Ceci explique pourquoi le groupe a choisi la promotion entrante. Nous en avons donc retenu les plus marquants en prenant soin de faire des questions redondantes par souci de recoupement. Une illustration en perspective: Cela est vrai dans toute situation.
Ces cinq domaines sont: The school curriculum will encourage students to understand and respect the different cultures which make up New Zealand society. It will ensure that the experiences, cultural traditions, histories, and languages of all New Zealanders are recognised and valued. Cela requiert la collaboration active de plusieurs partenaires sociaux: Voir aussi Crystal Langue maternelle et politique linguistique 1. Since standard English, spoken and written, is the predominant language in which knowledge and skills are taught and learned, pupils should be taught to recognise and use standard English.
In these situations it is unlikely that each child would be able to receive MTE in the narrow sense of the term. It is more likely and possible that education provision could be made available in a language of the immediate or local community and with which the child is familiar. Par ailleurs, il discute avec plusieurs personnes: Osman et Dr S. Ministry of Education and Scientific Research, Ending the Rat race in primary Education and Breaking the admission bottleneck at secondary level, May a.
Implications for Achieving Education for All, November Musulmane constante pour la population ce patois. Langue Hindoue 3 3 Bhojpuri. Curriculum et langues Tableau 3: Exercer ses droits de citoyen. Langue de conversation courante dans tous les secteurs.
Communiquer avec les autres. This includes convergence in the teaching of literacy. The Mauritian educational context is characterised by a situation where children are taught to read and write in two languages - French a second language and English a foreign language. Simultaneous biliteracy thus forms the backbone of the Mauritian education system.
In this present system, two different approaches to teaching literacy are used for French and English. In order to address these questions, I have divided this paper into six parts, in which I will 1 briefly describe the local context, 2 discuss the theoretical framework within which the research questions are addressed, 3 describe the methods used to collect data, 4 present the findings, 5 interpret the findings, and 6 make some recommendations.
Standard 1 to Standard 6. French colonisation and English colonisation It became independent in and a republic in While the French period saw the birth of a French-based Creole, the English period saw the influx of oriental languages through the indentured labourers who came to work on sugar plantations after the abolition of slavery.
Mauritius is thus a linguistic melting pot, with multilingualism being part of everyday reality. However, unlike other African countries, the various languages have specific domains of use. Said in very simplistic terms 2 , the main languages used in the island are: It thus has the status of a foreign language; Mauritians, is also a language that is socially utilised. However, in the Mauritian context, multilingualism does not necessarily mean multilingual literacies. It is true that censuses have their limitations, for instance, 1 census data are collected from the heads of families and what they say does not necessarily reflect the literacy practices of the rest of the family, and 2 census data are self-reports and their reliability is questionable.
However, the above figures are revealing as to the general level of literacy, as well as the prevailing attitudes to literacy in the multilingual Mauritian context. We can thus argue, on the one hand, that these figures indicate that few Mauritians can read or can see themselves as being able to read in Creole, which is the language spoken by the majority. On the other hand, the figures indicate that Mauritians have positive attitudes to literacy in the European languages. This can be explained partly by the sociolinguistic context, 2 Refer to Atchia-Emmerich for a recent analysis. Briefly, the present language-in-education policy, which is a remnant of our colonial past Carpooran, , involves the compulsory teaching and learning of literacy in two languages: Literacy in one oriental language is also available to parents who want their children to learn one of these languages.
However, while French is taught as a separate subject, English is taught as a subject as well as used as the only written medium of instruction as from the first year of primary education Standard 1. In the face of a number of definitions by various scholars, the report maintains that there is no one definition of literacy that is applicable and relevant across all contexts worldwide. A review of the theoretical literature suggests that there are two main approaches in the definition of literacy.
One of these approaches emphasises the various discrete skills that enhance literacy development Adams, Street uses the terms autonomous and ideological models to describe these two approaches, criticising the first approach for being too technical and for ignoring the contexts of literacy use. In this paper, I will argue that recognizing that there are multiple conceptualisations of literacy and multiple views of literacy helps in realising how complex literacy is, and hence how complex literacy instruction also is.
This definition includes the skills needed for reading development, while in no way ignoring the particularities of the context in which reading takes place and develops. Vocabulary Morpho-syntax World knowledge Pressley, Just as there are different conceptualisations of literacy, there are also different approaches to literacy instruction. According to Gunning and Purcell-Gates , they are: In this approach, learning to read is seen as being similar to learning to speak, thus reading is taught holistically and naturally by immersing children in reading materials.
Goodman suggests that readers use their background knowledge and the knowledge of the language to predict the content of the reading materials. It seems that centre-countries, like America, have moved away from the whole language approach to the phonics approach National Reading Panel, There has also been a return to basal readers, which carefully take the reader through the various levels of reading difficulty Gunning, Such research is just only starting to look at the problematics of literacy development in multilingual postcolonial settings, which present very different contexts.
The above discussion indicates that LEA makes a number of assumptions, such as the age of the learner adults and the level of oral and syntactic fluency high. According to Wurr , LEA was used with some success in the mid s and s in L2 literacy courses with students of diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds. The use of this approach in the context of Mali has not been without its critics. I would suggest that this approach also assumes, maybe wrongly for the case of Mali, that students are familiar with concepts of print: Once again, Maurer Indeed, research done in bilingual education systems in Canada has led people like Cummins and Roberts to argue that decoding skills appear to be transferable in languages that share the same writing systems.
Conversely, research recently carried out in Hong Kong, where children are made biliterate in languages that do not share the same writing system suggests that this transferability of skills is less automatic in these cases. Finally, the question of transferability of oral skills must be considered. Oral language proficiency is language specific. The above critical review of the literature on literacy and literacy instruction, more specifically the similar approach to teaching literacy in the L1 and the L2, brings us to consider Mauritius as a case study.
As mentioned above, Mauritius has its specificity: However, multilingualism and in language contact between African languages is dramatically underresearched. Therefore, despite a general awareness of the area as one of great linguistic and cultural convergence and the existence of a number of important studies on sociolinguistic profiles Dreyfus and Juillard ; Juillard , language attitudes e.
Canut ; Dumestre and code-switching e. Haust , little is known about the linguistic consequences of specific contact scenarios, and even less about contrasting scenarios involving the same languages. The scarce existing studies on contact phenomena between individual languages e. Deplorably, however, these data on linguistic interferences often cannot be meaningfully interpreted, since, in general, studies on multilingualism are not directly associated with the description and documentation of the languages in question. In the absence of detailed descriptions and documentary corpora of the languages in contact, coupled with detailed sociolinguistic information, it is almost impossible to establish whether convergences between them are due to universal constraints on linguistic structure, to a shared genealogy, to parallel yet independent innovations, to chance, or to contact-induced interferences.
Despite the fact that West African languages are almost exclusively spoken in multilingual speech communities, descriptive and documentary efforts generally focus on one language, regardless of the linguistic profile of the speech community, and do not systematically include variations in language use, whether the latter involve the choice of language s , dialects, styles or registers.
The importance of language contact for language change The dominant research focus within African descriptive linguistics has been on language- internal factors for change, and genetic relationships between languages but see Heine and Kuteva for a notable exception. To date, our understanding of the internal relationships within the major subgroups of Niger-Congo, as in the case of the Atlantic languages, and their position within the phylum, as in the case of Mande, is limited.
To give only one example, for Mande languages, recent classifications based on shared lexical innovations Kastenholz and phonological characteristics Schreiber come to partly conflicting conclusions, but there are huge gaps in the data due to the lack or paucity of descriptions. Regarding Atlantic languages, only one detailed comparative study exists to date Sapir , and newer studies Podzniakov ; Wilson go so far as to question the Journal of language contact — THEMA 3 www.
