Tempo di edificare, published in The author draws in these pages the portrayal of a writer who strives for this change.

In other words, Borgese inherits from De Sanctis the utopist thrust toward the creation of a new world, as it is especially expressed in the essays collected in the three series of La vita e il libro For this reason, as Carta points out repeatedly, Borgese prefers to draw his inspiration from literary models taken mostly from the last century as Giovanni Verga, , and Tolstoj, The March of Fascism, , which contains a firm condemnation of Fascism as a phenomenon of degeneration of the Italian traditional culture and identity She also makes a reference to the document The City of Man.

The Fruit, Herbs, and Vegetables of Italy He dedicated it to Lady Lucy Russell, Countess of Bedford — the sister of a former pupil — in the hope of obtaining her patronage; this did not work out so well, since Lady Lucy had her own debts to grapple with. The very first sentence of the dedication is a small gem for those of us who teach Italian: He explains how to best grow vegetables — especially, difficult ones such as asparagus — and how to season them: Castelvetro intersperses his agricultural and gastronomic recommendations with medicinal ones: Gillian Riley, who edited and translated the text, is the author of the Oxford Companion to Italian Food Riley has also provided a useful glossary at the end of her vivacious translation.

The Johns Hopkins University Press, The Johns Hopkins University Press, , ponendo sotto nuova luce la produzione letteraria femminile in Italia nel periodo della Controriforma. Italian translations are provided for each of the letters. Marsh was the American ambassador to the new Kingdom of Italy from its inception in until his death in The letters span the period of his residency in Florence, the ambassador having followed the removal of the Italian capital from Turin to that city in Grant in March of Baird, Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, with whom Marsh shared various scientific interests.

There are only a few letters to Italian statesmen and all of these are short, diplomatic missives. He had been a Whig representative in Congress during the s where he had first met both Seward and Lincoln. Marsh admired Garibaldi and had tried to convince the latter to flee to the U. It was during his stay in Turin that Marsh wrote his most famous work, Man and Nature , an ecological treatise in which he points to the Mediterranean as an example of deforestation leading to desertification, and argues that steam locomotion was rapidly degrading the natural landscape.

The volume was translated into Italian in In the United States was the first nation to officially recognize the Kingdom of Italy. During the American civil war only Italy and Russia had been openly in favor of the Union among the major European governments Italy depended relatively little on the importation of cotton from the Confederacy. With regard to Italian politics and society, Marsh waivers between long- range, guarded optimism and disappointment at missteps by the ruling class. Particularly irksome to him was the subservience of government and royal policy to the dictates of the French emperor Napoleon III and his interference in Italian affairs.

The letters are also punctuated by ample notes, especially biographical data. Ducci has done admirable archival research in Italy and the United States in tracking down the letters. Transforming Myths in Eighteenth-Century Italy. This is a big book in several ways. Big physically, its broad-margined pages include over eighty musical examples, reproductions of engravings, photographs, manuscript pages, programs, broadsides and proclamations, sketches of opera houses and opera house floor plans, as well as tables, color illustrations of probable costumes, and a forty-nine page bibliography of sources consulted.

The writing is admirable: Opera and Sovereignty is not a history of eighteenth-century Italian opera but a rich and complex series of interconnected arguments that deal with the social context of opera seria in terms of its patronage system, production methods, and reception. Though at least partly the products of sovereign political forces, opere serie could and often did support change as well as reinforce the status quo and should not be thought of as mere establishment propaganda.

For one thing, the performances of the operas of the day, especially given the prime donne and primi uomini who appeared in them, were not that easy for anyone to control. To understand these complex and frequently expensive artistic products, one must go beyond their printed scores to reconstruct actual performances, the acclaim accorded virtuoso singers, the often dazzling sets and costumes, patronage support and strictures, even the physical structures of the theaters where the operas were performed.

By appealing to feeling rather than ratiocination, these arias — often different in successive performances — communicated with their ecstatic listeners at the level not so much of plot as of the myths 33 whose transformation throughout the century Feldman chronicles. Opera and Sovereignty is divided into nine chapters plus an important epilogue. Five of these chapters are devoted to such general topics as the nature of operatic performance and reception, arias as a form of exchange, celebration and the special nature of operatic time, myths of sovereignty, and the late- century reappearance on the opera stage of mothers and a new sort of bourgeois family.

The remaining, interspersed, four chapters are case-studies of the circumstances of particular performances in Parma in , Naples in , Perugia in , and French-occupied Venice in These changes were made to de-emphasize the murderous and incestuous aspects of the Phaedra story to make it more suitable for a performance patronized by the archducal dynasty. With this provocative but persuasive conclusion Feldman concludes her rich and exceptionally well- informed study. Destino singolare, quello di Domitilla: Vita da lei narrata Edition, introduction, and notes by Olimpia Pelosi.

Verga, Pirandello e altri siciliani. Il discorso procede con un capitolo dedicato alle valenze simboliche del vino nella prosa verghiana. Nei due capitoli successivi viene esaminata una possibile influenza linguistico-tematica della poesia romanesca di Giuseppe Gioacchino Belli su Verga. Gibellini sottolinea come il personaggio e il suo autore siano accomunati dalla ricerca di un senso ultimo delle cose, in un mondo travolto dallo scetticismo copernicano.

