Here, we explore this archive and complementary sources to: The panel explores how the development of early modern European studies on South Asian languages was affected by the relations between different levels of culture. We will examine how the knowledge production on South Asian languages We will examine how the knowledge production on South Asian languages occurred in a tension field produced by social asymmetries.
Sincretismo diminutivo-feminino nos crioulos indo-portugueses. Indian nationalist discourses in Portuguese India have a direct relation with the political developments in British India. The post-colonial reality of Portuguese India under the Indian nation-state after does not readily fit into the imagination of Indian nationhood. Nor does it fit easily into the theoretical perspective emerging out of a reading of the British colonial archive.
This is due to the fact that modes of colonialism of the Portuguese and the British differed from each other. Since the perspective of British India ultimately became the norm, there have been attempts to fit the ill-fitting history of Portuguese India into the British Indian mold. This has serious repercussions for understanding the history of Portuguese colonialism.
It also has repercussions for understanding the political representation and identities of the various communities living in Portuguese India under Indian nationalism and the Indian nation-state. The Forest or the Tree? In the pages of the dozens of newspapers that were published in the colony we can find traces of a In the pages of the dozens of newspapers that were published in the colony we can find traces of a myriad of debates that intersected local and imperial issues.
Among these we can find several arguments about the modernization of the colony, the transformation of its landscape, and the management of its natural resources. These concerns were pervasive in colonial Goa and tie in with the recent scholarship that has been directed at the Environmental History of British colonialism in India.
In this paper, I seek to survey the local dimension of environmental debates by looking at the response of the Goan printing press to the colonial initiatives of forest management and conservation, which became particularly relevant after the creation of a Goan Forestry Administration after One such example is the debate about the results of the forestry commission of , which took place in the pages of newspapers like O Ultramar, A India Portuguesa, and A Gazeta de Goa.
Revisiting Portuguese Colonization in India. The discovery of a new sea route rounding Africa from Western Europe to India in left an indelible impact not only on the European life but also on the Indian polity, economy and social life. For Europeans the discovery meant that For Europeans the discovery meant that the Portuguese would not need to cross the highly disputed Mediterranean nor the dangerous Arabian Peninsula and that the entire voyage could be made by sea.
A new era of global imperialism also started taking shape in the form of the Portuguese expansion on the Western Ghats in India from the present day Kozhikode or Calicut, the place where Vasco da Gama landed to Div in the north and up to Coromandel the coast line of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu though it was not always welcome.
Da Gama was jeered into shame as Zamorin's men burst out laughing, pointing out that even the poorest Arab merchants knew that nothing less than pure gold was admissible at court.
Many also suggested that he was a pirate and not a royal ambassador. Idem As unlike other foreign traders da Gama failed to pay taxes in gold he was refused the right to establish a factory1. Annoyed by this, da Gama carried a few the number ranges from five to eighteen, Ravenstein hostages a few Nairs and sixteen fishermen mukkuva with him by force crossingtheoceansea. During his next trip in da Gama was even crueller with competing traders and local inhabitants. He humiliated the Hindu Zamorin's high priest, Talappana Namboothiri, who had helped the former to meet Zamorin during his much celebrated first visit by.
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Edifices in Dark Days: Isolated and hostile, the rugged and densely forested provinces of the New Conquests of Goa are usually seen as a space of alterity in relation to the Portuguese imperial order, mainly because of their ecological , social and cultural Isolated and hostile, the rugged and densely forested provinces of the New Conquests of Goa are usually seen as a space of alterity in relation to the Portuguese imperial order, mainly because of their ecological , social and cultural specificities. This paper proposes a preliminary analysis of the colonial attempts to govern this territory, by looking at the work of the Forestry Committee of , which aimed at ordering and administering the forests of Goa.
By taking the colonial governance of natural resources as its object, this paper takes inspiration from the large number of studies that have been dedicated to the Environmental History of Empires, particularly in the case of British India. Ads help cover our server costs. This led to particularly strong action in Latin America and Africa, which consisted of capturing harbor installations and submarine cables.
This was one of the objectives recorded in a memorandum, written by British consul Erroll Macdonell, on the subject of a British takeover of German economic affairs in Portuguese Africa, especially Mozambique Pires and Fogarty, The dispatch of military expeditions to Africa, notably Mozambique, acquires great importance when we add to the equation the already alluded to growing threat represented by South Africa Arrifes, Mozambique on the eve of the First World War. The map locates the capital, Lorenzo Marques, and the territories held by the Nyassa Company.
On 21 August , Prime Minister Bernardino Machado decreed the organization and sending of two mixed groups composed of mountain artillery, cavalry, infantry, and machine guns , one each to Angola and Mozambique. At the time, the Portuguese army had a little over 31, men. One must underscore the importance and significance of this measure, placing it in a wider context that takes into consideration the ambiguous position in which Portugal found itself since the outbreak of hostilities.
It could not, as a result of a British request, declare either its neutrality or its belligerency. As a result, the expeditions were organized by the Ministry of the Colonies and not the Ministry of War. The measures adopted by Portugal, with British approval, were presented as merely preventive and aimed at colonial defense; they did not result in a declaration of war by Germany or its allies. Under the cloak of an undeclared neutrality, Mozambique soon became a buffer zone between British and German territory, a crossing point for essential goods contraband and foodstuffs, and a privileged platform for the acquisition of intelligence through espionage vital for both British and Germans throughout the war.
Alfredo Lisboa de Lima, the then Minister for the Colonies, charged the governor of Niassa with controlling the Rovuma border and placed all German ships at anchor in the colony under the strictest of supervisions Carvalho, Through their legation in Lisbon, the British had already ordered the garrisoning, with indigenous forces, of the territories held by the old Niassa Company. It is natural that our alliance [with Britain] should, after an exchange of views between the governments of the two countries, serve to guarantee the integrity of the Portuguese possessions.
But hoping to secure that guarantee while keeping our arms folded, without an efficient demonstration that we are capable, for our part, of making every possible effort to defend what is ours, is to place the country in a humiliating and depressing condition before the great English nation, a condition for which there is but one word: Command of the Mozambique-bound troops was handed to Massano de Amorim, who would be subordinate to the General Government of the Province.
To this was added the faulty military training received by the recently sent forces, as well as the deficient constitution of the men who made them up, and who, for the most part, proved unable to withstand the rigors of the tropical climate. Many men even arrived ill in Africa, having failed to withstand the terrible hygiene conditions which characterized the journey.
A dominação britanica na India
The local press noted the disorganized nature and delays of the disembarkation process: The personnel, both European and African, is of the poorest possible quality. The British ships that transported the expeditionary forces to Africa went as far as to drop their respective loads into the sea, close to the beach, before departing, since they could not wait for a disembarkation which had not been properly prepared. The ship lay at anchor at the center of the bay, static, an apocalyptic colossus, out of all proportion […] enormous blacks, naked but for a piece of cloth tied around their kidneys, entered the water, their teeth shining from open mouths, to carry men on their backs.
There was some hesitation among the white troops who arrived only to be received in such grotesque fashion; but the bravest among them climbed on to the back of the blacks, while carrying their own gear, and then clung desperately to the hair of the blacks, who whined like pursued rats but who ferried them to dry land. There were no personal disasters nor forced baths. Some of the publications designed to inform delegations during the Peace Conference noted the unflattering way in which Portugal looked upon its native populations: When acting alone, removed from the Portuguese sphere of influence, the natives help us freely.
They are going to Africa for a single purpose: They go to fight so that this land, ossuary of our martyrs and tomb of our heroes, is kept under our flag. They are not going to destroy, wipe out, or conquer foreign territory; they are going to defend their own soil. They do not want to subjugate anyone; they seek only to fight so that we are not ourselves subjugated. They do not covet what belongs to others; they wish only to keep for the Portuguese what belongs to them, since they inherited it legitimately from those who conquered it with the strength of their arms and the blood of their bodies.
There we would make payments in Banco de Portugal bills, in Banco Ultramarino bills, and Jewish financiers would not have the profit margin they aspire to. Well, where exactly is that defense? What are they waiting for? On 23 February , the Portuguese navy sent a party of men to seize German and Austrian vessels laying at anchor on the Tagus and, with full military honors, replaced their respective flags with that of Portugal. On 9 March , Germany declared war on Portugal.
The Governing Council also ordered the suspension of constitutional guarantees across Mozambique; the press was subjected to censorship; and all newspaper supplements in the Landim language were banned.
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It was in this spirit that the Foreign Office pressured the Portuguese Government to arrest all German residents of military age in Portugal and its colonies, recommending as well that all others be kept under strict and relentless vigilance. The departure of troops from Lisbon to Africa was watched by a resigned population:. One afternoon, at the start of June, the battalion marched from Campolide to the Areia dock.
Indo-Portuguese History
The troops marched in a resigned and fatalistic mood towards the unknown. Neither enthusiasm nor despair. No interest, not even curiosity: Another consequence of the declaration of war was the establishment in Mozambique of a preparatory school for temporary officers.
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Their training period was short — only four months — when it was already known that the minimum time needed to produce a good indigenous soldier was four years Martins, The mass recruitment of porters had immediate effects, especially on agricultural production; despite the fact that women continued to sow and harvest, without men to plough, production fell and it was quickly realized that it would be insufficient to meet the nutritional needs of the population. The price of scarce crops increased quickly and hunger began to be experienced throughout the whole continent, only being alleviated, in part, by the importation of foodstuffs from India and South Africa.
Private firms protested, one of them complaining that the prazo Luabo was being depopulated by recruitment carried out at gunpoint. During the war years, some , porters died in East Africa alone. They form a horrible tableau which will attach itself indelibly in the memory of any sensitive man Rosas, The press lamented the military disorganization of the Portuguese colonies and questioned the role of indigenous troops: If this is not taken care of and the present farce is maintained merely to preserve the mummifying overseas table, which is reminiscent of a legendary past, then it would be best just to abolish them.
Racial prejudice and racism played an important part in the modes of colonial governance of the European empires, and Portugal was no exception. As Robert McNamara highlighted, despite the theories of equality, which underpinned the French brand of republicanism, having been applied since to the Portuguese colonial possessions, the truth is that racism continued to be widely disseminated Mcnamara, Colonial authorities had a very pragmatic understanding of the black population: Although the African Empire was part of the national imaginary and Portugal defined itself as a colonial power, from January onwards the Portuguese military intervention on the African battlefield always played second fiddle to the sending of troops to Flanders,.
How many medals were pinned to your chest? In truth, whatever consensus the sending of troops to Africa generated was restricted to the political elite, provoking grave doubts among the colonial and metropolitan population regarding its necessity, doubts which fueled many debates in the press.
Very wicked children: "indian torture" and the madras torture commission report of
This attitude changed in March when Germany declared war on Portugal and thus began the preparations for the dispatch of the CEP to France. Camacho, Manuel de Brito , Portugal na Guerra. In Albert Bohen ed.