These data are indispensable in order to understand how language-internal factors for instance, sound change or reanalysis and language-external factors for instance, language attitudes or contact-induced interferences interact to shape the structure and lexicon of the languages concerned, and how these factors could be modelled. Recent publications stress the importance of linguistic areas Heine and Nurse ; Matras et al. The state of the art of West African contact linguistics Against this backdrop, the contributions gathered in this volume present the state of the art for a number of languages and multilingual and contact situations in West Africa, illustrating the nature of the data available and the methodological and interpretive challenges they pose, and suggesting new directions of research to be taken in the future.
The articles stem from two exploratory workshops aiming at charting the territory for an inter- and multi-disciplinary investigation of West African multilingualism and language contact. The first workshop looked specifically at language contact between languages of the West African Mande and Atlantic groups of Niger-Congo; the second investigated possibilities for developing inter-and multi-disciplinary research agendas on language contact in West Africa more generally.
Secondly, the contributions reflect disciplinary boundaries very strongly—most linguists, for example, tend to prioritise the structural outcomes of language contact, seeking extralinguistic information when needed to back up their hypothetical contact scenarios, whereas sociolinguists focus on attitudes and linguistic repertoires, but do not investigate their linguistic consequences. However, all of the participants and contributors to this issue felt that understanding and describing contexts, patterns and consequences of multilingual language use was essential for their own work.
In my opinion, these observations do not derive from a biased selection of participants; rather, I would like to argue, they are systematic and point to central facts to be taken into account in order to assess the state of multilingualism and contact studies in West Africa: Mande and Atlantic languages in contact.
The reasons for this limitation lie in the unsatisfactory amount of sociolinguistic, descriptive and documentary knowledge for all but the largest African languages—it is simply not possible in most contact situations to identify lexical and structural interferences because no linguistic information on one or several of the contact languages is available. This setup entails very limited manpower and a narrow disciplinary perspective, so that variation in descriptive grammars and dictionaries appears in general greatly reduced.
Therefore, the existing linguistic material is incompatible with detailed sociolinguistic studies of variation—which, as demonstrated for instance by the study on social networks as a factor of language change conducted by Beyer this volume , requires amounts of quantitative data way beyond the possibilities of basic descriptive and documentary efforts.
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Linguists tend to take an axiomatic approach to many of these notions, since for them, the structural properties of a code unconsciously or consciously idealised and homogenised are their core concerns. Sociolinguists and anthropologists, in contrast, are notorious for deconstructing such terms to the extent that few, if any, generalisations can be made beyond the profile of an individual.
The contributions of this issue to West African contact linguistics The papers in this special issue constitute a first step in redressing this situation: The first two articles chart the territory for the entire special issue by making the central but often neglected point that language contact is always a result of multilingual speakers being in contact with each other, and that to look at only the linguistic or only the social side of the process will never reveal the full picture.
The scenario he develops is a sad one for Atlantic languages,which are, at the macro level, under pressure from Mande languages Wolof, Fula and Temne exempted because of the greater military success of the stratified Mande societies. At the same time, Childs stresses the need for integrated research on socio- historical circumstances in addition to linguistic studies of languages in the area, notably research on the many virtually unknown small Atlantic languages.
He calls researchers to collect ethnographic, historical, archaeological and geographic information—a new, holistic research paradigm that would allow us to understand present and past language contact, a topic he considers as important as it is, unfortunately, under-researched. Caroline Juillard, in describing contact between speakers and languages in the Senegalese city of Ziguinchor, covers the sociolinguistic end of the spectrum. She offers a detailed account of the patterns of multilingualism attested in Ziguinchor.
Multilingualism is so pervasive there that she even raises the question of being a multilingual as being a more salient marker of identity than the adherence to an ethnolinguistic group. She also stresses the creative, playful aspects of using different languages and strongly pleads for more research into this domain of multilingual exchanges, while at the same time highlighting the need for developing adequate theoretical frameworks for these complex situations.
These, she argues, can only stem from interdisciplinary research involving local team members alongside researchers from outside in order to avoid both local ethnolinguistic stereotypes and Eurocentric constructions. In their contributions, Abdourrahmane Diallo and Valentin Vydrin and Valentina Vydrina zoom in to the question of the structural outcomes of language contact at the micro level. Both articles investigate language contact involving Pular, the Guinean variety of the Atlantic language Fula. Vydrin and Vydrina, on the other hand, focus on the Mande language Kakabe and identify contact-induced matter and pattern borrowings from Pular in it.
At the same time, the articles demonstrate the importance of a basic linguistic description of all the different codes involved in a contact situation—however discrete or hybrid the actual spoken variety may turn out to be—as a necessary first step prior to describing language contact and analysing it as borrowing, code- switching, mixed or hybrid language use, etc. The issue of small-scale studies, new methodologies and the development of predictive models for contact-induced language change is one that also connects the next two contributions: She does so by comparing genitive constructions and their functions in two varieties of the Senufo language Minyanka, of the Gur group of Niger-Congo, which are characterised by different contact situations—one variety being not in contact with the Mande language Bambara, the other exhibiting much Journal of language contact — THEMA 3 www.
Her article illustrates how crucial historical knowledge is in selecting different contact situations for research and in interpreting the data. Dombrowsky-Hahn argues strongly for the need not only to focus on the target language and a contact language, but also to take data from closely related languages into account when deciding whether a lexical or grammatical phenomenon is an instance of language contact or not.
Further, she suggests a systematic comparison of linguistic subsystems that exhibit variation across language areas and, if possible, the collection and analysis of data on variation according to sociocultural groups as a further step forward. The article by Klaus Beyer on social networks as a factor in language change constitutes a first instance of the social network model being applied in an African context. The application of this model captures change in progress, as it records data on micro-variation, showing how linguistic change spreads in a community by recording individual variation regarding labialisation and linking this to information on the social networks in which the individual participates and the position s he occupies in them.
The articles by myself and by Alexander Cobbinah are intended to complement each other in elucidating different aspects of language contact and multilingualism in this group of closely related languages. All the contributions introduced so far are concerned with language contact and multilingualism within the oral sphere. No account of language contact can be complete without taking into account language contact in and between the written and spoken modality. The final three contributions to the special issue do exactly this. Finally, Ingse Skattum reminds us of an important issue too often unconnected to linguistic and sociolinguistic research: Africa is often viewed as an oral continent, at least prior to the colonial period see Olson and Torrance, In reality, the area in question is not only multilingual, but also multigraphic, since it features one of the often overlooked pre-colonial African writing traditions, so-called Ajami writing the writing of languages other than Arabic in Arabic scripts , alongside the more recent writing of Pular in Latin characters.
Her study shows that, just as oral language choice and preferences are governed by a variety of social, historical, religious and identity factors as well as by the situational settings, so is the choice of a written language and of a script. Once the proponents of Ajami writing, writers of Pular started to favour romanized Pular, mainly in order to differentiate themselves from the widespread and dominant Ajami writing tradition for Wolof Wolofal.
It appears that new technologies have a great power of attraction and offer creative new written roles to African national languages until recently confined to the oral sphere or informal adult literacy campaigns. Mali has been one of the African countries pioneering the introduction of national languages into the formal education sector, investing in 11 of its national languages alongside the official language, French.
The failure of bilingual education, Skattum succinctly argues, is due to a mismatch between the politically defined cultural, linguistic, and social objectives of bilingual education, the teaching models chosen, and the resources invested in reality to achieve the objectives. These contradictions are ultimately motivated by linguistic ideologies and attitudes towards languages that reflecting these ideologies: Outlook The articles in this collection span a wide range of topics, and their broad orientation is reflected in the tremendous importance of collaborative interdisciplinary research.