Tale posizione solleva un dubbio: Il critico si sofferma diffusamente su Berecche e la guerra, novella che ha per protagonista un professore dalle fantasie filogermaniche, per molti aspetti simile allo stesso scrittore, posto di fronte al dilemma della guerra. The Pamphilj and the Arts: Patronage and Consumption in Baroque Rome.

The Pamphilj and the Arts is a collection of seventeen essays given at a conference at Boston College in October Helping to revise this rather negative assessment of the barochetto, these scholars use the life of Cardinal Benedetto Pamphilj as a lens through which to reexamine arts patronage in the early eighteenth-century. Six lunettes depicting scenes from the life of the Virgin were originally commissioned by Cardinal Pietro Aldobrandini to decorate the vault of his private chapel. The remaining essays focus on the life of Benedetto Pamphilj.

It seems that Pamphilj never threw himself into religious and political issues with the same fervor as he had when pursuing his cultural interests. The total amount spent on his paintings was unexpectedly small, due in part to the fact that he collected still life paintings, which were less expensive. Daria Borghese reveals that, in sharp contrast to the modest amount spent on his paintings, the cardinal spared no expense on feasts and ephemeral entertainments. Stephanie Walker reconstructs this now-lost object and suggests that its extravagant design and great expense paralleled its significance as a means of communicating status.

The final section examines the written word in the life of Pamphlj. By taking the pseudonym Fenicio Larisseo, Pamphilj assumed the identity of a shepherd whose simple life sharply contrasted with that of Baroque Rome. Minor suggests that within the bucolic Arcadian setting, Benedetto could freely explore love and desire without fear of public criticism. Ugo Foscolo and English Culture. Nella compagine del voluminoso carteggio, in cui a riflessioni di ordine privato sono intercalate disquisizioni critico-letterarie, Parmegiani discerne la costante di temi e stilemi sentimentali che tradiscono una sostenuta, per quanto sottile, presenza sterniana.

Se la prima sezione del quarto e conclusivo capitolo ribadisce la predilezione foscoliana per la letteratura inglese ed individua nel teatro shakespeariano, nella poesia sepolcrale e negli scritti di Pope, le letture che valsero a nutrire ed assecondare il proprio interesse, Parmegiani si sofferma nella sezione finale sulle ultime pagine del carteggio risalenti invece al decennio trascorso in Inghilterra. Partecipe di un consistente e costruttivo dialogo critico con altri studiosi, Parmegiani non trascura di sondare, nel corso della propria disamina, il circostante terreno di ricerca presentando al lettore un resoconto attento ed attuale.

Il libro costituisce in questa prospettiva un compendio indispensabile agli studi, tuttora in fieri, sui variegati rapporti intrattenuti da Foscolo con la cultura inglese. A questo elaborato mosaico Parmegiani ha avuto il merito di aggiungere con la propria indagine un autorevole tassello mancante. Oriani e la narrazione della nuova Italia. Il secondo capitolo, La narrazione della nuova Italia, tratta del rapporto tra Oriani e Carducci. Un attento esame della corrispondenza di Oriani mette in luce il difficile rapporto che lo scrittore intrattiene nei suoi ultimi anni con gli editori, primo fra tutti Ricciardi, che, dopo gli scarsi risultati di vendite de La rivolta ideale , rifiuta di pubblicare la raccolta di articoli Fuochi di bivacco edita poi da Laterza nel Tra pensiero poetante e poetare pensante.

Nel laboratorio intellettuale dello Zibaldone, infine, il lettore contemporaneo viene sfidato a nuove interrogazioni sulla condizione umana e orientato verso una originalissima e vitale chiave ermeneutica. Byron and the Rhetoric of Italian Nationalism. Despite his seemingly lifelong personal and political meanderings, Byron is remembered for his consistent — though at times reluctant — support of the disenfranchised and downtrodden.

Nevertheless, Byron remained committed to the pursuit of liberty from tyranny in all its guises no matter where, or from whom, the source. The book invites readers to envision modes of rhetoric and perceptions of Italian nationalism through a Byronic lens. As Schmidt suggests of the episodes at Norman Abbey, the protagonist Juan thrives while the narrator in a sense falls flat: Here, Schmidt makes manners relevant to the struggle for Italian liberation.

In July of , when Byron set sail on the Hercules to join the war for Greek independence, he intended to return to Italy. The poet succumbed to complications from a fever while he was still in Greece and he died during the spring of Italian-American Youth and Identity Politics. The latter have been brought to the attention of a wide public due to the success of the MTV reality show Jersey Shore in The volume is divided into three sections. The first section collects articles originally published on the website i-Italy. For Cappelli this vision is, to a certain extent, a fiction in that it both ignores the diversity that characterizes the diaspora and romanticizes its links with the home country.

Jerry Krase ironically reflects on his own past as a teenager in a period when everyone used ethnic slurs to refer to out-group members and paid a lot of attention to looking cool, in order to underscore how ethnic and other stereotypes have always existed and have been used against all groups in the U. Chiara Montalto discusses the role of youth subcultures in helping individuals find their place and their voice, and also advocates the importance of discussing differences within the Italian American community, a point shared by Chiara Roberto.

