For example, the canton of Bouzonville is considered to be monolingual, whereas the cantons of Sierck, Cattenom, Metzervisse and Albestroff are considered to be bilingual Legrand, German is not usually used in dealings between residents and the regional authorities, and the authorities actively discourage the use of German.
The departmental authorities of Bas-Rhin have invited their employees to use the regional language with the public, but they are not obliged to know this language when they are recruited. Local authorities also use French, but their employees may use dialect in oral communications.
Municipal bulletins also sometimes contain German summaries of French articles. Although German is not usually used in dealings between residents and the local authorities, its use is neither encouraged or discouraged by the authorities. Our information is that the French Government has taken virtually no measures to ensure that German is used in the various communications from central government.
Similarly, German is little used by the regional and local authorities. Public and semi-public services are provided solely in French: Personal contacts may occasionally be in German in the case of the telephone company or local post office, but rarely in the case of the electricity company or tax office. Over the past ten years, oral communication between the authorities and the public has increasingly been in French, since public employees tend not to be natives of Alsace.
As regards proper names, the authorities have largely adopted the policy of using place names in their traditional, correct German form, and the same applies in the case of people's surnames. In the case of given names, on the other hand, in some Communes, pressure is still placed on parents not to give their children names that are "too German". Public notices and road signs are usually in French, be they door signs in municipal offices, road signs indicating the names of towns and places, signs for schools and public swimming pools or trade signs. Over the past ten years, some Commune authorities have put up bilingual street signs in some areas, usually in the historic centres of towns.
This step has been taken as a result of public pressure, particularly in Strasbourg, from groups such as Action-Pirate. This rule was repealed in , but it is still being applied in practice, particularly in the case of articles for young people, sports articles and obituaries.
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As a general rule, dialect-speakers understand the standard German used by the media, in both oral and written form. The circulation of bilingual editions of newspapers has been falling over the past ten years. Daily and weekly newspapers do not receive any assistance from the authorities. These periodicals receive no financial aid from the Government. Radio Programmes produced in dialect are broadcast on medium wave but not on FM.
There are also local radio stations, many of whose programmes are in dialect.
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Radio stations do not receive any financial support, with the exception of FR Alsace , which receives aid for its bilingual broadcasts. There are no figures for listener numbers for the various stations. The public radio network has reduced the number of programmes in German and relegated them to MW. Radio France Alsace RFA broadcasts news in standard German on medium wave for one hour each day and news in dialect for five hours a day, though these broadcasts are only faintly audible and have few listeners. FR3 Alsace does not broadcast any programmes in standard German, but it does broadcast one programme in dialect from Monday to Saturday at seven o'clock in the evening; this programme lasts for eight minutes on Mondays to Fridays and for 40 minutes on Saturdays.
These private radio stations, all of which have been set up since , offer many more programmes in dialect but, according to our correspondent, many listeners are put off by poor broadcast quality. Television The public television network broadcasts approximately an hour and a half of programmes in Alsatian every week. The public network France 3 offers programmes in dialect, but none in German. There are no private television stations in either Alsace or Moselle.
Computers In the case of computers, German can be word-processed without any keyboard or printer problems.
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Software is also available in German. Although some literary publications and entertainment productions are in standard German and dialect, most cultural output is in French. Books are published in either standard German or dialect, whether they be school texts, children's books, poetry, short stories, novels or religious tracts.
In the area of traditional music, there are several local groups and groups attached to brasseries and local radio stations. The number of local rock and pop groups has also been rising since Some groups have recorded albums. In the world of amateur theatre, there are many groups at parish and local level. These groups do not receive any public aid. In the film world, almost no French-made films are in German, though many films are produced in German in other countries.
Although there are no regular festivals, numerous musical and theatrical events are organized on an irregular basis and have been enjoying growing success over the years. There are organizations fighting to protect the language in both Alsace and the Thionville area of Lorraine. Overall, these organizations have succeeded in persuading the national education authorities to accept German as the regional language.
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They have also managed to convince some parents that a knowledge of German might be advantageous for their children from the economic point of view. They have set up bilingual nursery classes and have conducted activities intended to persuade elected local officials to support their activities or take the initiative in, for example, introducing bilingual street signs.
Central government, we are told, rarely offers support for German in the arts, and the regional and local authorities tend to support the supremacy of French. The business world uses French because the State tends to impose its use, or at least its supremacy, in business. Legislation on language also imposes French as the only language to be used for contracts of employment. It is also illegal for contracts of employment to contain individual words or phrases in another language. Knowledge of German is nonetheless a requirement for anyone applying for a job that involves dealing with the public.
German is used in advertising campaigns on the street, on some local radio stations and on television in some cases with French sub-titles , though there do not appear to have been any recent initiatives to encourage the use of German in advertising.
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The use of dialect in advertising has virtually disappeared in the last few years, except on local radio stations. As in all regions of France, all products sold in Alsace must be labelled in French. Products intended for the German, Swiss and Austrian markets may, however, be labelled in German. There do not seem to have been any initiatives to encourage greater use of German for labels and instructions for use. Few parents speak to their children in German. Since , moreover, the situation has worsened and many young parents cannot speak the regional language.
Courting couples tend to speak to each other in French. There are no figures on endogamy. Generally speaking, men tend to use German more than women do, especially among young people. There is, however, no difference in the language that parents use to speak to their sons and daughters. In order to set up a list of libraries that you have access to, you must first login or sign up. Then set up a personal list of libraries from your profile page by clicking on your user name at the top right of any screen.
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