Even for single-handed studies the centrality of a multidisciplinary outlook is stressed by all the authors. The following focal points, around which such multi- and interdisciplinary work could be centred, emerge: The centrality of language contact and multilingualism for language description and documentation Now is an ideal time to make connections between language contact and multilingualism as fields of investigation, and in particular to extend the link to language description and documentation.
Language documentation is an emerging field of linguistics whose agenda, methods, and scope are being defined at the moment, because the new possibilities for creating large and publicly accessible electronic corpora of primary language data open up new possibilities for their content and potential uses. Funding opportunities for the documentation of endangered languages converge to permit collaborative documentary projects on a scale that allows the traditional agenda of mainly single-handed linguistic research on a language to be broadened.
Documentation projects coupled with and providing data for studies on the effects of language contact are thus a crucial avenue of research to pursue. Such data have the potential to dramatically advance the linguistic analysis of the languages of the people groups involved. More empirical research on the individual languages and on their contact situation is urgently required while the languages in question, a considerable number of which are endangered, are still spoken in functioning speech communities.
The importance of data on contact situations for sociolinguistics and multilingualism studies Sociolinguistic data from compatible theoretical backgrounds on different multilingual situations—involving one and the same language in contact with different languages, in rural vs. Beyond their regional scope, studies addressing these issues will be of central relevance to different areas of linguistics—historical linguistics and typology, contact linguistics, sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, oral history, language endangerment research, multilingualism research and descriptive linguistics.
The potential of an understanding of patterns of multilingualism for applied linguistics and education planning Records of multilingual language use in a given speech community will also be highly beneficial to efforts to implement languages into education and media, by informing the choice of language s to be used and because language materials can then reflect actual spoken and written language use. As a consequence, language planning and pedagogy efforts either have recourse to methods developed for monolingual communities where one language serves all communicative functions, or are based on assumptions about hierarchical relationships between the multiple languages of a speech community that may not be appropriate for the specific contact situation.
New technologies are reshaping the functions and potentials for African languages as we speak. If globalization, language choice, character encoding issues etc. Conclusion It is hoped that this issue will serve to fuel more research in the near future that will make West African multilingualism better studied and better known to scholars, education planners and the general public. The persistence of multilingualism and the linguistic creativity manifest in the playful use of different languages in every day interactions in Africa as a whole remains strikingly under-researched and under-publicized, especially against the backdrop of language death and expanding monolingualism elsewhere in the world.
The effortless mastery of several languages is disturbing, however, for those who take essentialist perspectives and see it as a problem rather than a resource, and for the dominant, conflictual model of multilingualism. These models reflect strong Eurocentric ideologies, but are widespread and are adopted by most government agencies and NGOs, many Western linguists working on these languages and even by the communities themselves.
Ade and Crowder, Michael. History of West Africa. Amselle, Jean-Loup and Royal, Claudia. Sciences humaines et sociales. Das Pana im Netzwerk arealer Beziehungen: Kerstin Winkelmann and Dymitr Ibriszimov eds. Zwischen Bantu und Burkina. Negation patterns in West Africa and beyond. Kola trade and state-building: Upper Guinea Coast and Senegambia, 15thth centuries. African Studies Center Boston University. Boulder, Colorado - Oxford: Dynamiques linguistiques au Mali. West Africa before the colonial era. A history to London - New York: Language ecology and linguistic diversity on the African continent.
Language and Linguistics Compass 2: Vergleichende Grammatik und Rekonstruktion. Interest and ideology in the defense of languages. La dynamique des langues au Mali: Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse. A linguistic geography of Africa. Cambridge University Press, Heine, Bernd and Kuteva, Tania. Language contact and grammatical change.
Heine, Bernd and Nurse, Derek eds. Mande languages and linguistics. Ancient Ghana and Mali. Convergence in historical and typological perspective. Dakar Wolof and the configuration of an urban identity. Journal of African Cultural Studies The ascent of Wolof as an urban vernacular and national lingua franca in Senegal.
Globalization and language vitality: Perspectives from Africa, London: The making of a mixed language: Social motivations for codeswitching: Bilingual encounters and grammatical outcomes. Language processes, theory and description of language change, and building on the past: Linguistic diversity and language theories, Amsterdam - Philadelphia: Conceptualizing literacy as a personal skill and as a social practice.
Olson and Nancy Torrance. The making of literate societies, Malden, Massachusetts - Oxford: Current trends in linguistics, vol. Eine historische Phonologie der Niger-Volta-Sprachen. The Case of Senegal. Journal of the International African Institute The development of caste systems in West Africa. Journal of African History Thomason, Sarah Grey and Kaufman, Terrence.
Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics. University of California Press. Turay, Abdul Karim Mende and Temne - a case study. Reflection of the nominal classification in Manden and South- Western Mande languages: London - Paris - The Hague: Williamson, Kay and Blench, Roger. In a broad band across the sub-Saharan region from east to west many such situations can be identified, including the Atlantic-Mande contact region of western West Africa. The interaction between speakers of Atlantic languages and speakers of Mande languages has pointed predominantly in only one direction as to linguistic influence, namely, from Mande to Atlantic.
Although there are exceptions to this directionality, the exceptions actually reinforce these explanations. This paper explores the structural consequences of the contact between Mande and Atlantic and the reasons for this mono-directionality, concentrating primarily on the affected group, speakers of Atlantic languages.
In terms of Mande-Atlantic interaction, the most common practice has been for speakers of Atlantic languages to adopt the culture and language of speakers of Mande languages. The same warning comes from historians such as Adam Jones p. This statement is just as true for the even more fractured Atlantic Group see discussion in 2. It is also the case that Atlantic has recently been decomposed into two separate groups, North Atlantic and South Atlantic, and an isolate, Bijogo Blench I accept this analysis and refer to the branches by those names.
Tucker Childs investigating the socio-historical conditions in addition to the linguistic details. This need is particularly urgent in the case of the dying languages identified below in section 2. Any survey of the literature on language contact between the two groups reveals the absence of such information against the preponderance of linguistic analysis.
At times linguists seem preoccupied with the unusual or exotic results of language contact to the detriment of understanding the context and process by which such outcomes were achieved. The latter focus is much more likely to be found as part of the language documentation initiative Himmelmann ; Woodbury Shallowness is a criticism of many contact studies. For some investigators, the existence of a shared feature across a genetic boundary is sufficient proof of influence, without any evidence of the interactional details, even when the classification itself is suspect. For others the analysis may be limited to borrowings, typically at the lexical level, with little exploration beyond those limited examples.
Greenberg , the tradition in genetically classifying African languages has been one of lumping grouping languages into a small number of phyla rather than splitting, as laid out in Blench and Dimmendaal Dalby ; Dixon Language classification is, of course, a preliminary to contact study. The contact scene is wildly under-researched Heine and perhaps misanalyzed, particularly as one moves back in time, for the many reasons given in Childs b.
These include, at least: Certainly the lumping tendency would be one cause for misanalysis, especially in its implications for language classification. One tantalizing question that has been raised a number of times asks whether Africa as a whole constitutes a linguistic area. This would of course imply a great deal of contact over a widespread area for an extended period of time.
That such a question has been raised a number of times Greenberg ; Heine points again, ironically, to the lumping tradition. More crucially, however, it suggests that contact might be just as important if not more important than genetic inheritance for understanding the structures and relatedness of African languages. Another major force at work has been the rise of the Sudanic empires and the spread of Islam.
The types of contact that yield the most diverse varieties often involve significant and obvious disparities in power and resources, such as those listed below, not all of which are strictly orthogonal to each other. Poro 2 See more criticisms in Dixon , Aikhenvald and Dixon Section 1 locates Mande-Atlantic interaction within the African context and language contact studies in general.
I then say something about the socio-historical patterns in Mande-Atlantic interactions section 2. In the conclusion, section 3, I indicate some directions for further research, including simple documentation, but also sociolinguistic and interdisciplinary studies. Literature review Little literature exists on the overall interactions between speakers of Mande and Atlantic languages and little more generally on the history of the area Adam Jones p. On the linguistic side, most of what can be found analyzes the interface between two languages, concentrating on borrowings into the target language, i.