He argues that protest as a sole strategy can never be successful unless it is paired with an effort to construct a distinctive culture. Section two presents interviews with prominent Italian American intellectuals: Maria Laurino, Donna Chirico, Nancy Carnevale, Gianfranco Norelli, and the Italian journalist Aldo Grasso, all of whom agree on the importance of analyzing and debating the Guido phenomenon instead of trying to dismiss it. He argues that Guidos are the target of criticism and disgust because they represent popular culture, rather than the high culture that other members of the community identify with.

Senator Diane Savino closes the collection of essays reminding Italian Americans that the Guido culture has been an outlet for young people who needed an identity that they could embrace, and that the real enemies are not the youngsters who created the subculture but rather those who distort it and exploit it in order to make a profit. The various contributions to this volume offer a glimpse into an important process of maturation within the Italian American intellectual community.

Indeed, the first step in such processes is always the recognition of internal complexity and of a plurality of voices. That this complexity was negated in the past is comprehensible, since ethnic minorities need to show a well recognizable and unified public face in order to gain acceptance. But such acceptance is not in question today, and Italian Americans need to move on and shift from a defensive to an analytical stance. It is significant that while, until recently, Donald Tricarico was almost alone in paying attention to Italian American youth styles, it is becoming more and more mainstream today to study identity practices among members of Italian American groups.

It is only by accepting this basic principle about the way identity processes work that the Italian American community can make progress, and for that reason, I see this volume as a first step in the right direction. Postscritto a Giorgio Bassani. Saggi in memoria del decimo anniversario della morte. I primi tre interventi sono dedicati al ricordo di Bassani.

Valerio Capozzo compie un ottimo lavoro di ricostruzione, tramite la disamina della corrispondenza tra Edoardo Lebano e Bassani, di una fase americana dello scrittore. Stimolante e quanto mai originale la lettura in chiave biopolitica di Andrew Bush del romanzo del , Una lapide in via Mazzini. Sul Bassani potenziale studioso ed emulatore petrarchesco si articola il saggio di Roberta Antognini. Attraverso una decifrazione intertestuale, James T. Chiampi rintraccia ascendenti letterari illustri del Giardino e in altre opere.

Interrogandosi sul significato di emancipazione, Tim Parks effettua una disamina storica sul Giardino cogliendo un peculiare atteggiamento del romanziere nei confronti delle divisioni sociali e del loro potenziale creativo. Cristiano Spila si occupa del Bassani ecologista, mentre Maurizio Del Ministro prende in esame la causa animalista nella vita dello scrittore.

Every culture can be said to have undoubtedly been affected by extraneous influences throughout its development. Traces of these effects can be found in the customs, language, literature and art of a culture.

lingua italiana studi: Topics by theranchhands.com

The trilingual abstract of each article is an effective strategy, enabling comprehension by scholars of Croatian and Italian Studies alike, as well as a wider audience, and ensures the dissemination of the topic material of each article. Preceded by a one-page preface, presented in both Croatian and Italian, the scope of the entire collection and the research is both outlined and contextualized.

Consisting of four review articles, interspersed throughout the collection, eleven original scientific papers, and one preliminary communication, presenting the early development of completely original research centered upon previously unknown artistic findings, the collection presents a wide range of information. This contact is traced to the beginning of spiritual growth on the Croatian coast, emerging from Latin culture.

Similarly, this series of articles employs a variety of research methodologies including literary criticism, linguistic analysis, intertextual and intermedial approaches, meteorological investigation into paremiology, and cultural analysis based upon archeological findings and the creations of goldsmiths. They bring to the fore the intrinsic linguistic and literary dynamicity of the Adriatic coastal areas while highlighting the fluidity of identity in an area replete with numerous and diverse socio-cultural and historical influences.

The article presents original research on a preserved photographic album — Alcuni lavori di Francesco Salghetti-Drioli riprodotti fotograficamente — discovered in Como, Italy. The photographic reproductions were made by the famous Zadar photographer Tomaso Burato Dubrovnik Zadar ; the album was published in Zadar in April of on the occasion of the wedding of Simeone Salghetti with Emma Drioli.

As such, its importance to the history of photography is inestimable. The collection provides an excellent overview of the subject literature in review articles, presents original research in original scientific papers, and introduces previously unknown research in a preliminary communication. As a result, these conference proceedings are a valuable font of information for those who are new to the field and require a solid foundation from which to begin their research, as well as seasoned scholars desiring to keep up-to-date with contemporary research. This collection of essays reinforces the fact that the call for further research in this area is more than justified.

Painted and Metal Ex-votos from Italy. Calandra Italian American Institute, This collection of three essays found its inspiration in an exhibition by the same name: The book is organized in the traditional manner for a monograph and catalogue. The volume opens with an account of the historical development of the ex-votos written by folklorist and Religious Studies scholar Leonard Bernard Primiano also owner of the collection exhibited at the Calandra Institute ; the subsequent article, written by Sciorra, assesses the importance of the ex-votos for Italian Americans; and the third and last essay, by Professor of Art Kate Wagle, discusses the changes of the ex-votos and their displacement from a strictly traditional religious context to a more secular environment.

The volume concludes with a catalogue of the exhibition. The color reproductions are excellent and include succinct details about material and dimensions of the artifacts displayed. The subject is a vast and various territory which provides a curious and at times dramatic study, for it introduces the reader to a whole range of objects offered in fulfillment of a vow or prayer uttered in some crisis of personal or community history.

