Deck Meine Bälle (German Edition)

Playing cards Spielkarten entered German-speaking lands around the late s. The earliest cards were likely Latin-suited like in Italy and Spain. The French suit symbols were derived from the German ones around They were also produced and used as far east as Russia until the early 20th century. German-suited decks are not well known all over these countries including parts of Germany itself as they have been undergoing strong competition from French playing cards since the late 17th-century.

Traditional card games in which the German suits are used include Skat , Schafkopf , Doppelkopf and Watten. German suited decks tend to have fewer cards than either the French , Spanish , or Italian sets. The "Ace" is really a Deuce Daus as usually indicated by its two pips. Southern patterns have 36 cards by including the 6.

The Weli first appeared around in the discontinued Tyrolean pattern and later the Salzburg and William Tell patterns. The 6 of Acorns is known as the Spitz or Soacher and is of comparable use, with the Weli being the higher card. For instance, in the Bavarian Watten game the top three cards following the respective trump ace are - in descending order: With the exception of the New Altenburg pattern, all cards with the rank of 10 include the Roman numeral X at the top centre of the card. The ace in German and Swiss German sets have a peculiar history. Aces disappeared from German decks during the 15th century.

When the Ace was promoted above the King in French packs during the 16th century, the deuce did so as well in Germany leading to the conflation of the Ace and Deuce. This is why in some sets the ace depicts two pips and is also called a Daus deuce. Confusion is avoided when the 7 or 6 became the lowest card in most packs during the 17th and 18th centuries. Many regions have their own pattern Bild which features their own unique artwork or number of cards.

Some patterns are descended from much earlier ones like the Saxon pattern which can trace their ancestry to the 15th-century Stukeley type cards named after their identifier, William Stukeley , in Northern patterns have 32 cards and are used to play Skat. In northern patterns, the acorns are red. The only traditional northern pattern still in production is the Saxon pattern where only pip cards have corner indices.

It is a product of a long evolution from the primitive Stukeley type cards imported from Nuremberg. The 36 card Bavarian Munich and Stralsund types , Franconian, and Salzburg or einfachdeutsche patterns are descended from the Old Bavarian pattern which itself goes back to the 15th-century Augsburg pattern. Since the s, Italian manufacturers have included 5s into their Salzburg decks to allow the German speaking South Tyroleans to play Italian card games that require 40 cards with suits they are more familiar with.

Salzburg decks also inherited the "Weli" from its extinct sibling, the Tyrolean pattern. The Bohemian or Prague pattern is also descended from the Old Bavarian but has only 32 cards like the northern ones. The Salzburg and Bohemian patterns are also not reversible and lack corner indices. Most games require only 32 cards by excluding the 6s such as Schafkopf. Games that require the full deck include Jass and Tarock.

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This was the original format but by it was restricted to the Palatinate where it died out. The story, after all, was about a successful revolt against the Habsburgs. When Austrians began producing this deck, they changed two of the characters. The Aces or Deuces depict the four seasons which are also somewhat different in the Austrian and Hungarian versions.

Similarly, violation of the zone by a defending player is penalized only if they do so in order to gain an advantage in defending. Outside of one long edge of the playing field to both sides of the middle line are the substitution areas for each team. The areas usually contain the benches as seating opportunities.

Team officials, substitutes, and suspended players must wait within this area. The area always lies to the same side as the team's own goal. During half-time, substitution areas are swapped. Any player entering or leaving the play must cross the substitution line which is part of the side line and extends 4. A standard match for all teams of at least age 16 has two minute halves with a to minute halftime break.

At half-time, teams switch sides of the court as well as benches. For youths the length of the halves is reduced—25 minutes at ages 12 to 15, and 20 minutes at ages 8 to 11; though national federations of some countries may differ in their implementation from the official guidelines. If a decision must be reached in a particular match e. Should these not decide the game either, the winning team is determined in a penalty shootout best-of-five rounds; if still tied, extra rounds afterwards until won by one team.

The referees may call timeout according to their sole discretion; typical reasons are injuries, suspensions, or court cleaning. Penalty throws should trigger a timeout only for lengthy delays, such as a change of the goalkeeper. Since , teams can call 3 team timeouts per game up to two per half , which last one minute each.

This right may only be invoked by team in ball possession. Team representatives must show a green card marked with a black T on the timekeeper's desk. The timekeeper then immediately interrupts the game by sounding an acoustic signal and stops the time. Before that, it was one per half. For purpose of calling timeouts, overtime and shootouts are extensions of the second half.

A handball match is adjudicated by two equal referees. Some national bodies allow games with only a single referee in special cases like illness on short notice. Should the referees disagree on any occasion, a decision is made on mutual agreement during a short timeout; or, in case of punishments, the more severe of the two comes into effect. The referees are obliged to make their decisions "on the basis of their observations of facts".

The referees position themselves in such a way that the team players are confined between them. They stand diagonally aligned so that each can observe one side line. Depending on their positions, one is called field referee and the other goal referee. These positions automatically switch on ball turnover. They physically exchange their positions approximately every 10 minutes long exchange , and change sides every five minutes short exchange. The IHF defines 18 hand signals for quick visual communication with players and officials.

The signal for warning or disqualification is accompanied by a yellow or red card, [9] respectively. The referees also use whistle blows to indicate infractions or to restart the play. The referees are supported by a scorekeeper and a timekeeper who attend to formal things such as keeping track of goals and suspensions, or starting and stopping the clock, respectively. They also keep an eye on the benches and notify the referees on substitution errors. Their desk is located between the two substitution areas. Each team consists of seven players on court and seven substitute players on the bench.

One player on the court must be the designated goalkeeper, differing in his clothing from the rest of the field players. Substitution of players can be done in any number and at any time during game play. An exchange takes place over the substitution line. A prior notification of the referees is not necessary.