Turay ; Ducos One might also remark that these are favorite thesis topics at West African universities, e. Just as there is little literature at the macro-level of language contact between Mande and Atlantic, no overarching review of contact phenomena in Africa exists, nor, in fact, may such a review be possible Nurse p. Relevant topics within the African context include: Several recent books discuss language contact as one of their major themes and are necessary reading for anyone considering the topic.
Blench synthesizes findings from several distinct but related fields including archaeology, comparative ethnology and DNA testing to reconstruct the history of the continent. It is more his methodology than his findings that are of direct relevance to the Mande-Atlantic interface. Heine and Nurse contains much material relevant to issues in language contact, especially when used in concert with Haspelmath et al.
The features he identifies are given in 2. ATR vowel harmony 4. Word order V-O-Neg 6. With the exception of features 3 height harmony is found in Atlantic and 6, however, all features are found in the area under consideration. It is not clear why the South Atlantic languages and Bijogo are not also seen as exceptional, for they are indeed so in many of the same ways.
Further research, however, may prove this assessment to be inaccurate. The question is, of course, whether Mande and Atlantic were in contact long enough for there to be enough transfer of features either one way or the other to make the families similar enough to each other to constitute a linguistic area? The interaction is usually on a 1: A related problem is that the members of each group are not culturally homogeneous.
Within Atlantic, for example, Temne, Wolof, and Fulfulde survived as widely spoken languages primarily because they were united at levels higher than the hamlet, the usual unit of organization for Atlantic groups. Within Mande, the speakers of the Mandeng languages, probably the result of the splintering of a group functioning centrally in the Mali Empire, were much more militaristic than, say, speakers of Eastern Mande languages.
Other factors such as those suggested by the list in 1 are relevant: The next section examines the interaction between these two Niger-Congo language groups, i. The study of their contact is informative for many reasons, not least because they are typologically quite different. Both groups are concentrated in the western part of West Africa and have been in contact for centuries. Their interaction ranges socially from partial to complete assimilation, and linguistically from a few borrowings to language shift and language death.
Atlantic and Mande introduced Section 2. The second section 2. Reference to the two maps in 2. Both groups split from the Niger-Congo trunk at a fairly early date. The date of the separation of Mande has been put at 2, BCE on the basis of Bimson , a study using glottochronology Dwyer Classification Atlantic and Mande constitute at least two and possibly three or more distinct early branches off the Niger-Congo stock Blench The received classification of Niger-Congo is given in Figure 1. Niger-Congo Williamson and Blench The Atlantic Group consists of approximately fifty languages 43 in one count, 63 in another , many of them well known, e.
The majority of them, however, are not widely spoken and are threatened by more widely spoken languages, both within and outside Atlantic, as is generally the case in Africa Brenzinger et al. The language group is found in a broad swath along the Atlantic coast from Senegal to Liberia, roughly speaking, and consists of two disparate branches and an isolate. Atlantic is not a unified group, at least from a linguistic perspective. The work of Segerer has shown that Bijogo has closer links outside Atlantic than within and thus stands as an isolate e. My own work has shown that South Atlantic forms no genetic unity with North Atlantic, even on the geographic and typological criteria typically used to unify the group Childs ; c.
These findings have recently been integrated into a single representation, as shown in Figure 2. I have included only the top part of the classification down to just below Bijogo. The figure shows North Atlantic and South Atlantic as independent branches separating from the Niger-Congo stock at approximately the same time, with Bijogo separating much later. Tucker Childs Figure 2: To the west, Mande languages are spoken right up to the Atlantic Ocean, where they surround pockets of Atlantic speakers.
Mande language family genetic tree Vydrine The display above shows only some forty-five languages, but others reckon there are many more: In the same personal communication Vydrine could identify only a few dying languages; Kastenholz has identified more but still less than ten Kastenholz p. This brief treatment suggests that, generally speaking, the languages belonging to Mande are rather better off in terms of vitality than their counterparts in Atlantic, where several languages have disappeared in historical times, others have only a few speakers, and a great many are seriously threatened.
Historical background The Atlantic peoples were undoubtedly the first to occupy the area under discussion; at the least they arrived before the Mande Niane Well before the spread of the Mande peoples, the South Atlantic peoples may have migrated from the Futa Jallon in the north, according to several oral histories Schaeffner ; cf. Thus, they were the original inhabitants of the area stretching at least from the Futa Jallon southwards. Blench is slightly more cautious: Although no one is certain, several groups in the South Atlantic group claim a northern origin; just as uncertain as the Atlantic homeland is the homeland of the Mande themselves Blench The Mande peoples came to the area much later, probably from the interior of the Sudan, beginning in the first millennium.
In many cases they were eventually engulfed by speakers of Mande languages. Historically and socio-culturally the Atlantic and Mande peoples were originally quite distinct. Considerable convergence, however, has taken place over time as the groups interacted and commingled. Tucker Childs There were basically two phases to what has been called the Mande Expansion, the first peaceful and gradual, the second more warlike and concentrated Brooks The first phase comprised a steady influx of smiths and traders, the former obtaining power through their control of secret societies, the latter through their control of commerce and external contacts.
The Mande generally did not assimilate to the Atlantic people among whom they settled and took wives, but maintained a separate identity. In the north, for example, Mandinka traditions concerning the Fati and Sane families, two Mande clans long involved in commerce, relate how members [settled along and south of the Gambia River] during the c. The second phase is characterized below: The second change brought far-reaching changes to western African peoples Brooks In the north more than in the south there are histories of major polities clashing, although there were also some of the same interactions characterizing the smaller groups Delafosse ; Germaine The birth of the Gabou kingdom in present-day Senegal is dated to with the arrival of the warrior Sunjata.
The Bainouk first opposed the invaders but with little success. The smaller groups were all overcome, e. The Kisi were split from their Bullom relatives, Sherbro, Bom, Kim and Mani, by an invasion of Mane warriors, and eventually established themselves in the uninhabited rain forest. Those South Atlantic groups that have preserved their history, e. The Kisi 37 fled from the Mane invaders Rodney and are now completely surrounded by Mande groups.
The Kisi have probably survived as a fairly viable group because of their isolation in the forests and more inhospitable regions Paulme ; Childs a but have also engaged in warfare with the Bandi Southwestern Mande as recently as the s. The scenario, then, is one of a large 6 Much of this discussion comes from Childs The conquest and subsequent acculturation and social stratification had linguistic implications. For example, matrilineality disappeared from both North and South Atlantic groups, surviving only among the Bijogo 29 on their isolated islands.
A few traces remain among the Mani and Kim in naming practices and female paramount chiefs. The linguistic consequences were substantial: In general the Atlantic speakers of the north had become organized beyond the hamlet Mandinguinized? They were the first to be infiltrated by the smiths and traders who only gradually moved their operations southwards.
During the second phase in the north, the Mandekan warriors encountered the Jolof Kingdom, whose power they did not directly confront, and were deflected southward to below the Gambia, thus avoiding any imposition of their rule north of the Gambia. There was also significant resistance further south: This combination of factors prevented the Mandekan warriors from having as great an effect in the north as they did in the south. I will next characterize the present-day geographic and social configurations of the two groups.
Current geographical distribution Map 1 shows the entirety of the Atlantic territory today excluding some far-flung Fulfulde speakers. The Atlantic languages appear in gold and the Mande languages in green. TC] Calvet on their less robust neighbors. Tucker Childs Map 1. The Atlantic languages Segerer revised by the author Map 2 shows the less widely spoken Atlantic languages more revealingly.