Votive gifts are forms of devotion transferred to Christianity from pagan religions of antiquity; the Etruscans, for instance, made offerings as thanks for answered prayers concerning health and fertility As Primiano explains, the Latin term ex voto short for ex voto suscepto indicates a Catholic votive offering in gratitude for a miracle received 9. One useful elucidation provided by the author, quoting Mariolina Rizzi Salvatori, is related to the form given to the ex-votos, which fall into fixed types.

The two common categories are anatomical ex-voto ex-voto anatomico and painted ex-votos tavolette votive. The least sophisticated and also artistically the humblest of those votive forms is the anatomical ex-voto, made of metal, wood, or wax, which typically represents a small image of a limb or part of the body that has been cured of sickness in response to an appeal to divine intercession. On the other hand, the painted ex-votos draw or symbolize either the peril or crisis in which deliverance has been granted, or alternatively the special favor conceded, together with the figure of the holy being — saint or Virgin — who has granted it in response to a vow.

Primiano, while describing his passion for ex-votos, also addresses the question of commodification and consumption of religious images outside their traditional religious context. As the author suggests, the significance attached to these specific commodities differs markedly from one person buyer to another according to their contexts of consumption Often, votive paintings chronicling the emigration experience are located in churches in Italy as thanksgiving tokens for divine interventions in maritime disasters or accidents of all kinds.

The practice of showing gratitude for heavenly intercession has continued among Italian Americans in the United States in the form of home altars, yard shrines, or more complex artistic votive structures known as la centa or il cinto She explains that despite the changes in material and production of ex-votos from unique silver or gold handcrafted objects to silver-plated, mechanically mass-produced items, the meaning and the intent remain intact.

While most of the elements represented in the ex-votos, including anatomical parts, soldiers, and children, have essentially survived from ancient culture, the montage of those objects with photographs, x- rays, and written narrative reflects a more contemporary and secular culture. Besides, in spite of the considerable sums of money that passed through his hands, James was far from leading an easy and comfortable life. In a sense, it was through his own body that he first measured the degree of his maladjustment.

He was constantly ill, poorly dressed, and found his lodgings uncomfortable. The weather did not suit him and he feared death might creep up on him. He would wear the same clothes for months on end, winter and summer alike. Disease would take hold of him and he would be confined to bed for several weeks. His neat copperplate handwriting would then degenerate to illegible scribbling. Convinced that he was no longer fit for the job, he would then ask Thomas to let Ambrose Pollett, a friend of the family, replace him in the firm. His physical condition would not let him endure another winter in Lisbon.

To him Lisbon, thus, ended up representing the proximity of death, that ultimate moment of displacement. His fears, however, were unfounded and he went back to England where he remained in convalescence, before returning to Portugal. But once more the climate did not agree with him. In the course of his stay, James was badly in need of a focal point to keep things in perspective and letter writing served such a purpose. More than anything else, it allowed him to keep his sense of belonging alive. These letters ended up being the only bridge not just to his origins, but above all to his own identity.

This sentimentality towards his family is in marked contrast with his attitude as an observer. Although Hutchinson cannot entirely detach himself emotionally from what he witnesses, there is a kind of Verfremdungseffekt in his writing, a journalistic objectification of the topics he covers, whereby the distance between himself and the other is never to be entirely spanned.

Translating something as intimate and confidential as private letters has the potential to border on voyeurism. It raises issues that concern the ethics of translation, since the translator, unlike the casual reader, is supposed to leave no stone unturned in his struggle to reach communicative effectiveness.

In this sense, translation is to be viewed as an act of intrusion and, simultaneously, of extrusion in other words a disclosure and a close examination of that which pertains to the private sphere. The former constitutes a form of violation , of disrupting that which belongs to the realm of the confessional and becoming, to borrow the words of St. Nevertheless, such violence is mitigated by the transmutational properties of time.

Over time, these texts have acquired the status of archaeological evidence, which does not necessarily mean that in this respect the position of the translator is less delicate. After all, he was not the addressee of the letters and that fact alone poses some problems. An outsider may find it difficult to penetrate the referential fabric of the letters. Unlike travel accounts or autobiographies written for publication, these texts were not intended for a wide readership.

They were personal in tone and content, and the writer knew what responses to expect from his only reader living across the English Channel. The writer did not project an ideal or fictional reader to whom he might grant full right of access to the world recreated in his prose. As a consequence, his world remains sealed off from a larger audience and the translator is forced to break into the textual space like a trespasser. Implicatures lie hidden within this corpus of letters but they can never be entirely unravelled: Such implicatures, one must not forget, are a symptom of the close relationship existing between the two correspondents.

Implicit meanings result from a common experience, excluding other readers. Fortunately, the text in question is generally far more objective and factual than one would suppose, and this alone gives the translator significant leverage over the hidden aspects of the correspondence. It is in the terrain of factuality and narrativity that the translator moves free from major constraints, although it is certain that the faithfulness of the representation can never be taken for granted see Polezzi What we get instead is a myriad of disparate images that can hardly be coalesced into one single picture.

The reason is obvious: Although the anecdotal episodes themselves are self-contained and refer only to fragments of both individual and collective experiences in early nineteenth-century Lisbon, they play an important part in the process of historiographical reconstruction of the past. The historiographical value of the letters lies in the fact that they contain accounts that were neither censored nor doctored: The ensemble of letters forms a sort of scrapbook containing clippings or mementos that were never meant to be published.