Some national bodies, such as the Deutsche Handball Bund DHB, "German Handball Federation" , allow substitution in junior teams only when in ball possession or during timeouts. This restriction is intended to prevent early specialization of players to offence or defence. Field players are allowed to touch the ball with any part of their bodies above and including the knee.

As in several other team sports, a distinction is made between catching and dribbling. A player who is in possession of the ball may stand stationary for only three seconds, and may take only three steps. They must then either shoot, pass, or dribble the ball. Taking more than three steps at any time is considered travelling, and results in a turnover.

A player may dribble as many times as they want though, since passing is faster, it is the preferred method of attack , as long as during each dribble the hand contacts only the top of the ball. Therefore, carrying is completely prohibited, and results in a turnover. After the dribble is picked up, the player has the right to another three seconds or three steps.

The ball must then be passed or shot, as further holding or dribbling will result in a double dribble turnover and a free throw for the other team. Other offensive infractions that result in a turnover include charging and setting an illegal screen. Carrying the ball into the six-meter zone results either in ball possession by the goalkeeper by attacker or turnover by defender.

Only the goalkeepers are allowed to move freely within the goal perimeter, although they may not cross the goal perimeter line while carrying or dribbling the ball. Within the zone, they are allowed to touch the ball with all parts of their bodies, including their feet, with a defensive aim for other actions, they are subject to the same restrictions as the field players. The goalkeepers may participate in the normal play of their teammates.

They may be substituted by a regular field player if their team elects to use this scheme in order to outnumber the defending players. Earlier, this field player become the designated goalkeeper on the court; and had to wear some vest or bib to be identified as such. That shirt had to be equal in colour and form to the goalkeeper's shirt, to avoid confusion. A rule change meant to make the game more offensive now allows any player to substitute with the goalkeeper. The new rule resembles the one used in ice hockey. This rule was first used in the women's world championship in December and has since been used by the men's European championship in January and by both genders in the Olympic tournament in Rio in If either goalkeeper deflects the ball over the outer goal line, their team stays in possession of the ball, in contrast to other sports like football.

The goalkeeper resumes the play with a throw from within the zone "goalkeeper throw". Passing to one's own goalkeeper results in a turnover. In a penalty shot, throwing the ball against the head of a goalkeeper who is not moving risks a direct disqualification "red card". Outside of own D-zone, the goalkeeper is treated as a current field player, and has to follow field players' rules; holding or tackling an opponent player outside the area risks a direct disqualification.

Each team is allowed to have a maximum of four team officials seated on the benches. An official is anybody who is neither player nor substitute. One official must be the designated representative who is usually the team manager. Since , representatives can call up to 3 team timeouts up to twice per half , and may address the scorekeeper, timekeeper, and referees before that, it was once per half ; overtime and shootouts are considered extensions of the second half.

Other officials typically include physicians or managers.

Neither official is allowed to enter the playing court without the permission of the referees. The ball is spherical and must be made either of leather or a synthetic material. It is not allowed to have a shiny or slippery surface. As the ball is intended to be operated by a single hand, its official sizes vary depending on age and gender of the participating teams. The referees may award a special throw to a team.

This usually happens after certain events such as scored goals, off-court balls, turnovers and timeouts. All of these special throws require the thrower to obtain a certain position, and pose restrictions on the positions of all other players. Sometimes the execution must wait for a whistle blow by the referee.

Penalties are given to players, in progressive format, for fouls that require more punishment than just a free-throw. Actions directed mainly at the opponent and not the ball such as reaching around, holding, pushing, tripping, and jumping into opponent as well as contact from the side, from behind a player or impeding the opponent's counterattack are all considered illegal and are subject to penalty. Any infraction that prevents a clear scoring opportunity will result in a seven-meter penalty shot.

Typically the referee will give a warning yellow card for an illegal action; but, if the contact was particularly dangerous, like striking the opponent in the head, neck or throat, the referee can forego the warning for an immediate two-minute suspension. A player can get only one warning before receiving a two-minute suspension.

One player is only permitted two two-minute suspensions; after the third time, they will be shown the red card. A red card results in an ejection from the game and a two-minute penalty for the team. A player may receive a red card directly for particularly rough penalties. For instance, any contact from behind during a fast break is now being treated with a red card. A red-carded player has to leave the playing area completely.

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A player who is disqualified may be substituted with another player after the two-minute penalty is served. A coach or official can also be penalized progressively. Any coach or official who receives a two-minute suspension will have to pull out one of their players for two minutes; however, the player is not the one punished, and can be substituted in again, as the penalty consists of the team playing with a one player less than the opposing team.

After referees award the ball to the opponents for whatever reason, the player currently in possession of the ball has to lay it down quickly, or risk a two-minute suspension. Also, gesticulating or verbally questioning the referee's order, as well as arguing with the officials' decisions, will normally result in a two-minute suspension. If the suspended player protests further, does not walk straight off the field to the bench, or if the referee deems the tempo deliberately slow, the player can be given an additional two-minute suspension.

Illegal substitution outside of the dedicated area, or if the replacement player enters too early is also punishable by a two-minute suspension. Players are typically referred to by the positions they are playing. The positions are always denoted from the view of the respective goalkeeper, so that a defender on the right opposes an attacker on the left.

However, not all of the following positions may be occupied depending on the formation or potential suspensions. There are many variations in defensive formations. Usually, they are described as n: Exceptions are the 3: Attacks are played with all field players on the side of the defenders. Depending on the speed of the attack, one distinguishes between three attack waves with a decreasing chance of success:.

The third wave evolves into the normal offensive play when all defenders not only reach the zone, but gain their accustomed positions. Some teams then substitute specialised offence players.