In this display the more widely spoken languages being shifted to, Wolof 1 , Fulfulde 2 , and Temne 34 , appear in red. The general picture that emerges is that of smaller groups being pushed towards the sea and in a few places being pushed into forests and highland areas. Several features of this map show how peripheralized and reduced these smaller groups are. I will indicate only a few examples the reader may want to refer back to Map 1 for others after this brief illustration.
Finally, the Gola area is much smaller than is represented on the map Dalby The Atlantic languages Segerer revised by author 2. Social characterization What is revealed by a combination of history and synchronic geographical distribution is a general asymmetry in power and resources, with the newer arrivals, the Mande interlopers, having the upper hand. In this section I summarize the evidence for Mande superiority, which, as noted above, is manifested in their military might and in their skill at imposing their social structures on their hosts. There is an equivalent abundance of evidence for Atlantic inferiority.
It is this disparity that has led to a situation ripe for one language to influence another in predictable ways. There is much evidence for Mande superiority Childs One factor was the prestige and wealth of the early traders. Another was the knowledge of utensil- and weapon-making, along with the fact that the smiths were believed to possess magical powers.
The later Mandeng warriors were physically superior with their horses, weapons, and military conquests. Tucker Childs would enlist the men they conquered as soldiers or slaves.
Journal of Language Contact Thema 3 | Friederike Lüpke - theranchhands.com
Furthermore, speakers of Mande languages kept aloof; they were reluctant to assimilate fully to the resident culture, especially those who followed Islam. Finally, Mande speakers were superior in that they typically lived in towns, and even founded a few towns themselves. The cultural effects of Mande contact and superiority can similarly be characterized. The power associations they installed and controlled with themselves at the top were one instantiation of the hierarchical social structure replacing the flatter, more egalitarian structures traditionally found among Atlantic peoples Fairhead et al.
Various cultural artifacts and institutions were introduced, for example the marabouts or morimen. The switch from matrilineal to patrilineal societies is another result Niane These examples all attest to the overweening influence of Mande culture on the Atlantic peoples. The influence also extends to language. Linguistically the groups have been said to be typological opposites e. There are shared features which are attributable to contact, of the sort characterized socioculturally above.
There have been intense periods of contact, and because of the asymmetrical control of power and resources, the influence has gone largely one way, from Mande languages to Atlantic languages. Thus, in the Mande-Atlantic interactions we see many of the results of contact found elsewhere on the continent. What makes this case particularly informative is that it takes place independently of European contact and thus could be representative of other unreported, totally African phenomena.
I begin by looking in detail at borrowings into Kisi. Linguistic effects In Kisi one can speak of both micro- and macro-linguistic effects. The former include specialized vocabulary in such areas as war-medicine, political divisions and positions, and power societies. The macro-linguistic effects include bilingualism, language maintenance with interference, and language shift. One obvious effect is the nature of the borrowing that has taken place. I have looked in detail at this phenomenon only in Kisi, but I can add to this statement some observations about what has happened to the three dying languages Mani, Kim, and Bom.
Borrowing The semantics of the words borrowed from Mande into Kisi reflects the nature of the contact and supports what little we know of the history of the area. It also says something about how relations have changed since the advent of the Mandeng horse warriors. Kisi has borrowed over words from Mande in a Kisi lexicon of words 3. Specific examples and many more details can be found in Childs and Childs b.
Most borrowings are nominals but some are verbs, connectives, and bound morphemes. The Kisi were exposed to life beyond the confines of the village or hamlet see Paulme To each of these periods at least some of the semantic fields from Table 2 can be assigned. Words having to do with trade, smithing, and secret societies probably belong to the first period; this would include, for example, the fields of commerce and finance, numbers; smithing and metal objects; and words particular to initiation societies and cultural events.
Early, pacific 8 on General Mande trade, smithing, secret societies th th II. Military 15 Mandeng political and social organization III. Islam, proselytizing Mandeng religious terminology IV. Modern, culture sharing South-West Mande clothing, foods Table 2 shows the semantic fields in which many borrowings can be placed. In the first column is a convenient name, in the second is the total number of words borrowed, and in the third appears the period during which the words were likely borrowed, as laid out in Table 1. Semantic fields of borrowings into Kisi Semantic field No. Foods and plants 20?
The distribution of tone One remarkable feature of North and South Atlantic is the uneven and patterned distribution of tonal languages. In Childs b I analyzed the prosodic systems of twenty- three Atlantic languages, classifying each into the categories given in Table 3. Accent and tone in Atlantic 1. Unambiguously tonal 7 2. Tone with some accent 3 3. Both tone and accent 2 4. Accent with some tone 3 5. Unambiguously accentual 8 The disappearance of tone in Atlantic has been regarded as unusual Hombert and rightly so, but it is not an impossible occurrence, for it follows the more gradual changes from tone to accent in Bantu Hyman ; Odden , Generally, the languages which retained tone were those most in contact with Mande languages—virtually all of which are unambiguously tonal.
Thus, contact with speakers of Mande languages may have been responsible for the retention of tone in Atlantic. Kisi is the best known example of this structure, for the rest of Atlantic generally allows only pronominal objects between the auxiliary and the lexical verb, parallel to what is seen in the highly synthetic Bantu verb. The examples in 3 show a single argument splitting the predicate. The examples in 4 show two arguments moved between AUX and the verb. The basic argument is that most Atlantic languages allow pronouns in some form between auxiliary and verb, for example, Mani, Bom, and Gola in South Atlantic, the isolate Bijogo, and in North Atlantic, Wamei, Balanta, and the five Cangin languages.
The languages vary as to which pronouns and where this movement is allowed, but in several cases even a noun is allowed between auxiliary and verb, as is robustly attested in Kisi. The paper concludes, however, that contact with Mande could have been important in retaining the structure, and thus in either scenario we have a reference to contact with Mande affecting the syntax. Semantic structures One sort of structural transfer that takes place much more often than is documented is semantic structures. Both Brenzinger and Heine in public and private presentations Heine ; Heine and Leyew ; Brenzinger ; Brenzinger and Dimmendaal have stressed the importance of this evidence for understanding the extent of the contact between languages Ross A great deal of understanding has already been derived from pidgin and creole studies, such as the detailed work of Huttar , , , the functional study of Childs , and the whole Haitian Creole enterprise Lefebvre In this particular case the transfer is from the Mande language Soso to a dying Atlantic language Mani.
Tucker Childs import semantic structures in this way, speakers of Mani at the least are highly familiar with Soso; in actual fact today there are no monolingual speakers of Mani. Sociolinguistic effects The four following sections exemplify the great variety of observed sociolinguistic effects of Atlantic-Mande contact.
Language maintenance, diglossia, the Cangin languages That words are borrowed does not necessarily presage language shift or language death. Nowhere is this more prominently displayed than in the Wolof-speaking area of Senegal, where the Cangin languages are found in a relatively small area and have retained their viability over some time: An early report found that speakers of Cangin languages in Senegal spoke their languages only at home and were long considered to be speakers of Wolof, a much more widespread and politically important language Pichl Similar observations come from a still later source: Although there are very few monolinguals among the Cangin groups as a whole, the languages are still vital.
Beitraege zur Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft. Dutz and Peter Schmitter, is an international journal which wants to serve all scholars and, of course, all students too interested in the history of linguistics and adjacent fields as well as in the theory and methodology of historiography.
BGS is published in 2 issues per year of about pages altogether. Articles are written in English, French, or German. Each volume usually contains the following columns: It publishes essays on diachronic linguistics and the history of German Literature from the beginnings to about , as well as reviews of monographs and collected works in these fields. Whilst focusing on the German language and literature, it also contains contributions on Germanic languages especially old Nordic as well as middle Latin philology and interdisciplinary works.