Such moments, however, were bound together by a common genetic code: He preferred to position himself as an observer rather than as a commentator, and avoided getting entangled in elaborate considerations. Far from highly opinionated, the letters nonetheless give us the chance of peering into his personality, albeit obliquely. Sometimes, however, he felt compelled to take sides, such as when he dared to air his own opinion on Beresford:.

Such explicitness was rare. Shortly after the rebellion in Pernambuco, Brazil, Hutchinson censured himself for letting slip his views on the political turmoil that had gripped the country and decided to not to return to the issue for fear of reprisals:. His fears over the consequences of political dissent were not wholly misplaced. The horrific hanging of the Conspirators he watched on 22 October , shortly before his departure, left a lasting impression on him:.

Here, his voyeurism matched his horror as he came to the full presence of death—that dark character that kept resurfacing in his writing. As we have seen, what was once private acquires, over time, an archaeological value: In translation, chronological distance is of the essence: In sharp contrast with our contemporary world, where synchronous forms of communication and instantaneous access to information seem to have taken hold of the way we communicate with each other, the art and craft of translation necessitates the slow transit of time.

It is a painstaking process of problem-solving, reflection and maturation. It takes time and perseverance. And when it involves the representation of past historical phenomena, as in the present case, the temporal dimension acquires critical significance. On the one hand, the translator cannot help excogitating his own condition as a historical subject: And here, in the translation process, the time gap separating source and target texts functions not so much as a thread linking both acts of writing along a historical continuum but rather as a lens, generating several simultaneous optical effects, where light shifts in unsuspected ways and where appearance must be understood in its composite and elusive nature.

This, of course, entails much scrupulous work of detailed historical research, as well as the ability to articulate it within the translational process. The crux of the matter lies in being able to dwell in the interstices between two languages, two cultures and two historical periods. In other words, one must learn to come to terms with the undecidability which undermines the certainties offered by our ingrained logocentrism. As the translator shifts, in the course of the translation process, from one logosphere in the Barthesian sense to another, he realises that the movement itself does not actually, cannot entail the loss or gain, subtraction or addition of meanings.

Meaning does not constitute some sort of universal currency that is, manifestations of a universal language common to all human beings that can be subjected to a process of direct exchange or transaction. Meanings cannot migrate freely from one language to another. I can only subtract meanings within the system they belong to. Languages weave their own networks of meanings and the exact value of each meaning, if it can ever be assessed, is to be determined only symptomatically by the effects generated by its presence or absence in one particular social and cultural context.

To believe in the transferability of the meaning and its capacity to survive as a whole in two distinct linguistic and cultural environments as in a process of ecesis is not to realise something that Derrida pointed out: One of the main problems of translation, therefore, is not just spatiality but also temporality , particularly the historical condition of the texts. And this, I think, poses an obstacle far more difficult to overcome, since it has to do with the impossibility for the translator to render two externalities compatible in one single target text.

Just as Hutchinson was compelled, as an expatriate, to come to terms with the social and cultural reality of his host country [4] which is, for all purposes, a question of spatiality , so the translator, like a migrant travelling through time, is forced to come to grips with an ancient world governed by laws long forsaken and now irretrievable the question of temporality. And since both writer and translator are forever barred from a fully unmediated contact with the unconsciously lived culture of the Other, both seeing it as something external to themselves, though not necessarily negative, their attempts to assimilate cultural elements and national idiosyncrasies can only take place on the terrain of the imaginary, which enables them to crop, select, filter and reshape elements and idiosyncrasies in order to discursively tame the otherness.

Translators of travel writing therefore have to operate on a double disjuncture. On the one hand, they have to deal with the cultural gap that exists between the author and the people he visits Hutchinson and the Portuguese , a gap which over-determines the perceptions, constructs, responses and projections of otherness of the British expat, but which -- since it is barely made explicit in the text -- can only be detected by means of a symptomatic reading.

On the other hand, translators have to negotiate the disjunction that will always separate them from the time and the concrete conditions under which the texts saw the light of day -- a disjunction that is further amplified by the impossibility of mapping the exact location of the intersection of cultures which gives the letters their characteristic intercultural tension see Cronin Therefore, the translator is left with no choice but to try to overcome these two disjunctions, both of which constitute distinct moments of resistance to interpretation.

How can we then circumvent the limitations to translation that such a double disjuncture imposes? Of course a careful, detailed investigation into the empirical elements offered by the letters and the issues broached therein must always be conducted, but this is not enough: It is this decentring at the core of translation that ends up being in itself a form of travelling.

It is rather the translator and his reader who are invited to venture across a frontier -- the frontier that sets the limits to their identities, values and representations, and that is both spatial and temporal. In fact, the main challenges to the translation of these letters were posed by the problem of temporality, that is, by the difficulties of bridging the time gap. The first issue to be tackled was the stylistics of the Portuguese target text. It was not just a matter of finding the best equivalents and transferring contents from the source text into the target language without major semantic losses.

It was also a matter of finding a style and a register that could somehow match the original ones. In order to do that, I compared the letters to similar archival and bibliographical sources in Portuguese. Two manuals of commercial correspondence proved invaluable: The analysis of the examples of letters allowed me to determine the way in which the target text was to be drafted. One of the most complicated aspects I had to deal with was choosing the mode of address: In Portuguese, this is not so linear.

