This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: May Learn how and when to remove this template message. The Irish Naturalists' Journal 33 2: Octopus vulgaris Lamarck, Retrieved February 22, Octopoda in the Mediterranean Sea. Scientia Marina, 66 S2: Essential habits for pre-recruit Octopus vulgaris along the Portuguese coast.
Abundance of Octopus vulgaris on soft sediment. Scientia Marina, 68, — Suitable dissolved oxygen levels for common octopus Octopus vulgaris cuvier, at different weights and temperature: Cutaneous respiration in Octopus vulgaris. The Journal of Experimental Biology, Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of Octopus vulgaris Cephalopoda in relation to body mass and temperature. Marine Biology, , — Blood flow and pressure changes in exercising octopuses Octopus vulgaris. Evolution of the gills in the octopodiformes.
Bulletin of marine science. The control of ventilatory and cardiac responses to changes in ambient oxygen tension and oxygen demand in Octopus. The morphometrics of cephalopod gills. Temperature-dependent oxygen extraction from the ventilatory current and the costs of ventilation in the cephalopod Sepia officinalis.
The performance of the octopus circulatory system: A triumph of engineering over design. Coordination of metabolism, acid-base regulation and haemocyanin function in cephalopods. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 25 1—3 , — Nervous control of the heartbeat in Octopus. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 85, — The role of venous pressure in regulation of output from the heart of the octopus, Eledone cirrhosa Lam.
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Circulation time, blood reserves and extracellular space in a cephalopod. The Journal of Experimental Biology, , — The heartbeat of Octopus vulgaris. The importance of vascular elasticity in the circulatory system of the cephalopod Octopus vulgaris. Mechanical properties of the octopus aorta. Wyse, and Margaret Anderson. Physiology and behaviour of an advanced invertebrate. Aquaculture potential of the common octopus Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, The fine structure of the renopericardial cavity of the cephalopod ocotopus dofleine martini.
Journal of Ultrastructure Research, 53 , 29— Effect of temperature on specific dynamic action in the common octopus, Octopus vulgaris Cephalopoda. The respiration, excretion and biochemical response of the juvenile common Chinese cuttlefish, Sepiella maindroni at different temperatures. Temperature effects on hemocyanin oxygen binding in an antarctic cephalopod.
Thermopreference, tolerance and metabolic rate of early stages juvenile Octopus maya acclimated to different temperatures. Journal of Thermal Biology, 38, 14— Common Banded Littorina sitkana. Common Kellet's Knobbed Lightning Channeled.
Common octopus fact file
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WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Octopus vulgaris Cuvier,
The body is warty, and the thick arms bear two rows of suckers 4. Like all cephalopods, the common octopus is an intelligent active predator 4. They have modified salivary glands that produce venom used to incapacitate prey. These middens consist of debris from a range of species and often include mollusc shells and the carapaces of crabs and other crustaceans 5.
All cephalopods are good swimmers, and are able to move rapidly by jet propulsion when threatened; water is rapidly expelled through a funnel which causes the octopus to be propelled away rapidly 3. Cephalopods are also able to mask themselves as they escape with a cloud of ink released into the water 2.
This octopus is found from the southern North Sea down to South Africa. It also occurs in the Mediterranean 2. It reaches the north-eastern extreme of its range in Britain where it is found only around the coasts of the south and south west 4. Occurs along rocky coasts in the shallow sublittoral zone 4. The Marine Life Information Network species account, available at: Embed this Arkive thumbnail link "portlet" by copying and pasting the code below.
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During mating, the male approaches the female, who fends him off for a while, but then accepts him. He sits next to her or mounts her, inserting the hectocotylus in her mantle cavity to pass the spermatophores. They may copulate for several hours. The same pair often repeat mating over a period of a week or so, but a male copulates with other females and a female accepts other males.
Mating often occurs when the females are immature. Only females ready to lay eggs consistently fend off the males.
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Females become restless and search for a sheltered place where they can lay and brood the eggs without disturbance. The spermatophores are placed in the oviducts and empty cases are discarded. Fertilization takes place in the oviductal glands as the mature eggs pass through them on thir way out of the oviducts. Two secretions from the oviductal glands, together with the mucus, are used to stick the egg stalks together in strings and attach these to a substrate.
Eggs are laid in shallow water. They are always attached to a substrate. On rocky shores, females find a hole, a crevice or sheltered place and they often protect their homes with shells, stones and other solid objects that they gather. Coral reefs provide suitable shelter. On sandy or muddy bottom, eggs are laid in empty mollusc shells or in man-made objects such as cans, tins, bottles, tires, boots, and amphorae. In tropical and subtropical waters, eggs are laid throughout the year.
Common octopus
The total number of eggs laid by a female varies from , to , During egg laying and subsequent brooding, the female rarely leaves the egg mass. She usually does not feed during the entire period of spawning and brooding, which can be as long as months at low temperatures. Egg care includes cleaning the eggs with the arm tips and directing jets of water from the funnel through the strings. Intruders, including potential prey, are pushed away, although crabs left overnight may occasionally be eaten. As a rule, females die shortly after the hatching of the last embryos after losing one-third of their pre-spawning weight.
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They can make discriminations based on visual, tactile, and chemical cues. Octopus vulgaris keeps its home hidden. The females find a hole, a crevice or sheltered place ad they often protect their homes with shells, stones, and other solid objects they gather. Members of this species are perfectly adapted to live in very different habitats. Their capacity to conceal themselves on any substrate by varying colour, skin, texture, and posture is challenged by few other cephalopod species. In the Catalonian Sea, more particularly in the area of Banyuls and Port Vendres, Octopus vulgaris seems to undergo seasonal migrations, mainly of vertical orientation.
In the early spring, large animals move inshore for spawning. The females tend to disappear during the summer; they lay eggs, brood, and die. From late summer onwards, the largest size class consists mainly of males. They leave the coastal waters in autumn or early summer; at this time the males are mature, and the females at different stages of maturation. Some of these females probably spawn in autumn, others might leave the coastal waters over the winter season and spawn in early spring, joining the animals of the first group.
A third group, consisting of immature animals, invades the shallow waters in late spring. While males mature during the summer, females are likely to depart to deeper waters and return to coastal areas in spring for spawning.