Belgian Journal of English Language and Literatures. Academia Press Scientific Publishers BELL is an international interdisciplinary journal whose aim is to publish research and stimulate discussion in the fields of English literatures and cultural studies, linguistics and translation studies, and English as a foreign language. BELL recognises that cross-fertilisation of ideas is vital to the broad community of those working in English studies and is concerned to provide a forum in which theoretical or applied research in its fields of interest can be presented and confronted with other views.
Belgian Journal of Linguistics. Its volumes are topical and address a wide range of subjects in different fields of linguistics and neighboring disciplines e. The BJL transcends its local basis, not only through the international orientation of its active advisory board, but also by inviting international scholars, both to act as guest editors and to contribute original papers.
Articles go through an external and discriminating review process with due attention to ensuring the maintenance of the journal's high-quality content. The aim of the journal is to publish outstanding research by current and recently graduated research students and invited academics on the topic of language and literature teaching and learning. We aim to publish original texts of high academic quality from young researchers in this field. The journal publishes empirical investigations, literary reviews or interviews within the range of research in language and literature teaching methods.
Submissions in Catalan, Spanish, French and English are accepted. Submissions to the journal are reviewed by the editorial board and advisory board, using a critical process of blind peer review. The journal aims to publish papers produced by professionals involved with English language education. Our main goal is to promote a broader debate on issues related to English language teaching in Brazil at various levels and in different contexts.
Published every semester, the journal welcomes original articles, book reviews, interviews and didactic activities. Berkeley Research Center for Romance Studies. University of Berkeley The purpose of the Center is to disseminate research relating to the literary and linguistic history of the Romance languages. Berkeley Review of Education.
Berkeley Review of Education The Berkeley Review of Education BRE is a peer-reviewed interdisciplinary journal that engages issues of educational diversity and equity within cognitive, developmental, sociohistorical, linguistic, and cultural contexts. Published online and edited by students from the Graduate School of Education at the University of California, Berkeley, the BRE encourages submissions on research and theory from senior and emerging scholars, practitioners, and policymakers.
The BRE accepts two types of manuscripts, research papers and theoretical essays. Manuscripts should not exceed 8, words including references and footnotes. There are three sections in the journal: Cambridge University Press Bilingualism is an international peer-reviewed journal focusing on bilingualism from a cognitive science perspective. The aims of the journal are to promote research on the bilingual person and to encourage debate in the field.
Biolinguistics Biolinguistics is a peer-reviewed journal exploring theoretical linguistics that takes the biological foundations of human language seriously. The editorial board is made up of leading scholars from all continents in the fields of theoretical linguistics, language acquisition, language change, theoretical biology, genetics, philosophy of mind, and cognitive psychology.
Biolinguistics seeks to disseminate research globally to theoretically minded linguists, linguistically minded biologists, cognitive scientists in general, and anyone else with an interest in the scientific study of language. The journal is concerned with the exploration of issues related to theory formation within the biolinguistic program of generative grammar as well as results drawn from experimental studies in psycho- and neurolinguistics or cognition at large.
University of London The aim of BISAL is to offer a forum for staff, research fellows, and postgraduate students of the Applied Linguistics programmes at Birkbeck in which work can be made available to the Birkbeck community, as well as to the wider community of linguists. The series will primarily reflect the research interests of the Applied Linguistics section at Birkbeck which include Bilingualism, Multilingualism and Multiculturalism, Second Language Acquisition, Sociolinguistics, Pragmatics, Translation, and Psycho-and Neurolinguistics.
However, contributions in related subdisciplines linguistic theory, semantics will also be considered. Contributions from visitors to Birkbeck's Applied Linguistics programmes will be welcome too. Contributions will be accepted in English, French or Spanish. Contributions will be submitted to the Editors and will be reviewed by members of the Editorial Board, which consists of faculty members from Birkbeck's Applied Linguistics programmes, and an external assessor with expertise in the specific area of the paper.
BISAL will be published annually. The series will be publicized within the University of London linguistics community and linguistics communities worldwide. The South Florida Journal of Linguistics. Florida Atlantic University "BOCA" is a graduate student journal which strives to publish articles which are emblematic of not only the diversity of our field, but also the ways in which scholars from one subfield of linguistics can be informed, encouraged, and pushed in new directions by the work of linguists in other subfields.
The Spring publication is a general issue, while the Fall publication has a thematic focus. Submissions will be accepted in any language, so long as we are able to secure an appropriate editor. The unique cultural and linguistic composition of South Florida has provided an intriguing and palpable back-drop for our linguistic studies; and, it is our mission to provide a journalistic forum that mirrors this distinctive structure.
Our bi-annual publication features one issue dedicated to broad topics in linguistics, and a second issue focused on one area of linguistic study. This publication is intended to spark scholarly dialogue among the different disciplines, and is thus a reflection of the diversity of work being produced at the graduate level of linguistic study. We welcome papers for publication from linguists professionals or students in any language, provided we can find an appropriate editor. Bogazici University Journal of Education. It is published twice a year, alternately in Turkish and English.
The Journal publishes refereed articles on theoretical or applied research in the following fields: The main goal of the journal is to publish original articles, notes or review articles on Hispanic linguistics and philology, romance linguistics, and general linguistics. Rodolfo Oroz in , it is the oldest Latin American journal devoted to Hispanic linguistics and philology and since its foundation its prestige has been internationally acknowledged.
In its more than a half century of publication, many eminent Hispanists from all over the world have contributed to the journal. Currently, two numbers of each annual volume are published. Successive reforms of the structure of the University of Chile have led to changes in the name of the journal, as the journal has on occasions been administratively attached to different academic units.
Topics in the formal study of language. Topics in the formal study of language aims to promote the scientific research on human language, developed within the framework of Generative Grammar in the fields of syntax, morphology, semantics and its interfaces. The Book of Squibs is the first Brazilian journal to publish only squibs on aspects involving formal approaches in the study of grammar. In linguistic usage, a squib is a short article. It may outline anomalous data but not suggest a solution and it may also develop a minor theoretical argument.
The term was popularized by J. An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics. It is a biannual, online, open-access journal open to all areas of research inside Hispanic linguistics, including phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, language variation and applied linguistics. It is focused on synchronic studies and it accepts works inside all theoretical frameworks.
Works that focus on historical aspects of Spanish or on other languages will be considered for publication to the extent that they explicitly compare them to any variety of contemporary Spanish. We specially encourage authors that have noticed new patterns of data or found empirical generalizations that help systematise some understudied aspect of language to submit their works. Small, An interdisciplinary journal, Brain and Language, A Journal of Clinical, Experimental, and Theoretical Research, publishes original research articles, theoretical papers, critical reviews, case histories, historical studies, and scholarly notes.
Contributions are relevant to human language or communication in relation to any aspect of the brain or brain function. Articles have theoretical import, either formulating new hypotheses, or supporting or refuting new or previously established hypotheses. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience.
EduSoft The aim of this journal is to create links between researchers from apparently different scientific fields, such as Computer Science and Neurology. In fact, there are a lot of topics such as Artificial Intelligence, Cognitive Sciences and Neurosciences that can intersect in the study of the brain and its intelligent functions. These articles should be original unpublished articles of the authors. The peer review process is a blind one.
The reviewers are well recognized scientists who make part of our scientific board, and independent reviewers. Also, we have a section BRAINStorming for works in progress and discussion between different researchers, from different area. Brazilian Journal of Applied Linguistics. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais The Brazilian Journal of Applied Linguistics, a non-profitable publication, is a peer-reviewed quarterly journal with the mission to encourage research in the field of Applied Linguistics. Founded in , the journal welcomes articles that address the many complex phenomena of language-related real life problems, concerning language use in different contexts or language learning.
The journal also publishes reviews and interviews and two issues a year focus on a specific theme in the field. For information and submission, read more at http: Brief - Online Journal of Snippets. Department of English, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University Brief is an open access electronic journal of short articles ca. The journal consists of three volumes devoted to Cognitive Linguistics, American literature and British and American culture.