In the early nineteenth century, modes of address would have varied according not only to social class, age or degree of familiarity, but also to written language conventions. The solution to the difficulty in ascertaining whether we were dealing with informality or politeness was partly given by the manual. This was the form I resorted to throughout. Another difficulty had to do with wording.

The manuals proved useful in guiding my lexical choices. I wanted to give the translation a distinctive period flavour to represent the historical dimension of the original letters. Many more old-fashioned or outdated Portuguese words that appear in the manual were likewise retrieved: Another challenge was related to the commercial jargon both in English and in Portuguese. Nowadays commercial terminology in both languages is much more complex, but most of the neologisms that currently exist in Portuguese are English words.

Back then, that influence was more tenuous. In any case, the search for the right equivalent would have always been time-consuming. If we multiply this by the wide spectrum of nomenclatures related to those areas of economic activity Hutchinson was directly or indirectly involved in, we have an idea of the complexity of the task. To start with, there were the inner workings of the wool trade business.

I had to unwind the ball of yarn of the English wool and worsted industry, including all the details concerning the different stages of the manufacturing process: It took me a while before I learnt from a magazine published in London in Tilloch They referred to the way Spanish wool which also included Portuguese wool was classified: Primera or Refina R.

Moreover, since conducting business ventures overseas back then was not without its risks, I had to acquaint myself with the idiom used in cargo and shipping insurance, learn about risk-assessment, shipping deadlines, storage conditions, bills of lading, types of merchant ships crossing the Atlantic, and so on.

But then there are also taxes and duties, customs procedures and the requirements of port authorities, the valuation of the bales in the Cocket, [5] goods lodged at the Custom House not yet dispatched -- all of this wrapped up in a language of its own, which has to be patiently disassembled, explored, digested, and then reassembled and fine-tuned in the translation process. In order to penetrate that language I had to resort to historical research once more. However, since the Revista de Estudos Anglo-Portugueses is aimed at a scholarly readership, it proved unnecessary to insist on the explanation of cultural or linguistic aspects that they are supposed to be already acquainted with.

Differences in style between early nineteenth-century and early twenty-first-century Portuguese are noticeable, but they do not make the text less intelligible. In any case, stylistic conventions should not pose a problem for all the scholars who are used to working with documents of that period. So I kept the footnotes to a minimum. The future publication of a book containing the complete correspondence of the Farrer family, this time aiming at a more general readership, will entail a different explanatory methodology, but not a different stylistic treatment.

Writing narratives of displacement and travel is in itself a translational act, where the author is always seeking to translate into his mother tongue the manifestations of the culture of the other. In the process, the translator is forced to question his identity, values and the representations of his own nation and people, especially if the original text is non-fictional and therefore stakes a claim to the immediacy and truthfulness of the experience. The translator thus has to achieve a tour-de-force in bridging all three gaps and rendering the text accessible to the contemporary reader.

However, the meanings in the target text will always have but a spectral relation with the ones in the source text: This distance between the source and target texts becomes more difficult to span when historical time — fissured as it has been, in this particular case, over these past two centuries by sudden ruptures and discontinuities — keeps eroding the paths that could render the source text recognisable to the reader: Brewster, London, New Left Books. Cronin, Michael Across the Lines: Maxwell, Kenneth Conflicts and Conspiracies: Brazil and Portugal, , London, Routledge.

Tilloch, Alexander The Philosophical Magazine: Records of the Exchequer: Farrer and another v Hutchinson and others. Paris, ; Joaquim Ferreira de Freitas. London, Richard and Arthur Taylor, He is also the director of studies of postgraduate programmes in ELT and translation. He has also participated in several European-funded projects related to teacher training and computer-assisted language learning. Articles on aspects of translation studies have appeared in academic journals and edited volumes.

Undoubtedly, individuals contribute to the construction of social identities and society in turn is influential in forming personal identities. Translation sociology has already become one of the in-vogue research interests and areas in both Translation and Interpreting Studies TS and Sociology, giving way to understanding and interpreting both old issues in innovative ways and new ones arising from the nature of the diverse sociopolitical and cultural world today. The interdisciplinary nature of research in this area has the potential to encourage scholars to carry out investigations into, inter alia, the interface between self, groups, and society with respect to translational issues, concerns and practices.

As the roles translators play vary based on contextual factors, translators can and do have multiple identities including personal, social, and professional identities. It goes without saying that sociology, and specifically identity, which has been mostly neglected in translator training, can provide important insights if we reflect on the myriad interfaces between training, trainers, trainees, translators and society from diverse standpoints. Clearly, the recent sociological turn in TS has encouraged both scholars and practitioners to explore the relationship between the agents involved in the translation process, product and function and to acknowledge the complexities and subtleties of these relationships, which in turn, has the potential to influence the production and reception of translations.

The same applies to translator training as it includes process, product, and function and can be looked at from the viewpoint of one or more of these elements. The sociology of translators and the sociology of translating appear to be tightly interrelated since, translators, as hands-on agents with their own beliefs, interests, and individualities, play a fundamental part in the translation process, which, together with the feedback they receive from translation users, affect and shape their concept of themselves. It follows, then, that sociological and psychological aspects of translation are closely associated: Furthermore, from a Bourdiusian perspective, translators are always in a sway between their own habitus, comprising dispositions and mental structures resulting from their past experiences, and the norms and structures present in the field of translation and other fields encompassing it.

