Japan-Bashing: Anti-Japanism since the 1980s (Routledge Contemporary Japan Series)

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However, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. The specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied. The E-mail Address es field is required. Please enter recipient e-mail address es. The E-mail Address es you entered is are not in a valid format. Please re-enter recipient e-mail address es. Following the Meiji Restoration of , Japan was intent to adopt Western ways in an attempt to join the West as an industrialized imperial power, but a lack of acceptance of the Japanese in the West complicated integration and assimilation.

One commonly held view was that the Japanese were evolutionarily inferior. Navarro , " While passions have settled somewhat since Japan's surrender in World War II, tempers continue to flare on occasion over the widespread perception that the Japanese government has made insufficient penance for their past atrocities, or has sought to whitewash the history of these events.

Japan's delay in clearing more than , according to the Japanese Government [9] pieces of life-threatening and environment contaminating chemical weapons buried in China at the end of World War II is another cause of anti-Japanese sentiment. Periodically, individuals within Japan spur external criticism. Former Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi was heavily criticized by South Korea and China for annually paying his respects to the war dead at Yasukuni Shrine , which enshrines all those who fought and died for Japan during World War II, including 1, convicted war criminals.

Right-wing nationalist groups have produced history textbooks whitewashing Japanese atrocities, [10] and the recurring controversies over these books occasionally attract hostile foreign attention. Some anti-Japanese sentiment originates from business practices used by some Japanese companies, such as dumping.

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As early as the late 19th century, Asian immigrants were subject to racial prejudice in the United States. Laws were passed that openly discriminated against Asians, and sometimes Japanese in particular. Many of these laws stated that Asians could not become citizens of the United States and could not hold basic rights, such as owning land.

These laws were greatly detrimental to the newly arrived immigrants, since many of them were farmers and had little choice but to become migrant workers.

Some cite the formation of the Asiatic Exclusion League as the start of the anti-Japanese movement in California. On 11 October , the San Francisco, California Board of Education had passed a regulation whereby children of Japanese descent would be required to attend racially segregated separate schools. The invasion of China in and the conquest of Manchuria was roundly criticized in the US. In addition, efforts by citizens outraged at Japanese atrocities, such as the Nanking Massacre , led to calls for American economic intervention to encourage Japan to leave China; these calls played a role in shaping American foreign policy.

As more and more unfavorable reports of Japanese actions came to the attention of the American government, embargoes on oil and other supplies were placed on Japan, out of concern for the Chinese populace and for American interests in the Pacific. Furthermore, the European American population became very pro-China and anti-Japan, an example being a grass-roots campaign for women to stop buying silk stockings, because the material was procured from Japan through its colonies.

When the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in , Western public opinion was decidedly pro-China, with eyewitness reports by Western journalists on atrocities committed against Chinese civilians further strengthening anti-Japanese sentiments. African American sentiments could be quite different than the mainstream, with organizations like the Pacific Movement of the Eastern World PMEW which promised equality and land distribution under Japanese rule.

The PMEW had thousands of members hopefully preparing for liberation from white supremacy with the arrival of the Japanese Imperial Army. The most profound cause of anti-Japanese sentiment outside of Asia had its beginning in the attack on Pearl Harbor. The Americans were unified by the attack to fight against the Empire of Japan and its allies, the German Reich and the Kingdom of Italy. The surprise attack at Pearl Harbor prior to a declaration of war was presented to the American populace as an act of treachery and cowardice.

Following the attack many non-governmental " Jap hunting licenses" were circulated around the country.

Life magazine published an article on how to tell a Japanese from a Chinese person by the shape of the nose and the stature of the body. Fanning the flames of outrage were the treatment of American and other prisoners of war POWs. Weingartner attributes the very low number of Japanese in U. POW compounds to two key factors: Japanologist , believes that front line troops intensely hated Japanese military personnel and were "not easily persuaded" to take or protect prisoners, as they believed that Allied personnel who surrendered, got "no mercy" from the Japanese.

An estimated , to , Japanese migrants and Japanese Americans from the West Coast were interned [ citation needed ] regardless of their attitude to the US or Japan. They were held for the duration of the war in the inner US. The large Japanese population of Hawaii was not massively relocated in spite of their proximity to vital military areas.

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Weingartner argues that there is a common cause between the mutilation of Japanese war dead and the decision to bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki. When you have to deal with a beast you have to treat him like a beast. It is most regrettable but nevertheless true". In the s and s, the waning fortunes of heavy industry in the United States prompted layoffs and hiring slowdowns just as counterpart businesses in Japan were making major inroads into U.

Nowhere was this more visible than in the automobile industry, where the lethargic Big Three automobile manufacturers General Motors , Ford , and Chrysler watched as their former customers bought Japanese imports from Honda , Subaru , Mazda , and Nissan , a consequence of the and energy crisis. The anti-Japanese sentiment manifested itself in occasional public destruction of Japanese cars, and in the murder of Vincent Chin , a Chinese American beaten to death when he was mistaken to be Japanese.

Other highly symbolic deals — including the sale of famous American commercial and cultural symbols such as Columbia Records , Columbia Pictures , 7-Eleven , and the Rockefeller Center building to Japanese firms — further fanned anti-Japanese sentiment.

Popular culture of the period reflected American's growing distrust of Japan. The film Blade Runner showed a futuristic Los Angeles clearly under Japanese domination with a Japanese majority population and culture , perhaps a reference to the alternate world presented in The Man in the High Castle written by Philip K. Criticism was also lobbied in many novels of the day. Author Michael Crichton wrote Rising Sun , a murder mystery later made into a feature film involving Japanese businessmen in the U.

Likewise, in Tom Clancy 's book, Debt of Honor , Clancy implies that Japan's prosperity is due primarily to unequal trading terms, and portrays Japan's business leaders acting in a power hungry cabal. As argued by Marie Thorsten, however, Japanophobia mixed with Japanophilia during Japan's peak moments of economic dominance during the s.

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The fear of Japan became a rallying point for techno-nationalism, the imperative to be first in the world in mathematics, science and other quantifiable measures of national strength necessary to boost technological and economic supremacy. Notorious "Japan-bashing" took place alongside the image of Japan as superhuman, mimicking in some ways the image of the Soviet Union after it launched the first Sputnik satellite in American bureaucrats purposely pushed this analogy.

In , Ernest Boyer, a former U. Anti-Japanism Since the s: Shipped from US within 10 to 14 business days. Established seller since Available in the National Library of Australia collection. China's bashing this time round is because of new laws that will allow During the s and s, China and Japan actually had good relations. Anti-Japanism since the s Narrelle Morris. In the s and. Anti-Japanism since the s. Anti-Japanism Since the s New York.