The Cognitive Linguistics volume of the journal aims at publishing articles covering a wide variety of topics within the field of modern Cognitive Linguistics. Specific areas of interest include but are not limited to: The articles are written by leading scholars in the field who have been invited to contribute and not only give an overview of the field but also their own unique perspective on it. References are hyperlinked to the original sources where possible, giving scholars the opportunity to stay on stop of the literature or reading up on a subject quickly.
For more information and a full list of subjects, please check http: The territory of the Afroasiatic family spans a vast area to the South of the Mediterranean, extending from the Atlantic Ocean to the Middle East and reaching deep into the heart of Africa. Some of the Afroasiatic languages have been studied for centuries, while others still remain partially or entirely undocumented.
In the course of the second half of the 20th century, the constantly increasing qualitative and quantitative contribution of Afroasiatic languages to the elaboration of linguistic theory has met with considerable attention from the linguistic community. The Journal seeks top-level contributions in phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, comparative and historical linguistics. Its target audience comprises specialists in Afroasiatic languages and general linguists.
The online edition offers the option to include sound and video files as well as other datafiles. The Annual seeks top-level contributions in phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, comparative and historical linguistics. British Studies in Applied Linguistics. Each volume is a selection of papers by international experts in applied linguistics on a central theme from the previous years conference of the British Association of Applied Linguistics. Volumes are published annually in September. Brno Studies in English. The journal publishes articles primarily in the following fields: It also includes contributions from literature, cultural studies and translation studies.
Bucharest Working Papers in Linguistics. It publishes work of current interest in all areas of theoretical and applied linguistics. Buckeye East Asian Linguistics. It aims to help disseminate the most updated research of East Asian linguistics to the global scholarly community so as to encourage and foster the widest communication and collaboration among scholars interested in East Asian linguistics.
Bulletin des Anglicistes Medievistes. Contributions are invited on all topics related to this field, in English or in French submissions are reviewed by at least two reviewers from the journal's editorial board. Cadernos publishes contributions in Portuguese, Spanish, and English. Its main goal is to promote the exchange of ideas among researchers in the field, encouraging the discussion of particularly important topics and divulging recent advances in the study of the continent's indigenous languages.
Editorial quality is assured by a peer-review process conducted by a qualified editorial board, constituted by linguists from a variety of theoretical orientations, geographic focuses, and institutional affiliations, all of which are actively involved in the analysis and documentation of South American languages. Association for French Language Studies Cahiers was created as the newsletter of the Association for French Language Studies in and was published in print form until From the outset, short refereed articles were included which may be consulted in the archive.
Since January , Cahiers has become an academic journal with an international editorial board. Cahiers is published twice a year in January and July , and the first issue of the 'New Cahiers' will be available in July Cahiers de Linguistique - Asie Orientale. The topics may deal with synchronic or diachronic issues and are not subject to any restriction on the theoretical framework used. Articles are published in English, French or Chinese. Contributions other than articles may also be published as 'Notes and Documents'. This rubric includes thesis abstracts and research squibs on interesting and novel topics.
Submission of book reviews is similarly welcomed. Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale. Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale From Brill will publish Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale CLAO , an established peer-reviewed international journal whose mission is to publish new and original research on the analysis of languages of the East and Southeast Asian region, be they descriptive or theoretical.
The journal seeks top-level contributions in any linguistic subdomain and in any theoretical framework with reference to a language or languages from the East and Southeast Asian region. Focusing at the same time on well-studied Asian languages, such as Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, and on those that are still partially or entirely undocumented, CLAO brings languages of the East and Southeast Asian region into a key position in current debate within linguistics and related fields.
Edited by Katia Chirkova and Christine Lamarre For authors guidelines for the preparation of manuscripts and electronic submission, please direct your browser to www. The journal is published online-only, is fully refereed and publishes research articles and studies, book reviews, and digital tool and resource reviews. Three issues appear annually and normally one of them is a thematic issue on current discourses and developments in Computer-Assisted Language Learning. We are particularly interested in articles on lesser-researched languages.
The journal may be accessed by following the appropriate link in the side menu to the desired volume and issue. It aims to promote scientific production in the field of Romance Languages and Literatures, allowing researchers from Brazil and abroad to share their research and contribute to the debate and scientific progress in the area. The journal stands out as one of the rare Brazilian periodicals focused strictly on the Romance domain.
Calliope Journal of Linguistics and Literature, published on-line, in French. Cambridge Occasional Papers in Linguistics. Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, University of Cambridge Cambridge Occasional Papers in Linguistics COPiL is an online journal of works in progress by staff, students and researchers working in linguistics and related disciplines throughout the University of Cambridge. COPiL also hosts proceedings of workshops and conferences associated with the Department of Linguistics.
In addition to full-length papers, shorter contributions squibs and review articles are encouraged.
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Canadian Journal for New Scholars in Education. Canadian Committee of Graduate Students in Education The CJNSE is a graduate student journal aiming to produce quality peer-reviewed research articles, literature reviews, book reviews, and position papers from a body of Canadian graduate students in the field of Education.
Our bilingual journal, published bi-annually, showcases Canadian graduate student scholarship while employing a stringent peer-review process that provides mentoring opportunities for emerging scholars. Canadian Journal of Linguistics. The articles deal with linguistic theory, linguistic description of English and French and a variety of other natural languages, phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, historical linguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, first and second language acquisition and other areas of interest to linguists.
It offers a variety of articles on the culture of the Low Countries. Canadian Modern Language Review. University of Toronto Press www. Canadian Undergraduate Journal of Cognitive Science. Our aim is to provide a forum for students to share work amongst peers and gain valuable experience in the process of getting an academic paper published.
As a publication, CUJCS provides a unique reference for students, showcasing quality research by other undergraduate students, improving the contact and exchange of ideas between Canadian students and cognitive scientists alike, and illustrating the interdiscplinary work that is the hallmark of cognitive science everywhere.
Manuscripts should be between words in length. All referencing should be prepared in the MLA Style. Thus, this interdisciplinary journal aims to provide an intersecting perspective on Indian Ocean societies. It is dedicated to the publishing of papers produced by researchers and PhD students of the University of Reunion, as well as papers from external authors.
By Diana L. Ranson and Margaret Lubbers Quesada
Catalan Journal of Linguistics. This new journal aims to contribute with annual issues to ongoing debates in the study of grammar, with special emphasis on Romance, and the generative framework. Child Language Teaching and Therapy. Child Language Teaching and Therapy exists to help those who work with children with language learning difficulties caused by an inadequate command of spoken or written language. Particular attention is paid to children who have been variously labelled speech- or language-disordered, aphasic, dyslexic, with special language needs, or with language learning disabilities.
In addition, the journal provides a forum for expository critical accounts of important theoretical, methodological or technical developments in relevant fields. Children's Literature in Education. Springer Children's Literature in Education has been a key source of articles on all aspects of children's literature for more than 40 years.
It covers classic and contemporary material, the highbrow and the popular, and ranges across works for infants through to material for young adults. It features fiction, poetry, drama and non-fictional material plus studies in other media: CLE is a peer-reviewed journal covering children's literature worldwide, suitable for professionals in the field academics, librarians, teachers and any other interested adults.
Chinese as a Second Language Research. It is the first bilingual journal Chinese - English published by a Western publisher. The journal will publish 3 papers in Chinese and 3 papers in English in each issue starting with 2 issues in Each paper in the journal will have a summary in both Chinese and English. The goal of the journal is twofold: It will a provide a forum for scholars interested in Chinese as a Second Language Research, and it will function as a unique outlet that publishes cutting edge research with content and structure in a format that reflects the rapidly growing interest in Chinese as a Second Language CSL accessible to researchers both in Chinese speaking countries and areas as well as the Western world.