This said, translators are agents and subjects within different social spheres, one of which is that of translation. Bourdieu presents a full definition of habitus as a:. System of lasting, transposable dispositions which, integrating past experiences, functions at every moment as a matrix of perceptions, appreciations, and actions and makes possible the achievement of infinitely diversified tasks, thanks to analogical transfers of schemes permitting the solution of similarly shape problems, and thanks to the unceasing corrections of the results obtained dialectically produced by those results.

Finally, we will present and analyze the results of a survey conducted on Iranian and Italian undergraduate trainee translators to see how different aspects of their identities are correlated. We are hopeful that the findings of this study will have implications, inter alia, for training translators because identity is a key concept in teaching and learning and in enhancing their quality. This general distinction, arising from socialization practices, between Western individualistic societies and Eastern collectivist societies has also been documented by other scholars such as Singelis , Johnson , Bengston et al.

And how do Iranian and Italian trainee translators differ in terms of their identity? Iranian undergraduate trainee translators tend to have well-developed interdependent identities whereas Italian undergraduates tend to have well-developed self-dependent identities. Iranian and Italian trainee translators differ in terms of their sense of their own identity. We shall begin by defining different types of identity.

Personal, individual, group, collective, gender, national, linguistic, cultural, and professional are probably the most established terms with which we refer to identity. Interestingly, this way of defining identity closely resembles the definition of culture, foregrounding the proximity of the two concepts. Both culture and identity find realization in what they are not referring to ; in excluding and in contrast with others.

Identity has both individual and collective manifestations. In other words, individuals have their own identity, which distinguishes them from other individuals while individuals are members of social groups which are different from other groups. The distinction becomes more significant when we note that societies vary in the degree to which they are more individualist or collectivist. It follows that educational practices should take these differences into consideration.

Camilleri and Malewska-Peyre Self carries various identities depending on the given situation where certain social roles are performed. This implies that in social interactions, only parts of an individual's identity are involved in any given situation Stets and Burke An immediate implication of this view of translator training as a series of social situations is that trainee translators construct their identities in the educational situations they experience. As mentioned previously, a feature that makes research into identity fascinating yet demanding is the fact that this concept lies at the interface of sociology and psychology, two huge and influential sciences.

It is also a reason why teaching is such a complex endeavor. Similarly, translation is both a social and a psychological endeavor. The three types of identities explored in this study need to be defined here. Personal identity can be explained simply as how we define ourselves. Social identity, according to Tajfel cited in Ashmore, Jussim and Wilder Although Bourdieu himself does not seem to have explicitly defined identity, scholars have investigated this concept based on his theories.

The dispositional, collective, and reflexive components represent personal, social, and professional identities. Similarly, as Cressman points out, the interactions between actors in networks define their identity and because actors can at the same time belong to different networks and depending on the way these interact, their identities can vary.

Therefore, in both theories we can consider multiple identities for translators and trainee translators. A similar study was carried out by Dionysios Kapsaskis As an example of how the professional identity of translators is influenced by industrial changes, Kapaskis On the other hand, there are studies that have gone the other way round, namely, they have probed the influence of translation on communities, norms, and identities of different types.

However, such studies are beyond the scope and the primary aims of the present article. She merges ANT with ethnography in order to trace each stage in the translation process of a number of case-studies of literary works. For Bourdieu, realism takes the real to be relational. This relationality is, for instance, visible in the relations between the different types of capital that Bourdieu speaks of, as well as in the interconnectedness of his concepts of habitus, capital, doxa, and illusio. A major argument of her research is that.

They emphasize the role of socialization in the construction of habitus, which together with the capital trainee translators can gain, are both part of, and influential in, their specialization in the field of translator training. His structuralist orientation, reflected in his practice theory and related concepts of agency, field, habitus , capital , doxa and illusio , leaves little doubt of the relevance of his ideas to the sociological analysis of identity, given that, as social agents, individuals work to create social structures which construct their identity in return.

Based on this structure, habitus creates beliefs, practices, and feelings and it is structured by existing conditions Grenfell Habitus, as mentioned above, operates along with other factors. For what we know as practice, Bourdieu presents an equation as follows: Habitus helps us shape our perspective towards the social world in a rather revolutionary way.

By the same token, Stets and Burke We must go back and forth and understand how social structure is the accomplishment of actors, but also how actors always act within the social structure they create. In this game, individuals, groups and institutions compete for better positions. Social agents learn the rules of the game gradually.

They are only equipped with their own points of view. They take time to develop and they are never perfect. ANT has undergone some modifications: The main tenet of the social constructivism paradigm is the construction of knowledge through social interactions, including those in classrooms, hence the significance of collaboration and group work. Thus, it can be argued that social constructivism, and by extension ANT, favors a collective approach to identity and its construction due to its concepts of network and translation.

