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Exclusive web offer for individuals. Add to Wish List. Toggle navigation Additional Book Information. Summary Serious degradation mechanisms can severely reduce the service life of concrete structures: Table of Contents Durability and service life Introduction Durability and service life Strategies and cost Durable concrete Practical durability approach More advanced durability design References Inappropriate design Introduction Inappropriate dimensions and detailing Wrong estimation of loading Inappropriate estimation of creep effects Inappropriate mix design References Errors during casting Introduction Errors during proportioning Inappropriate mixing Aggressive substances within the mix Wrong placement of reinforcement Bad compaction and other problems during casting Problems with formworks Damage in plastic stage References Actions during hardening Introduction Autogenous shrinkage Drying shrinkage Thermal shrinkage References Actions during service Mechanical actions Physical actions Chemical actions Reinforcement corrosion References Index.
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The sulfuric acid dissolves the carbonates in the cured cement and causes strength loss, as well as producing sulfates which are harmful to concrete. Concrete floors lying on ground that contains pyrite iron II sulfide are also at risk. Using limestone as the aggregate makes the concrete more resistant to acids, and the sewage may be pretreated by ways increasing pH or oxidizing or precipitating the sulfides in order to inhibit the activity of sulfide utilizing bacteria.
Damage can occur during the casting and de-shuttering processes. For instance, the corners of beams can be damaged during the removal of shuttering because they are less effectively compacted by means of vibration improved by using form-vibrators. Other physical damage can be caused by the use of steel shuttering without base plates. The steel shuttering pinches the top surface of a concrete slab due to the weight of the next slab being constructed. Concrete slabs, block walls and pipelines are susceptible to cracking during ground settlement, seismic tremors or other sources of vibration, and also from expansion and contraction during adverse temperature changes.
Due to its low thermal conductivity , a layer of concrete is frequently used for fireproofing of steel structures.
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However, concrete itself may be damaged by fire. An example of this was the Channel fire , where the fire reduced the thickness of concrete in an undersea tunnel connecting France with England. Otherwise, concrete can be subject to significant spalling. Above that temperature, shrinkage occurs due to water loss; however, the aggregate continues expanding, which causes internal stresses.
Damage to concrete structures
Rehydration of the calcium oxide on cooling of the structure causes expansion, which can cause damage to material which withstood fire without falling apart. Concrete in buildings that experienced a fire and were left standing for several years shows extensive degree of carbonatation from carbon dioxide which is reabsorbed. Fire will expose the concrete to gases and liquids that can be harmful to the concrete, among other salts and acids that occur when gases produced by a fire come into contact with water.
If concrete is exposed to very high temperatures very rapidly, explosive spalling of the concrete can result.
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In a very hot, very quick fire the water inside the concrete will boil before it evaporates. The steam inside the concrete exerts expansive pressure and can initiate and forcibly expel a spall. Exposure of concrete structures to neutrons and gamma radiations in nuclear power plants and high-flux material testing reactor can induce radiation damages in their concrete structures.
Paramagnetic defects and optical centers are easily formed, but very high fluxes are necessary to displace a sufficiently high number of atoms in the crystal lattice of minerals present in concrete before significant mechanical damage is observed. It may be necessary to repair a concrete structure following damage e. Strengthening may be necessary if the structure is weakened e. The first step should always be an investigation to determine the cause of the deterioration.
- Damage to Concrete Structures - CRC Press Book;
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The general principles of repair include: Various techniques are available for the repair, protection and rehabilitation of concrete structures, [19] and specifications for repair principals have been defined systematically. Repair principles which do not improve the strength or performance of concrete beyond its original undamaged condition include: Repair principles for arresting and preventing further degradation include: Techniques for filling holes left by the removal of spalled or damaged concrete include: The filling of cracks, fissures or voids in concrete for structural purposes restoration of strength and load-bearing capability , or non-structural reasons flexible repairs where further movement is expected, or alternately to resist water and gas permeation typically involves the injection of low viscosity resins or grouts based on epoxy, PU or acrylic resins, or micronised cement slurries.
One novel proposal for the repair of cracks is to use bacteria. BacillaFilla is a genetically engineered bacterium designed to repair damaged concrete, filling in the cracks, and making them whole again. Various techniques are available for strengthening concrete structures, to increase the load-carrying capacity or else to improve the in-service performance. These include increasing the concrete cross-section, and adding material such as steel plate or fiber composites [22] [23] to enhance the tensile capacity or increase the confinement of the concrete for improved compression capacity.
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Assessing Damaged Concrete Structures
November Learn how and when to remove this template message. Sulfate attack in concrete and mortar. Durability of Concrete Structures Investigation, repair, protection. Association of Science Education.
Identification and diagnosis of the root cause of deterioration
Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved 19 June US Federal Highway Administration. Archived from the original on Cement and Concrete Composites. Chemistry for Sanitary Engineers 2 ed. Cave and Karst Science. British Cave Research Association.
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