The journal focuses on research on the acquisition, development and use of CSL.
It supports interaction and scholarly debate between researchers representing different subfields of linguistics with a focus on CSL. The journal intends to be a forum for researchers who are looking for new tools and methods to investigate and better understand CSL. We are especially interested in publishing articles and research papers that - address major issues of second language acquisition from the perspective of CSL, - explore the implications of CSL research for theoretical developments and practical applications, - focus on the acquisition and use of varieties of CSL, - study the nature of interaction between native speakers and non-native speakers of Chinese, - investigate how empirical findings of CSL can advance and develop better Chinese language teaching methodologies, - analyze the ways in which language is both shaped by culture and is the medium through which culture is created.
Please send inquiries and submissions in English to Prof. Three issues are published each year. CSL publishes original high-quality scholarly contributions in English or Chinese both simplified and traditional characters. Articles must be related to one of the research areas: All areas of Chinese language pedagogy 2.
Linguistic analysis of Chinese, especially as it pertains to the teaching of Chinese 3. John Benjamins Publishing Company is the official publisher as of Volume 51 De Gruyter Mouton The focus of this year-old journal has recently been expanded from the topics of language education and second language acquisition in China to also include a wide variety of other relevant topics in Chinese applied linguistics. The journal is an Asian journal with international appeal: The journal is internationally focused, fully refereed, and its articles address a wide variety of topics in Chinese applied linguistics which include — but also reach beyond — the topics of language education and second language acquisition.
De Gruyter Mouton will be responsible for the sales and distribution of the journal outside of China. Chinese Language and Discourse. The notion of discourse is a broad one, emphasizing an empirical orientation and encompassing such linguistic fields as language and society, language and culture, language and social interaction, discourse and grammar, communication studies, and contact linguistics.
Special emphasis is placed on systematic documentation of Chinese usage patterns and methodological innovations in explaining Chinese and related languages from a wide range of functionalistic perspectives, including, but not limited to, those of Conversation Analysis, sociolinguistics, corpus linguistics, grammaticalization, cognitive linguistics, and typological and comparative studies. The journal also publishes review articles as well as discussion topics. Exchanges of research views between authors and readers are also encouraged.
As the only semiotics journal in China appearing in English, CSS is a unique outlet for Chinese scholars to be heard in western academia, affording an expanded dialogue between Chinese and western semioticians. Each issue contains three thematic sections: The journal requires all the articles to be written in English.
Articles for publication should be sent by email to the following address: Articles should be accompanied by a one-paragraph abstract of words or less. Univesidad de Granada "Ciencia Cognitiva: It publishes short papers max words in Spanish, which present recent and classic work in easy to understand terms.
It is addressed both to fellow scientists working in other disciplines and to a general readership. The research presented in its papers must always have been already published in scientific journals complying to the highest standards of quality control peer review. Ciencia Cognitiva is an open, free, electronic journal. It can be accessed at http: To learn more about editorial policy and for detailed instructions for authors, visit us at http: Comparative Literature and Culture.
Comparative Literature and Culture , the peer-reviewed, full-text, and open-access humanities and social sciences quarterly, publishes new scholarship following tenets of the discipline of comparative literature and the field of cultural studies designated as "comparative cultural studies. Department of Translation and Interpreting at the University of Salamanca CLINA is a Translation Studies journal that addresses the growing need for dissemination platforms to showcase recent advances in Translation, Interpreting and neighboring disciplines. It also seeks to promote the growing body of research currently being produced along these avenues of inquiry.
Under the auspices of the Department of Translation and Interpreting at the University of Salamanca, one of the earliest champions of the discipline in Spain since , this broad-based, cross-disciplinary journal clearly focuses on the field of Translation Studies. Understood as the theoretical and practical study of a set of activities which results from one text referring to another in an attempt to reactivate or reconstruct within a new linguistic, cultural and ideological context the communicative acts encoded in the first text, Translation Studies is a distinct, widely-recognized discipline that is becoming increasingly prominent in an ever more globalized world.
The contributions on these pages examine translation and interpreting as processes and products, and they also include studies on interlinguistic and intercultural communication. University of Salamanca CoDis Working Papers in Discourse Coherence, Cognition and Creativity is an international, free-access research platform that publishes peer-reviewed articles in aspects of meaning construction, discourse coherence, creative discourse coherence with a focus on literary, popular and advertising discourse , discourse coherence approaches to language teaching, and discourse coherence and translation.
Other fields of interest are discourse analysis, discourse production and reception, and socio-cultural approaches to discourse. Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary studies are especially encouraged. Cogent Arts and Humanities. The journal is a forum for scientific exchange among researchers in France and beyond working in, or with an interest in, Cognitive Linguistics.
In order to join ICLA and get the journal at the membership price please fill in the membership registration form. The site can be accessed at www. Cognition, Language, Gesture e-Journal. Cognition, Language, Gesture Abstracting eJournal. The theoretical insights of cognitive linguistics are based on extensive empirical observation in multiple contexts, and on experimental work in psychology and neuroscience. Results of cognitive linguistics, especially from metaphor theory and conceptual integration theory, have been applied to wide ranges of nonlinguistic phenomena.
It explores implications from and for psycholinguistic, computational, neuroscientific, cross-cultural and cross-linguistic research. Cognitive Linguistic Studies provides a forum for high-quality linguistic research on topics which investigate the interaction between language and human cognition. It offers new insights not only into linguistic phenomena but also into a wide variety of social, psychological, and cultural phenomena.
The journal welcomes authoritative, innovative cognitive scholarship from all viewpoints and practices. The contributions mainly focus on topics such as: It welcomes submission of unpublished research from all theoretical orientations in linguistics. It is also intended to be a forum for scholars in related fields — such as psychology, anthropology, neuroscience, artificial intelligence, philosophy, and education — to disseminate their work studying the many and varied aspects of human cognition.
De Gruyter Mouton Cognitive Semiotics is a peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary journal devoted to high-quality research, integrating perspectives, methods and insight from cognitive science, cognitive linguistics and semiotics, placing meaning-making into the broader context of cognitive, social, and neurobiological processes. The journal is a platform for the study of meaning-making writ large: The journal seeks top-quality contributions and encourages, in particular, articles that transcend traditional disciplinary boundaries in terms of implications or in terms of approaches.
Bica Publishing Communication and Society is an international peer-reviewed journal whose aim is to publish outstanding research at the boundaries of communication studies and the social sciences. It focuses on advancing sociological knowledge concerning communication, language, face-to-face interaction, mediated communication and other language-related social phenomena as well as explicit theory, information and analysis of the relationships between the structures of text, talk, language use, verbal interaction or communication and social, political or cultural micro- and macrostructures and cognitive social representations.
The editor is supported by an internationally acclaimed, interdisciplinary Advisory Board, selectively drawn to represent the well-established traditions of the medical, social and human sciences. This journal is not longer available at De Gruyter Mouton. An interdisciplinary Journal of Healthcare, Ethics and Society issn: It was formerly published by Mouton de Gruyter.
For further details, please see the publishers' website at www. The European Journal of Communication Research. De Gruyter Mouton Editors: Communication science is concerned with the investigation of the structure and function of communication processes and their impact on society, social groups and individuals. It reports on the production and reception of mediated messages and the role that media technologies and electronic networks play in these processes.
Bahri Publications Communication Studies and Language Pedagogy - CSLP ISSN is a peer-reviewed international journal soliciting original work on or related to the scientific investigation of language, speech, communication, and pedagogy. The journal endears to feature a wide variety of development of research, applications and innovations on education and language that improve the teaching performance, provide solutions that can be adopted in the teaching and learning innovations, share empirical findings, place points of inquiries in a historical and epistemological perspective.