The central notion of an actor or agent or actant is understood to include both human and nonhuman agents: The network has no centre, all the elements are interdependent. Important roles are played by knowledge systems and by economic factors, as well as by people and by technical aids. Causality is not unidirectional: The theory distinguishes various kinds of relation between the nodes of a network […]. The interaction between agents or actants is called translation , a concept which ANT borrows from Michel Serres, as Barry Intermediaries do not affect the forces and meanings they are to transfer but mediators can modify them Latour, Thus, the identity of actants is dependent on their roles as mediator or intermediary, which can also change into each other.

Most theories are developed by theorists through the evaluation of previous theories and approaches. Bourdieusian approaches tend to reduce the agent to the translator, and only consider agency from the individualistic perspective Buzelin Starting from a general assumption of the existence of distinctions between Western and Eastern identities, we conducted an identity survey of Iranian and Italian undergraduate trainee translators, to test our hypotheses and to see to what extent the findings would fall within Bourdieu and ANT theories.

Additionally, the correlation between personal, social and professional identities among students was briefly examined. A total of trainee translators participated in our survey: The students were from four Iranian and four Italian universities: The age and gender distribution of the two groups of students are given in Tables 1 and 2 below. AIQ-IV is a questionnaire that measures identity orientation in the four aspects of personal, relational, social and collective identities.

In the original AIQ-IV questionnaire, there are 10 special items that are not scored on scales, two of which were included in our modified questionnaire. The research population was provided with the online questionnaire with an extended time period within which to respond and the responses were recorded both separately for each respondent and in a summary of all responses. To help our analysis, the responses of Iranian and Italian students were recorded separately. Then, the total mean scores were compared and interpreted. Additionally, based on the total scores of the responses to each item, items that showed marked distinctions among the two groups of students were singled out as potential indicators of a number of meaningful and enlightening contrasts.

Comparing the mean values for all items, the items whose mean scores showed a certain variation were identified and marked for this purpose. The procedure was as follows: The resultant criterion values were. Finally, a microanalysis of identity scores based on three age groups of 19 or younger, male , and years old was carried out in order to find out more about the correlation of the identity aspects.

Figure 1 compares Iranian and Italian undergraduate translator trainees in three aspects of their identities. A Comparison of trainee translators' three identity aspects based on mean Likert scale values. As Figure 1 shows, the Iranian and Italian students surveyed in this study, show a contrast in terms of their personal and social identities where the former tend to have a stronger social identity and the latter a more marked sense of personal identity.

This implies that Italian students are more inclined towards individualism and self-dependence while Iranian students prefer interdependence; a difference that may reflect overall differences between Iranian and Italian, or Eastern and Western, societies. As for the correlation between personal and social identities with professional identity, no meaningful correlation was observed, indicating that either there are more factors that have to be taken into account or some complementary data is required.

We stated above that a special analysis was carried out of those items which produced significantly different based on the overall scores between Iranians and Italians. The following items were selected for further interpretation in each aspect of identity. My personal values and moral standards Item 7: Places where I live or where I was raised. A comparison of personal identity marked items using mean Liker scale values. The Iranian students' score was significantly higher than their Italian counterparts in Item 1 but lower in Item 7, which might indicate that although Iranian students display a somewhat more social and less personal identity orientation, they might care more their values and morality issues.

On the other hand Italian students felt more intensely and emotionally about their living environments. A comparison of social identity marked items using mean Likert scale values. The results shown in Figure 3 imply that Italians are less concerned about their social popularity. Popularity, as social capital, is a way to earn symbolic capital, which in turn can be arguably converted into other types of capital, particularly cultural capital. There were two items identified as marked with respect to professional identity, which are listed below:.

Being considered a reliable and organized co-worker Item My future job despite its difficulties and low income. A comparison of professional identity marked items using mean Likert scale values. Although Italian students showed a higher propensity for individual work, they seem to value professional qualities when working with other people to a higher extent, which is indicated in Item 23; they consider it more important to be valuable co-workers through being reliable and organized. Being reliable is a highly interpersonal attribute while being organized tends to be a personal characteristic yet with palpable outcomes for the people around us.

Furthermore, in reference to Item 24, Italian students seemed to consider their future job much more important than Iranian students, a result which could imply two things: Overall, in the majority of the professional identity items, the Italian students demonstrated a stronger orientation, which may indicate that they generally have a better image of their field-related abilities and prospects for developing their careers in translation.

As a final step in this survey, we explored the correlation between personal and social identity aspects on the one hand with professional identity on the other. To this end, three age groups of trainee translators were compared in terms of their mean identity scores. Figure 5 and Figure 6 display the findings, indicating a chiefly positive correlation between the three identity aspects in the age groups analyzed — except for Italian students of 19 years or younger.

Another finding was that because the comparison of the mean scores of personal and social identities in these three age groups did not differ significantly across the two national groups, we can conclude that the excluded age group, female students aged , had a significant influence on the overall identity variation between Iranian and Italian students.

The different items of the questionnaire, as well as the identity aspects it addressed, were related to the concepts discussed in the sociological theories. The results of our empirical analysis point to a stronger social identity and habitus for Iranian students and a stronger personal and professional identity orientation and habitus on the part of the Italian students; a result which suggests that social activities in translator training may be particularly suitable in an Iranian context, while personal activities maybe more suitable when training translators in an Italian context.

In addition, we found a predominantly positive correlation between personal and social identities with professional identity among the age groups we decided to study for the purpose of correlation analysis. With reference to our research questions, we are now in a position to draw some conclusions: